Chapter 18 Section 2 Disobedience Central

After the National Revolutionary Army occupied Wuhan, as far as the strategic situation is concerned, it should take advantage of the victory of the Seventh, Eighth, and Fourth Armies to cooperate with other armies to continue to march northward, enter Henan, and attack Feng Yuxiang, who has received Russian aid. Warlords to determine the Central Plains. Galen, Chiang Kai-shek's Russian military adviser, was inclined to this strategy, but Chiang himself had already decided to return to Jiangxi.Because although he is the commander-in-chief, except for the first army directly under him, the commanders of the other armies are all princes under his name. He is unwilling to let Li Zongren, Tang Shengzhi and other princes become famous.When Li, Tang and other armies approached Wuchang, he wrote in his diary: "Yu Jue left Hubei and went to Jiangxi, and was no longer Feng's wife." ", especially feeling "strange humiliation".In addition, his return to Jiangxi obviously focused on the Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River-his birthplace.It was no accident that he later rebuilt his regime in Nanjing.

Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, and Fujian provinces were originally under the jurisdiction of Sun Chuanfang, commander-in-chief of the five-provincial coalition forces, and they are still autonomous with the joint provinces. The slogan of "protecting the environment and safe people" shows that the people in these five provinces do not want to be involved in the disaster of war.So as early as the end of 1925, Sun sent people to Guangdong to repair it, hoping that they would not invade each other.Chiang Kai-shek asked Sun to "follow the trend of revolution", and then he could recognize Sun as the commander-in-chief of the five provinces.At this time, the Northern Expeditionary Army aimed at Wu Peifu, and had no reason to quarrel with Sun Qi, and really wanted to defeat them one by one.In June 1926, when the Northern Expeditionary Army had already entered Hunan, Sun still refused Wu Peifu's request for help, insisting on neutrality, and the gentry and merchants in the five provinces called for peace.Even though the Northern Expeditionary Army entered Jiangxi Province, Sun still sent representatives Xiang Zihe to Guangdong, "declaring that he did not want to fight, but expressing his sincerity." It is a strategic need, it does not take up land, and if you get Jiangxi, you don’t have to enter it.” (The original copy of the Second Historical Archives of China, see Yang Tianshi’s "Searching for the Mystery of History", page 481 for the printed version) It is not only taken, but also "does not take up land." , Who said it was credible? "You can't enter Jiangxi if you get Jiangxi", let alone believable. Sun Chuanfang naturally wanted to send troops to help Jiangxi.In fact, when Hankou was not under, Chiang Kai-shek wanted to advance to Nanchang in advance but failed; the battle situation in Hankou was established, and he couldn't wait to go to Jiangxi to command the battle in person.When he arrived in Pingxiang, Jiangxi at the beginning of September 19th, he heard that Cheng Qian led his division and Liying, a worker and student in the city, had captured Nanchang in one fell swoop. Knowing that he had violated the military taboo of "going deep with a lonely army", he was driven out of Nanchang City by Sun Chuanfang's Deng Ruzhuo's troops within a few days.The worst thing was that the First Division led by Wang Bailing, the First Army directly under Commander-in-Chief Jiang, was wiped out.Wang Boling was none other than Jiang's confidant. He was the director of the teaching department as soon as the Whampoa Military Academy was opened, and managed training. At this time, he was the acting commander of the First Army.Most of Wang Boling's troops are students from Whampoa.Li Zongren once said: "The Whampoa Military Academy only lasts a few months for each training period. In fact, it is just some sergeant education, which is far from the education of officers. However, the whole army is influenced by the revolutionary atmosphere, and it is quite energetic and can still fight." ("Li Zongren" Memoirs", p. 217) However, judging from the Jiangxi battlefield, even this vitality is gone, and it is gradually becoming corrupt, so it will naturally be vulnerable.

After Chiang Kai-shek's defeat in Nanchang on September 20, Zhi Gao'an personally commanded an attempt to counterattack.At this time, Li Zongren's Seventh Army headed to Jiujiang diverted to the south and defeated Sun Jun Xie Hongxun's troops. It was the first major victory for the Northern Expeditionary Army after entering Jiangxi, and then captured De'an, an important railway town in Nanxun, on October 3.At the same time, Zhu Peide's third army occupied the area of ​​the Longevity Palace near Nanchang.So Chiang Kai-shek was even more eager to counterattack Nanchang with the First Army of his direct line, together with the Second Army and the Third Army, and personally supervise Qingjiang.On October 10, the Fourth Army conquered Wuchang, and its morale was boosted. Chiang Kai-shek even went to the outside of Nanchang City. He did not listen to the advice of Chief of Staff Bai Chongxi, and rushed to attack. Jiang Zhiwei was obviously eager to win, but the enemy death squad took advantage of the dark moon and high winds to break through the sluice gate under the city. The Sixth Regiment of the Second Division of the First Army who wanted to attack the city was the first to bear the brunt, and the order was in chaos.Chiang Kai-shek held the hand of chief of staff Bai Chongxi several times and asked what to do. Fortunately, Xiao Zhuge had built a pontoon bridge in the upper reaches of the Ganjiang River in advance, and the remnant army had to withdraw to the west bank.

Chiang Kai-shek personally commanded the attack on Nanchang, and was defeated again. He said that he "running all night without rest" (Jiang's diary on October 11, 1926), and wrote it in his diary when he retreated on the 13th. He wrote: "Because of Yu Zhi's negligence and recklessness, this failed. The crime is heinous. He should commit suicide to thank the party and the country, and let's see how the aftermath will be!" At the beginning, he was prepared to "die for the country in order to thank the people", but at a critical moment, his comrades "used the strength of several people to force the president out of the palace", asking him to flee instead of dying for the country.This time he was defeated in the city of Nanchang, and he himself wanted to die for the country, so of course someone would stop him.The last time he wanted to die for his country was in 1948. After he failed in the Battle of Xubeng, he said that he planned to "die for the country" and "report to the prime minister and report to the people" at the beginning, but at a critical moment, his comrades "must I'm resigning."As a result, although Chiang Kai-shek "decided to die in the line of duty and die in Nanjing to fulfill my personal responsibility", he did not die in Nanjing after all, "feeling 'I will have no place to die from now on'!" (1950 Chiang Kai-shek's "Military Soul" Speech) On the surface, the Kuomintang always has the kind of comrades who do not live up to expectations. At critical junctures, they always deprive their great leaders of the opportunity to live forever, and always prevent their great leaders from being Wen Tianxiang.As a result, each of their great leaders died "at the end of their lives" instead of "martyred for the country" or "martyred for the country", so that they could only "teach by words" but not "teach by example".In fact, in his heart, the great leader is basically acting. To describe "martyrdom" in words and words is to deprive him of the opportunity to die for his country.It's really going to die, who can stop it?This trick was learned from Zeng Guofan.After the Hunan Army was defeated by the Taiping Army, Zeng Guofan wanted to commit suicide by drowning himself in full view. How could he die?The purpose is not only to create a false image of Wen Tianxiang, but also to boost morale.

Chiang Kai-shek was falsely martyred abroad under the city of Nanchang, and there is also a false news of his death.According to rumors, Sun Chuanfang sent a telegram on October 15 at the General Staff Office of the Allied Forces Headquarters in Jiujiang: According to both the captives and the common people: Jiang Zhongzheng was seriously injured near Nanchang, and it was heard that a bullet had hit him in the abdomen, resulting in his death.The Russians Borodin and Galen were also injured, and they all ran away with their heads in their hands. ("Morning News" published on October 7, 1926, "Sun Jun Headquarters Victory News")

In fact, although Chiang Kai-shek's soldiers suffered heavy casualties, he himself was unscathed, but he was frightened and his face was even worse. He was looked down upon by Tang Shengzhi, the commander of the Eighth Army.In a secret report to Borodin on October 30, 1926, the Russian military adviser Tairov contained the following passage: As far as I know, Tang Shengzhi despised Chiang's military and political importance after meeting Chiang Kai-shek in Changsha.When Jiang witnessed the defeat of the two divisions, he really seemed at a loss and panicked. (Wilbur and How, Missionaries of Revolution paper 69, p. 773, see also p. 324)

Although Tang Shengzhi did not underestimate Chiang Kai-shek's military capabilities, he clearly underestimated his political skills.The Russian adviser confirmed that Tang did indeed have the ambition to take the post of commander-in-chief, but believed that Tang was not "revolutionary" enough to be called a revolutionary general. Who knew that Jiang's "revolution" was superficial. I couldn't finish eating and walked away.Chiang Kai-shek's unexplained "fake revolution" is undoubtedly the main reason why the Russians still support him so far. Due to the consequences of the failure of the Jiangxi battlefield, Weixiang and Guangdong may even lead to the collapse of the entire Northern Expedition, so all parties are paying attention.Galen, the Russian military adviser, went to Wuhan to ask for help, and the CCP also mobilized its organization to concentrate its efforts on dismantling Sun Chuanfang's backstage.Finally, Zhang Fakui led the 12th Division of the Fourth Army from Wuchang to the east, and Li Zongren led his Seventh Army to the south from northern Jiangxi, winning consecutive battles.Although Chiang Kai-shek formulated the "Plan for Purging Jiangxi" on October 15, the forces for the purge depended on the princes. Li Zongren and Zhang Fakui fought together on the left, Zhu Peide's Third Army on the right, and Cheng Qian commanded the center. The first and second divisions of the First Army of Chiang Kai-shek's direct line were only the reserve team.Russian military advisers also sent planes to help.

This counterattack was obviously different from Chiang Kai-shek's hard attack tactics. Instead of rushing to capture Nanchang, the main force was used to annihilate the main force of the enemy army and cut off the Nanxun Railway from Jiujiang to Nanchang to cut off backup.A general attack was launched at dawn on November 1, and the Li and Zhang armies on the left defeated the Sun army in northern Jiangxi the next day, and occupied De'an on the third day.In the middle of the journey, the Qianbu cleared the enemy troops to the west of Nanchang, and Zhu Junbing on the right approached the outskirts of Nanchang.On November 4th, Sun Chuanfang sent troops from Lehua to help. Zhu Jun's left wing position was shaken, and Chiang Kai-shek urgently ordered reinforcements. (See "Chiang Kai-shek's Diary Class Copy Military Affairs" November 5, 1926) Akimova gave a vivid description of Chiang Kai-shek's gaffe at that time in her book "Experiences and Experiences of the Great Chinese Revolution":

Chiang Kai-shek was restless, knowing that for him it was a matter of success or failure, and that if he failed, his entire career would be in vain.Chiang Kai-shek went into a real hysteria in front of the General Military Adviser over and over again, rubbing his hands, crying, shouting "everything is over" and saying that he was going to shoot himself.Blucher (General Galen) had a hard time calming down the nervous commander-in-chief every time. (Pages 204-205) Under General Galen's composure, the position was not chaotic but stabilized.On November 5th, He Yaozu led his troops to conquer Jiujiang. Sun Chuanfang knew that the defeat was over and returned to Nanjing.On the 8th, they attacked the isolated city of Nanchang. Sun Junxun surrendered immediately and withdrew from the city.On the 9th, Chiang Kai-shek entered Nanchang.The complete victory in the Jiangxi Campaign was largely due to the bravery of the Seventh Army and the Fourth Army, but the prestige of the commander-in-chief was not only saved, but also increased his political leverage.

After Jiangxi's first victory, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the First Army stationed in Shantou, commanded by He Yingqin, to march into Fujian. Sun Chuanfang's main force was wiped out in Jiangxi, leaving Fujian and Zhejiang empty. Fight into Fuzhou.So far, the National Revolutionary Northern Expedition Army has occupied the seven provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Guizhou, and Fujian. The revolutionary base also extends from the Pearl River to the Yangtze River Basin, which is quite similar to the momentum of the Taiping Army's Northern Expedition.However, like the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, after owning half of the country, fierce internal strife occurred, and the protagonist who caused the internal strife in the national revolutionary camp was Chiang Kai-shek!

Chiang Kai-shek took advantage of the Zhongshan ship incident to carry out a coup, which weakened the power of the leftists of the Kuomintang. However, the Third International did not want to believe that Chiang was anti-communist and anti-Soviet at that time, and only regarded it as a personnel dispute. They still regarded him as a "revolutionary general" and supported him.However, the leftists of the Kuomintang, including the CCP, were wary of Chiang. As early as May 25, 1926, Peng Zemin asked Comrade Wang Jingwei to dismiss the fake as soon as possible at the Central Committee of the Central Committee (see "The First and Second Times of the Chinese Kuomintang Historical Materials of the National Congress of the People's Republic of China, Vol. 1, page 549), party departments in various provinces responded one after another. (See the same book, page 5751600) On July 7, Chiang assumed the post of commander-in-chief.On the surface, Chiang welcomed Wang back to China to preside over party affairs, but privately believed that the purpose of "welcoming Wang" was to "overthrow Chiang", and wrote in his diary: "Someone must manipulate it, which is by no means the true meaning of the majority. Since I was born, I have been depressed. Depressed, not worse than today." ("Chiang Kai-shek's Diary Class Copy·Military Affairs" August 25, 1926) and blamed the Communist Party for making trouble, and hated it "gritting teeth". (See the same book, August 30, 1926) There is absolutely no doubt that Jiang is tolerant of Wang in his heart.Although Chiang sent a telegram to welcome Wang on October 3, it was not willingly because of the persuasion of the Russian military adviser Galen and the compulsion of the situation.As far as Chiang is concerned, the power struggle is on its way. In September 1926, the Central Committee of the Kuomintang decided to convene a joint meeting of the Central Committee and all provinces and regions. The meeting was held six times in order to unify the leadership of the party and elect a thirteen-member political committee, including left, center and right factions. In order to remove Chiang Kai-shek's chairman of the Central Standing Committee and Zhang Jingjiang's acting chairman of the state government, Zhang Jingjiang resisted with all his strength, and he threatened Borodin because of the tense war ahead but failed.However, the impending rain is imminent. Since Guangzhou has become an important leftist town, Chiang Kai-shek put forward the proposal of "moving the central party headquarters to Hubei", and sent a telegram to Zhang Jingjiang and Tan Yan on October 22, urging that "Wuchang has been defeated, and the situation has changed greatly. seek development". ("Mr. Chiang Kai-shek Fifteen Years Before the Republic of China", Volume 18, p. 105) Finally, the Central Committee of the Kuomintang decided to move the capital to Hankou on November 26. It was mainly due to the conflict between Zhang Zuolin and Japan, and there was no reason to move the capital. worry.The members of the Central Committee and the members of the national government went north in batches.On December 2, Soong Ching Ling, Xu Qian, Chen Youren, Wu Yuzhang, Bao Luoting and a group of more than ten people passed through Nanchang. Chiang Kai-shek hosted a banquet and reported the situation of the Northern Expedition, full of confidence in the future of the revolution.And on the evening of the 6th, the Lushan Talks began to discuss political, diplomatic, financial, and military issues.Jiang Yu abolished the chairmanship and welcomed Wang back to the country, both of which were seconded, and more actively advocated moving to Hubei, and said that he would go to Wuhan as soon as the military was settled. (See Chiang Kai-shek’s reply to groups from all walks of life in Wuhan, published in "Guangzhou Republic Daily" on December 20, 1926) However, when Borodin and his party arrived in Wuchang, in view of the fact that the party headquarters and the government in Guangzhou had ceased operations Therefore, on December 13th, it was decided to organize an interim joint meeting, with Xu Qian as the chairman, temporarily exercising the highest power.Jiang found out after the fact that although he replied in favor on December 20, he was already very unhappy.He originally thought that he could go to Hubei to take power, but he knew that Borodin and those members of the Central Committee did not attach so much importance to him, and they couldn't even get involved in the joint meeting, so they deliberately took action. Among them, Zhang Jingjiang, the acting chairman of the Standing Committee, and Tan Yankai, the acting chairman of the National Government, went north and passed through Nanchang on December 31. They were left behind by Chiang Kai-shek. On January 3, 1927, the sixth temporary meeting of the Central Political Conference was held. After the meeting, the Central Party Headquarters and the National Government were notified to temporarily station in Nanchang to facilitate political and military cooperation.At the same time, it was decided that the Third Plenary Session of the Second Central Committee would be held in Nanchang on March 1, and that the relocation issue would be decided, and the Wuhan branch of the political conference would be established.So far, Chiang Kai-shek has openly challenged the temporary joint meeting in Wuhan with the central political meeting in Nanchang, in order to compete for "execution of the highest power."At this time, Wuhan was engaged in diplomatic negotiations due to the occupation of the British Concession, which might affect the overall situation. So Soong Ching Ling and others called Chiang Kai-shek to report the situation in Wuhan and told Chiang, "If there is a sudden change in the military, it is not appropriate to change the decision (to move the capital) and miss the opportunity." (The fourth series of "Compilation of Historical Archives of the Republic of China", page 375), and invited comrades from Nanchang to come to Hubei by telegram. Chiang Kai-shek had no choice but to arrive in Wuhan with General Galen, Peng Zemin, Gu Mengyu, He Xiangning, etc. on January 12. They received a grand welcome and urged them to move to Hubei, but Chiang still insisted on moving to Jiangxi.Borodin deliberately tried to persuade him, but Jiang regarded it as an insult, and he was ready to break up, so he returned to Nanchang on January 18th.Two or three days later, together with Zhang Jingjiang and Tan Yankai, they ordered the cancellation of the joint meeting in the name of the central government, and immediately established the Wuhan branch of the political meeting, which has become a situation of open confrontation.The Hubei side mobilized public opinion pressure, but the more important thing was Song Ziwen's control of military expenditures, just as Xu Wei, the director of Jiang's military supplies, said in a telegram on January 31: "The lifeblood of our army is in Song's hands. Send a telegram to encourage them, first save the urgent situation, and then try to find a good law. Don’t act too hastily, which will cause major impact.” So when Song went to Nanchang to mediate in person on February 4, within a few days Nanchang made a decision on the Central Party Headquarters and the people. The government moved to Wuchang, and the plenary session of the Central Committee will not be held until the southeast is settled.Although Hubei and Jiangxi did not really split, it only delayed the date of the split, and eventually the split of Ning and Han was inevitable. After Song Ziwen "persuaded" Chiang Kai-shek, he went from Jiangxi to Hubei on February 9, saying that Tan Yankai and others could come to Hubei within a few days, but he did not see him for a long time.At this time, they even demanded to revoke Borodin's position as a consultant. The E side finally learned the autocratic and domineering "Ruiyuan rogue", so Xu Qian and other five people formed an action committee to "engage in the concentration of party power", that is, they wanted to put the guns in the hands of the government. The sons were controlled under the party power, forming a movement to restore party power.This movement is self-evident against Chiang, as Sun Ke said: "Chiang Kai-shek controls the party like this, and one day he will be emperor." Although it was vigorous and vigorous, such as the 15,000 people gathered in Wuhan on February 24, they have never publicly named and attacked Chiang Kai-shek. He has blatantly retorted, saying: "I only know that I am a revolutionary. If someone wants to hinder my revolution, then I will kill him." (Jiang Zhi's speech was published in Shanghai's "Republic of China Daily" in April 1927 16) he has made revolution synonymous with power.But at this time, his financial problems have not been resolved, so he can only talk, but he dare not act. On the surface, he still supports the Wuhan Central Committee and calls for unity. He only asks that the Third Plenary Session of the Second Central Committee of the Kuomintang be postponed to March 7th. Of course, he has obtained the approval of the Central Committee. . However, when Tan Yankai, Li Liejun, He Xiangning, Ding Weifen, and Chen Guofu from Nanchang arrived in Wuhan for a meeting before March 7th, Chiang Kai-shek did not come. He used an excuse to go to the military parade with Zhu Peide, and he would not be able to come to the meeting until March 12th. "I believe that they are sincere. If it is held in advance, its hypocrisy can be seen." ("Chen Guofu's Life", p. 107) He actually said that it was held in advance on time, not to mention that March 7 was originally the date he requested.His arrogance, originally wanted to test his own pivotal weight, but since there were enough people to attend the meeting, there was no need to postpone it, and many people hated Jiang's dictatorial style, and were unwilling to postpone it for him. Wu Yuzhang, who attended the meeting, clearly stated : "The revolution is a revolution of joint work. It cannot be directed by the will of one or two people. Comrade Jiang cannot make mistakes because of this. If it is unfolded again and again, it will be nothing." Even so, there were of course people who spoke for Chiang in the meeting, which created tension, so March 7 was used as the preparatory meeting.The Third Plenary Session of the Second Central Committee officially opened on March 10 and ended on the 17th, and Chiang Kai-shek was still not present.The plenary meeting affirmed the interim joint meeting, and resolved to restore and improve party power, adhere to the revolutionary line and policies, deny illegal elections, and re-elect members of the Central Standing Committee and members of various ministries and commissions.Chiang Kai-shek was still elected as a member of the Standing Committee, a member of the Presidium of the Military Commission, and a member of the National Government, but it was by no means the dominant position he expected.Although the new national government was sworn in in Wuchang on March 20th, which seemed to be a consummation of merit and virtue, but Chiang Kai-shek hated it to the bone and wanted to leave as soon as possible. Li Zongren has noticed that after Chiang Kai-shek established the general headquarters in Nanchang, there were a lot of new customers, and the most notable ones were Huang Yu and Zhang Qun. (See "Li Zongren's Memoirs", p. 284) These new guests had nothing to do with the revolution. The reason why they became new guests on the commander-in-chief's seat and Zhang Qun was their representative in Shanghai was due to their personal relationship.Huang Yu, whose alias is Yingbai, is a native of Zhejiang. He successively held important positions in the Beiyang government and once served as the cabinet premier. According to the revolutionary party, he should be a Beiyang bureaucrat and a lackey of a warlord. As a confidant, "Hold a banquet to entertain, and tell the truth happily." (Shen Yunlong's "Mr. Huang Yingbai Chronicle Long Edition", Volume 1, p. 267) Zhang Qun had a classmate relationship with Jiang. Although he had nothing to do with the Northern Expedition, he was arrested. Appointed as the General Councilor of the Nanchang General Headquarters.Yu Qiaqing, chairman of the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce, and Huang Jinrong, the gang leader, also went to Nanchang to express their support. (See Wildur, The Nationalist Revolution in China, P. 84-85) Chen Bulei also went to Nanchang to meet Jiang at this time and became Jiang's literary hero.In fact, before the Northern Expedition, Jiang had already received important business figures such as Wang Xiaolai in Guangzhou.All of this has seen Jiang Zheng wantonly building a private team.At the same time, they went to Shanghai and Fenghua to invite relatives or fellow villagers to serve as bodyguards, staff officers, and secretaries, just like the eunuchs around the emperor.At this time, the students from Whampoa were rushing to the principal's door, and Jiang also treated them as his own hawks and dogs. Of course, he absolutely regarded the CP (Communist Party) members among the students as enemies. (See Su Wenqin's "My Little Memories of Chiang Kai-shek", pages 239-240) Jiang Fucheng, who helped Chiang Kai-shek supervise the printing, even pointed out that the general headquarters of the Northern Expedition Army had a very large establishment. (Jiang Fucheng's "The Years I Supervised Chiang Kai-shek's Printing") After Chiang Kai-shek arrived in Nanchang, he was determined to organize his own power center. "False presumption" refers to what Chiang did in Nanchang, "starting the beginning of personal dictatorship, and starting the end of military domination." (See "The Declaration and Resolution of the Third Plenary Session of the Second Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang") Chiang Kai-shek wanted to put The conspiracy of the party, the government and the army has been clearly revealed.Interestingly, as early as December 24, 1925, Chiang said in his diary: "Yu's recent actions are close to that of a warlord, and he can still bear the responsibility of the revolution? Punish him." ("" Mr. Chiang Kai-shek Fifteen Years Before the Republic of China "Volume Thirteen, p. 42) He obviously did not "punish" him. When he arrived in Nanchang, he did not open a new mansion and disobeyed the central government. He was already like a warlord.