Chapter 22 Section 2 The titular unity

Before Chiang Kai-shek left the field, he had already made preparations for his comeback. If Song Meiling really retired to the mountains and forests, Song Meiling would not marry a woodcutter and fisherman, but luck was indeed on his side.The Communist Party launched a riot in the Guangzhou Commune, giving Wu Zhihui and his gang an excuse to attack Wang Jingwei and force him to leave.As Li Zongren said, as soon as Wang left, Jiang would sit firmly in the top spot when he came back. Before Jiang Yu came back, he did a major event with a rather hooligan approach, which was to create the Nanjing tragedy on November 22, 1927.At that time, the party in power in the Nanjing government was the "Central Special Committee". Chiang Kai-shek used the newly established Central Party Affairs School (he was also the principal, Dai Jitao, the director of teaching affairs, Ding Weifen, the director of discipline and education, and Chen Guofu, the director of general affairs) to incite students to riot and destroyed the school on the 21st. The Nanjing City Party Headquarters of the Kuomintang, and the next day the students of the Party School gathered to demonstrate and shout slogans. The military and police fired to suppress it, resulting in a bloody incident.Afterwards, Jiang made a series of harsh speeches, criticizing the government, which was extremely explosive. On the 24th, he instigated the formation of a support group for the tragedy, demanding that the murderer be severely punished.On December 3rd, at the preparatory meeting of the Fourth Central Committee of the Second Central Committee, Chiang agreed to organize a special court to accuse ten people including Ju Zheng of crimes.As the principal of the party school, Jiang is so protective of the students who caused troubles, and the fact that Jiang is the director behind the scenes is ready to be revealed.In order to make a comeback, Jiang must overthrow the "special committee" of the new establishment, so he ordered Chen Guofu to use his organization department and party school power to instigate the "anti-special committee" movement, took to the streets, and led to the "one-off" shooting by the Nanjing military and police. The "1.22 Massacre" ruined the reputation of those in power and prompted Chiang to regain power. (See Wang Kewen's "Chen's Party Comes to an End Earlier Than Jiang's - A View of Chen Lifu's Role and Influence in the History of the KMT from the Perspective of Modern History", p. 30) So far, it has been concluded that the tragedy was led by Jiang.General historical theory believes that Jiang used this incident to attack the Xishan Conference faction. In fact, the Xishan faction was just a disaster. Those stubborn politicians had no fists or courage.The intention of saving Chiang is only to blow the prestige of the current government and make it more urgent to come back.The ancients said that once a general succeeds, all bones will be destroyed, and this Chiang Kai-shek did not hesitate to kill his head in order to build momentum, and brought disaster to old comrades such as Juzheng.

Juesheng Juesheng, a native of Guangji, Hubei, was born in 1876, which was the second year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty and thirty-two years before the founding of the Republic of China.He received old education in China, and later went to Japan to study at Hosei University, and engaged in revolutionary movements.At that time, there were two major revolutionaries in China: one was the marginal revolutionaries, and the other was the Central Plains revolutionaries.The revolutionaries on the fringes only made side attacks overseas or in the coastal provinces, and the result was more than enough to show off, and it was not enough to shake the Qing court; the revolutionaries in the Central Plains advocated fighting tough battles.The success of the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 is proof that the Central Plains revolutionaries were right in their judgment.Xiong Shili, one of the revolutionaries in the Central Plains and a great Confucian who hated Chiang Kai-shek and spurned politics, said in the preface of Juzheng's "Xinhai Notes": "Wuhan is the key to the north and the south. Once shaken, the Quartet will collapse." The Wuchang Uprising eventually disintegrated the Qing court. That's why.One of the great heroes of the Wuchang Uprising was Ju Zheng.

When the Republic of China was established in 1912, Ju Zheng was appointed as the Deputy Minister of the Ministry of the Interior and Acting Minister.In 1913, he was elected to the Senate.After the failure of the second revolution, he fled to Japan, joined the Chinese Revolutionary Party, served as the Minister of Party Affairs, and the manager of "Republic of China Magazine".In 1916, he went to Shandong to organize the Northeast Army of the Chinese Revolutionary Army, served as the commander-in-chief, occupied Weixian County, and attacked Jinan.During this period he had a chief of staff under none other than Chiang Kai-shek.Therefore, in the KMT's ethics, Ju is Chiang Kai-shek's boss.Even though he was the boss, he was purged innocently.Juzheng's wife, Zhong Mingzhi, said that although Juzheng was listed on the special committee of the Central Committee and did not live in Nanjing, he was still implicated in the massacre without knowing anything about it. Detained in the police headquarters, "shackled and handcuffed, like being captured by Jiangyang robbers." (Zhong Mingzhi's "My Memories" manuscript) until the enlarged meeting failed, someone in Nanjing said that family members were allowed to meet, and Nanjing was released soon, until the September 18th Incident Then he was freed and became the head of justice.He recorded this adventure in a poem, saying: "Yu Hu is currently ashamed of the wall, and it is very sincere and united. Kanche just got out of Rong and ascended the pavilion, and I am ashamed of Yiwu laughing at Chu Kuang." This is what he wrote.Zhenjiao Juzheng can't laugh or cry, can he be as afraid of a companion as a tiger?

After Jiang Yu came back, he did another big thing that was quite rogue. That was to borrow money from the Northern Expedition to issue a large number of treasury bonds, and he personally called the Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce, China, and the Bank of Communications to sell them strongly.Zhang Jiaao of the Bank of China had been knocked out of a large sum by Jiang the previous year, and he did not want to intervene easily, and refused to go to Nanjing to discuss with the order.Jiang Jing was furious, and in a telegram to Song Ziwen on February 28, he accused Zhang Bulaining of "obstructing the Northern Expedition" and limited Zhang to underwrite 10 million yuan within a week.Zhang also became angry, and replied to Song Ziwen with strong words, saying yes:

Yu can't bear such telegrams.If you turn to Yu, you have to call back and break up.Let me ask: the National Army went from Guangdong to Hunan to Jiangxi to Zhejiang to Ningxia, and the Bank of China helped more than 10 million; the first treasury bill last year, the Bank of China allowed 8 to 9 million; the second treasury bill, the Bank of China allowed more than 6 million; How much will the Bank of China help when Sun Jun crosses the river?How much will Bank of China help in coming to power this time?How much did the Bank of China borrow for the Chinese New Year last year?What does this mean to control?Who is responsible for the failure of the Northern Expedition?You have to ask seriously, otherwise, how can such an unfaithful and unrighteous person be the leader of our generation! We sacrificed our lives and were poor all our lives. If you have no interest, you can abandon your status at any time. (Yang Tianshi's "Stories of the Republic of China", p. 215)

Song Ziwen's polite persuasion was ineffective.The next day, Zhang received a telegram from Jiang to call for recruitment, so he lived in seclusion and avoided seeing each other on the grounds of "too much feeling and lack of energy" to protest "authoritarian pressure".On March 4th, Jiang personally went to Shanghai to put pressure on him, claiming: "The Northern Expedition must be fully funded, and it can only proceed if it is tens of millions per month." Advance payment of 6 million to be paid in three months.Jiang finally expressed "harmony and understanding", and once again received a huge sum of money for nothing. (See Yang Tianshi's "Stories of the Republic of China", pages 214-216) How different is his behavior from robbers extorting money!

Chiang Kai-shek returned to Nanjing on January 4, 1928, announced that he would resume his post as commander-in-chief on the 9th, and announced the convening of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Central Committee, which will be held from January 13 to February 1.Although Wang Jingwei insisted on convening this meeting all the time without success, it is now held under the shadow of Chiang Kai-shek, and he is acting according to his will.The confluence of Ning and Han was originally to abolish the Ning and Puppet Mansion so that the Han Mansion could move to Ning, but now that Chiang has gained power, it is actually the Ning and Puppet Mansion he established arbitrarily, digesting the Han Zhen Mansion, not only the CCP was driven out, The leftists of the Kuomintang were swept out, and the Wang faction was also excluded from the gate of power.

After Chiang arranged political power, he was ready to continue military operations to unify China and fulfill Sun Yat-sen's behest.He called it the "Second Northern Expedition", but the nature of the Northern Expedition had changed greatly.He still called it a national revolution, but the nature of the revolution was even more contrary to the original one.When Guangzhou was sworn in, the National Revolutionary Army’s Northern Expedition still adhered to Sun Yat-sen’s behest to join the Russian Communist Party, but now it is anti-Soviet and anti-communist, shooting and killing the Communist Party and “Left” elements.In order to fight against the Communist Party, it also suppressed the mass movement, which was the foundation of the revolutionary base in Guangzhou, such as the provincial and Hong Kong strikes, which were shocking for a while, and were also the driving force behind the rapid success of the Northern Expedition.Then, at the Fourth Plenary Session of the Second Central Committee led by Jiang, even the central government and party organizations at all levels related to industry, agriculture, business, women, and students were cancelled.He no longer relies on the masses, but on the secret service organization that has been under construction.Besides, the original revolution had two goals: "overthrowing the warlords and overthrowing imperialism", with a clear-cut banner.But as soon as Jiang arrived in Beijing and Shanghai, he immediately compromised with imperialism and even surrendered.Within a few days after his reinstatement, he shot more than 50 soldiers, accusing them of being criminals who attacked foreigners in the previous year (1927) under the instigation of the Communist Party, and arrested many officers to accept military justice. disposal. (See Crozier, The Man Who Lost China, p. 125) It is known that Jiang not only did not solemnly negotiate the Nanjing tragedy with the imperialists, but also murdered foreigners.Its attitude and policies to protect the rights and interests of imperialism in China are even more undisguised.As for the overthrow of the warlords, Chiang had already recruited many warlords for his own use. Although Zhang Zongchang, Sun Chuanfang, and the old Fengtian warlords had to be overthrown, a new group of warlords within the Kuomintang had also formed.Chiang Kai-shek led the First Group Army himself, with his confidant Whampoa students as the direct line army, which gathered as many as 60 divisions and completely obeyed Chiang's orders.In order to show the prestige of the patriarch, Jiang gave He Yingqin his authority when he came back. He was so shocked and ashamed that he asked for two months' leave.Feng Yuxiang's National Army (also known as the Northwest Army) collectively joined the Kuomintang when the Northern Expedition was victorious, forming the Second Army just like having all soldiers baptized into Christianity.Yan Xishan and his Shanxi troops did not join the Kuomintang until September 1927 to form the Third Army.Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi's Guangxi troops made outstanding achievements in the "First Northern Expedition", and their forces continued to expand, forming the Fourth Army.Each of the four armies has its own territory and its own leader. They are called the party army, and they actually obey the orders of the army leader. What if they are not new warlords?The military strength of the "Second Northern Expedition" relied on these four new warlord groups.

When Jiang resisted orders in Nanchang, the Central Committee of Wuhan planned to abolish the commander-in-chief to reduce his military power, but it was unable to do so.Now after Chiang resumed his position as commander-in-chief, he automatically changed to four parallel armies, each called commander-in-chief.Not only that, Jiang also took the initiative to propose the establishment of four political sub-communities in Guangzhou, Wuhan, Kaifeng, and Taiyuan in the Nanjing Central Political Conference, with Li Jishen, Li Zongren, Feng Yuxiang, and Yan Xishan as chairmen, which is actually the same as political decentralization.Li Zongren believed that Chiang had been scolded as a dictator before he left the field, so at the beginning of his comeback, he made this arrangement to suppress the population.We don’t think that’s the case. Dictatorship is its consistent goal. In order to achieve this goal, it has its own devious tricks and strategic use, the so-called "take what you have first and give it first."In the situation at the beginning of 1928, Feng and Yan each ruled on one side, and their seniority was higher than that of Jiang. In order to settle North China as soon as possible, they must not be offended. , the military capacity is very strong, and it is necessary to win over.What's more, although the Zhilu army was at the end of its strength, Zhang Zuolin's Feng army was based in the northeast, and its strength was still strong.In short, in order to clear the old warlords and complete the Northern Expedition, Chiang had to unite with the new warlords.

Chiang Kai-shek's so-called "Second Northern Expedition" began its general attack on April 10, 1928, and the First Group Army marched north along the Jinpu Railway.Feng Yuxiang's Second Army attacked the area east of Jinghan Road and west of Jinpu Road.Yan Xishan's third group army left Niangziguan from Taiyuan and cut off the Beijing-Han line.Li Zongren's Fourth Army marched from Wuhan along the Beijing-Han Railway, and joined forces with friendly forces in Beijing.Such a huge army, attacking from north to south, is very powerful.After the battle of Longtan, Sun Chuanfang and Zhang Zongchang's Zhilu Army were completely devastated. However, when Chiang Kai-shek and his first group army went northward along the Jinpu Railway, the left wing was suddenly broken by Sun Chuanfang's remnant troops. , Only when they were able to relieve the siege, Jiang and Feng's two armies joined forces in Tai'an on April 22, and entered Jinan, the capital of Shandong Province, on May 1.

Chiang Kai-shek was stationed in Jinan. At that time, there were 2,000 Japanese overseas Chinese in Jinan. The Japanese Tanaka government used the name of protecting the overseas Chinese. Regardless of Chiang’s Foreign Minister Huang Yu’s repeated guarantees for the safety of Japanese life and property, Jiang Fu hosted a banquet for Japanese journalists on March 6. During his speech, he emphasized "China-Japan friendship and cooperation" (see "Preliminary Compilation of Important Historical Materials of the Republic of China - Period of the War of Resistance Against Japan" (1), p. 114), and still decided to send five thousand expeditions on April 18 The army went to Shandong.Both Beijing and Nanjing protested against Japan's violation of sovereignty.Immediately after Jiang arrived in Jinan, he reached an agreement with the Japanese generals. The Japanese army retreated. Chiang promised to maintain peace and ordered all armies to "be patient with Japan all the time, not to make evil noises, and not to cause conflicts" (see the same book, pages 124), but 5 Clashes broke out early in the morning on March 3, leading to a shootout.Chiang Kai-shek was frightened and agreed to withdraw outside the city in exchange for an armistice.According to the confidential report of the British and American ministers, the conflict occurred because of the poor discipline of Jiang's army after entering the city. (See Wilbur, The Nationalist Revolution in China, p. 179) However, although Chiang withdrew his troops outside the city, the Japanese army still took advantage of the situation, dispatched new troops, threatened to punish them, and submitted the first ultimatum on May 7, demanding that relevant officials be dealt with and dismissed. The troops should be withdrawn from the city of Jinan, all anti-Japanese propaganda should be banned, and all Chinese troops should retreat 20 miles to the north and south sides of the Jinan-Qingdao railway, etc., and reply within 12 hours. (See the same book, page 133) Under the brutal intimidation of the Japanese emperor, Chiang Kai-shek actually agreed to some extremely insulting conditions, but the Japanese side was still not satisfied, and attacked Jinan on the afternoon of May 8th, and continued until the 11th. Jiang's army was powerless to resist and succumbed. Jinan was severely damaged inside and outside the city, and thousands of Chinese soldiers and civilians died. (According to "Secret Records of President Chiang", the Japanese invaders killed 3,254 Chinese soldiers and civilians, see Volume 7, page 51) On the night of May 5th, when planes bombed Jinan, Chiang Kai-shek fled out of the city in a hurry and moved the general headquarters to Dangjiazhuang Station. 58), Huang Dan, Wang Zhengting, Yang Jie, Yang Yongtai, Jiang Zuobin and others participated in the meeting.Chiang Kai-shek actually proposed at the meeting to abandon the Northern Expedition and follow Zhang to rule the river, but was opposed by Feng Yuxiang and others.Finally, it was decided to avoid the Japanese army and detour the Northern Expedition.On May 10, the Nanjing government's joint party-government meeting was held in Yanzhou. The key members of the Kuomintang at the meeting agreed that they must compromise with Japan, meet all the demands of the Japanese army, and appealed to the League of Nations for mediation.Interestingly, Chiang Kai-shek once again proposed to abandon the Northern Expedition. Feng Yuxiang was not present this time, and Tan Yanli said that he could not give up.But he himself refused to command on the front line anymore, and after handing over the task to Feng Yuxiang, he returned to Xuzhou. (Refer to the sample telegram sent by Jiang to Feng Yu, see "The Preliminary Compilation of Important Historical Materials of the Republic of China——The War of Resistance Against Japan" Preface (1), p. 139) The Jinan massacre undoubtedly exposed the true face of the Japanese emperor's brutality and cruelty, but the anti-Japanese sentiment also blurred the true face of Chiang Kai-shek's improper actions.This tragedy happened right under his nose. He took extremely weak countermeasures from the very beginning, and he did not hesitate to grovel. What the sages respect, if you can't bear it even if you don't have it, you will make big plans. The sages warn you. Be careful! Encourage it!" He also telegraphed the Nanjing government on May 6, "Referring to the subordinates, the lives and property of the consuls of all friendly countries and overseas Chinese must be protected. Any propaganda that hinders diplomatic relations should be banned at any time." ("Guowen Weekly" Volume 5, Issue 18) However, his humiliation of imperialism did not reduce the atrocities of the Japanese Empire, let alone the slightest goodwill In return, it can be called a national humiliation. (See Yang Tianshi's "Negotiation on the Ji Case and the Beginning of Chiang Kai-shek's Compromise with Japan", pp. 75-89) In addition to the failure and humiliation, he was so worried and discouraged that he wanted to give up the Northern Expedition for the second time.He also glossed over the lax discipline of the First Army.He had the Communist Party to blame for the previous Hankou incident and Nanjing incident, but this time the Communist Party has been wiped out by him and has no scapegoat, so he had to cover it up.In fact, the discipline of Jiang's army will never be better than that of ordinary warlords. Chiang Kai-shek returned to Xuzhou after the Yanzhou meeting, and entrusted Feng Yuxiang with the task of bypassing the Northern Expedition and marching into Hebei, so that the Second Army could deal with the imperialism in the Beijing-Tianjin area, as well as the so-called million Fengjun.He also invited Feng Yuxiang and Bai Chongxi to Zhengzhou to hold a military meeting on May 21, and encouraged Feng and Bai to actively attack with territory and military pay.After Bai returned to Hankou, he led the Fourth Army to go northward.Bai recalled: "Feng Jun's reconnaissance plane discovered that our reinforcements had more than a hundred trains before returning to the customs." ("Mr. Bai Chongxi's Interview Record", Volume 1, page 90) The army of the Guangxi family is pressing down on the border, and it is bound to retreat to the northeast.However, because Zhang Zuolin was extremely hostile to Feng Yuxiang, he made retreat arrangements before leaving Beijing to deliberately benefit Yan Xishan's advances in Beijing and Tianjin.Fengjun abandoned Baoding at the end of May.Chiang Kai-shek went to Shijiazhuang to meet Yan on May 30 and promised the Beijing-Tianjin site.On June 1, Zhang Zuolin was electrified and left the customs. On the early morning of June 3, he was bombed and killed by the Kwantung Army in Huanggutun. Zhang Xueliang went to Tianjin on June 4 and arranged for the Feng army to withdraw from Shanhaiguan.At the same time, the "Peace Maintenance Council" in Beijing telegraphed Yan Xishan in Baoding to come to Beijing.On the 8th, Yan's Shang Zhen Department first entered Beijing, and the next day Yan and Bai Chongxi entered Beijing to set up a garrison headquarters.On the 12th, General Zhang Yinwu of the Ministry of Yan and Yi was appointed as the commander of the Beijing police, and Fu Zuoyi was appointed as the commander of the Tianjin police to fully control the Beijing-Tianjin area.Chiang Kai-shek first urged Feng Yuxiang to advance in Hebei, and then allowed Yan Xishan to occupy Beijing and Tianjin. He was suspected of creating conflicts between Yan and Feng.Feng Yuxiang sent a telegram to Jiang on June 2, saying, "Our army is sacrificing for the revolution, fighting for reunification, not revolutionizing for territory" ("Feng Yuxiang's Diary" Volume II, p. 468), already showing his enthusiasm, Feng's unhappiness was not only expressed in the telegram, but also put into action, ordering Han Fuju to deliberately intercept a brigade of Fengjun who was requested by the Beijing Legation to maintain order, and disarm them.After several negotiations between the mission and the Nanjing government, Feng Yuxiang was forced to release the man and return the gun.Apparently, Feng Sheng's incident embarrasses Jiang. In the name of the Nanjing government, Chiang Kai-shek issued a manifesto on June 15, 1928, announcing the completion of reunification.In fact, the unification was not completed, and Xinjiang began to change banners on the 17th;Japan has already warned the Nanjing government not to get involved in the Northeast, so how dare Jiang enter the army?Because at that time it was felt that the reunification of the Northeast was hopeless, the reunification was announced on June 15th.He did not expect Zhang Xueliang's national hatred and family hatred. Regardless of the threat and obstruction of the Japanese emperor, he resolutely announced on December 29 of the same year that the Northeast would change its flag and belong to the central government. (See "Shenbao" reported on December 30, 1928, and also see Shanghai "News" on the same day.) However, even though the three eastern provinces belonged to the Nanjing government as the only central government, each group army dominated one side, and factions There are many, military orders and government orders are not truly unified.The so-called success of the Northern Expedition and the unification of the whole country are in name but in reality.