Chapter 27 4. On the Differences in Eastern and Western Thinking Methods

(1) Differences between Chinese and Western thinking methods When I read "Aristotle" when I was young, what surprised me was that it didn't read the articles of the ancients. Its ideas, words, and sentences were completely the same as modern Western texts. It was not written by ancient Greek philosophers years ago, but Western treatises in the nineteenth or twentieth century.Aristotle's knowledge is not only divided into disciplines, but also analytical. There are fine inferences about zoology and botany, physics, political science, and even rhetoric in poetry.The most important is his "Logic" (Organon) to define the formal system of logic.Later, this logical system ruled the scholarship of Western Europe for two thousand years.Western academics come from this system, so it is no wonder that today's Western thinking is the same as Aristotle.Later, when I came back and reread Chinese classics and history, I felt that Chinese thinking was quite different.At first glance, it seems that the reasoning is not refined enough, and the arguments are not rigorous enough.There are more aphoristic judgments and less dialectical reasoning.Zisi said that "frankness is the way", how to be "spontaneous" and what kind of nature is, Zisi refuses to elaborate, it is only for the readers to experience.After decades of thinking, I realized that the way of experience is very different from the principle of deduction.This is the key to the difference between Chinese and Western thinking methods, that is, the difference between intuition and reasoning.Intuition is experience, understanding, and enlightenment.Because of this difference in thinking methods, Chinese and Western philosophies have gone into different trends.To understand the essence of Chinese and Western philosophical thought, one must first understand the difference in the way of thinking, and then gain a balanced theory and understand the pros and cons.

In terms of the word Dao alone, what is called Dao in China is not what is called Truth in the West.The Chinese talk about the way of heaven and humanity, and Westerners also talk about the way of nature and humanity.But Chinese characters do not exist in Western languages.The Western word Truth talks about objective truth, but Chinese seems to lack this concept.To be honest, the Chinese are not very interested in objective truth or inaccuracy.He is very interested in the right and wrong of actions.The Chinese word "right and wrong" includes two meanings, one is the authenticity of objective facts, and the other is the right and wrong of actions, which contains moral judgments.In English, there are True-false and Right-wrong.Our so-called "everything is what it is, not what it is" often contains moral judgments, not just the right and wrong of the truth.The so-called Tao in China is to be practiced, the feasible is called the Tao, and it does not matter to practice the Tao.So Confucius said, "The way is not far away from people. People think that the way is far away from others, so they can't be the way."Westerners say objective truth, as long as it is true, even if it is far away, why can't it be the Tao?If things go on in this way, things will inevitably be different in content.

In general, we can say: 1. Western philosophy emphasizes system, but China does not.Systematic philosophy is the so-called Systematicphilosphy, which is to put a theory through everything and establish a large system of theories, such as Kant and Hegel.In the eyes of Westerners, if you do not have a systematic philosophy, you are not worthy of the title of "philosophy".Systematic philosophy is a structure of deduction, with premises, confirmation, and traces of conclusions to be found, such as Qibao Tower, which has outlines, cornerstones, and top floors.Chinese philosophies, every word is pearls, like pearls in the night, and a single one is enough to show off to the world.It is also like a meteor in the middle of the night, flickering, unknown source, unexpected destination.Emerson is a well-known essayist in the United States, and what he said were all profound arguments, very close to the Chinese style.Some people criticized him for not being enough to be called a philosopher, because he had famous sayings about carving gold and cutting jade, but he couldn't find a systematic clue.When I was about to listen to his argument, he had already touched on other topics, and I just let the readers experience it for themselves.Chinese thought, such as Mozi, such as Wang Fuzhi, has very few detailed inferences.

2. Chinese people don't pay attention to metaphysics, because it has nothing to do with physical practice.Laozhuang and Zhuangzi have metaphysics, but the concise and concise words still make people figure out for themselves.Zigong asked, "Does the dead know?" Confucius replied humorously, "You will know after you die" (see "Confucius's Family Language").In one sentence, the problem of death is sorted out.Dong Zhongshu talked about yin and yang, and there was a theory of the unity of man and nature, which was metaphysical.Later in the Song Dynasty Zhou Lianxi and Zhang Hengqu all had quite clear cosmology, but these were all influenced by Buddhism.Buddhism in China is valued by scholars because it has a set of metaphysical debates that ancient Chinese philosophy did not have.There are three major systems of thought in the world, one is Confucianism, the other is Buddhism, and the third is Greek and Western thought. In fact, the inference of Buddhism is still close to the Aryan way of thinking, close to the Western way of thinking, and cannot be classified into Systems of Eastern thought.Later, Confucianism in the Song Dynasty entered the blood of Buddhism and became Neo Confucianism, which talked about nature from the heart, but did not talk about the epistemology of Buddhism (the so-called "consciousness") at all, and insisted on applying the study of things to knowledge.In fact, the metaphysics of Cheng Zhu and others still can't talk about Sakyamuni, and there is nothing outstanding.

3. The Chinese do not pay attention to logic, especially abstract terms.The Buddhist theory of enlightenment is not welcomed by the Chinese.Don't be too argumentative, it's self-defeating.Zhuang Sheng commented on Huishi's "his way is contradictory", Gongsun Long "can win people's mouths, but cannot win people's hearts", and Zhuang Sheng's words "big words are hot, small words are Zhan Zhan", just look down on the words of controversy.The most obvious feature of today's Western academic writing is the large number of specialized abstract nouns.Terminology is the tool of logic.The way of the ancients is often hidden in the splendor, and today's is often hidden in technical terms.If you don't know the truth, there will be more and more prosperous terms.Chinese study abroad to study psychology and sociology, where they study sociology, often just learning sociological terms.Anyone who can understand the profound in a simple way is unwilling to rely on these technical terms as the crown of knowledge.The three points mentioned above are the strengths of Western thought, but also their weaknesses.The philosophy of the system is too deep.Metaphysics is prone to emptiness.Abstract noun theory is easy to get out of reality, and loses a strong sense of reality.

All in all, China emphasizes practice, while the West emphasizes reasoning.China values ​​closeness, while Westerners value logic.Chinese philosophy emphasizes safety and security, while Westerners emphasize objective understanding and analysis.Westerners emphasize analysis, while Chinese emphasize intuition.Westerners value knowledge and seek objective truth.The Chinese place great emphasis on pursuing the Tao and seeking the feasible way.These are all based on different ways of thinking. (2) Intuition and logic Simply put, this difference in thinking methods can be said to be the difference between intuition and logic, experience and reasoning.Logic is analytical, fragmented, and abstract; intuition is comprehensive, holistic, symbolic, and concrete.Logic is deduction, and intuition is enlightenment and experience.Western logic is a sharp weapon of thought. It has amazing achievements in natural science, sound, light, chemistry and electricity.Investigate things to know, there is no logic.People in the Song Dynasty talked about studying things to gain knowledge, but in fact they failed completely.People in the Song Dynasty talked about investigating things, but they couldn't find the way, so they couldn't get in through the door.Wang Yangming sat on a stool and looked at the bamboos in the garden, trying to figure out the truth of the bamboo, and after nine days he fell ill.In the end, he backed down and said, "Seeking the nature in reverse is to investigate things", which is really a reluctant statement.Although Zhu Zi said that "everything in the world is poor because of the known principles, so as to reach the extreme", it is very good in principle, just like what Descartes said in the West.In fact, logical dialectics has not yet been established, such as Aristotle's Organon and Franz Bacon's Novum Organon established scientific dialectics and experimental methods.Zhu Zi's so-called "being poorer because of the known principles" is just an inference to the end, but it is a big mistake in logic to infer the principles of different categories.Cheng Yichuan said that "everything is prepared by me", which is why he committed this mistake.Therefore, the personality of the Song Dynasty was a failure, and it was also the reason why Chinese science could not develop smoothly.

But the sharp weapon of logic is also dangerous.Practice in natural science can be said to be pervasive and omnipotent; apply it to the way to settle down in human society, that is, "it doesn't matter if you can't do it."The greatness of human relations, the harmony of heaven and earth, the beauty of the four seasons, the love between men and women, the love between father and son, and the joy of family are all impossible to infer logically and prove by argument.The Countess of Windsor's latest book, describing her love affair with the abdicated British Emperor, is called Lovehasitsreasons.The words of Pascal's famous saying, "Love has its reasons, beyond reason can know."This is a pun "Lovehasitsreasonsofwhichreasonknowsnothing". Not only that, all the big problems of life philosophy, such as God, eternal life, good and evil, aesthetics, morality, and historical significance, cannot be solved by science.God is not a formula, and eternal life is not a triad. Good, evil, beauty, and ugliness cannot be measured or tested.If it cannot be tested, it cannot be confirmed, and if it cannot be verified, it cannot be confirmed or denied.Therefore, an ethical system cannot be established.Today's sociologists, because they want to be scientific and objective, keep silent about good and evil.Today's philosophers keep silent about ethics, and today's existentialists keep silent about the meaning of life, and even deny the meaning of life.Today's great thinkers keep silent about God.All problems that cannot be dealt with by logic are kept out of the door and never discussed, because it is unscientific to talk about them.This is the phenomenon of Western academia today.

The so-called intuition is often misunderstood by people.Intuition is not arbitrary, but subtle and dangerous, which can be understood but cannot be expressed in words.Intuition is not unorganized, it is not blinded by one-sided analysis, but can see the overall situation and make independent conclusions.Whenever the secretary is good at talking, the minister should have the ability to make decisions.This is the distinction between intuition and logic.Women have always been said to have six senses, which are close to the talents of ministers.Women often know that a certain person is a true friend and that a certain person cannot be friends with. This is called a sixth sense, but the reason cannot be explained, knowing it but not knowing why.It's not that there is no basis, but the basis is difficult to analyze, and it can be understood but unspeakable.We often say that someone looks like Cantonese or Jiangsu and Zhejiang.This is based on previous complex impressions, but it is difficult to define "Cantonese face" or "Jiangsu face".In this way, intuition is still based on experience.The ancient sages, every time they had the insight to know others, and their foresight, they made judgments based on this experience.In the meantime, the appearance is in harmony with the spirit, or the person who talks sweetly and has a sword in his belly, there is a slight difference, and the subtleties can only be discerned by what Mencius calls his eyes.

Moreover, there is nothing in the world that does not have its reason, nor does it have its emotion. If the emotion is not realized, the reason cannot be understood.Reason is fixed, emotion is fluid.That's why I said in the book: Westerners are satisfied with reason when judging the right and wrong of a matter, while the Chinese must add the word love, speaking of reason and reason, and then it is appropriate to understand it.Because we know that reason is fixed and deduced; emotion is alive and must be experienced.Appropriateness and reason are true knowledge at the beginning, and reasoning without emotion is not enough for the truth.This is the characteristic of the Chinese way of thinking, so the Chinese philosophy of closeness was born.The usage of the word love is also unique in the West.Mostly refer to the situation of change. (See "Lunqing" chapter).If you only say "situation", it refers to a fixed condition, and it can also be expressed in English Condition. If you say "condition", you must have a deeper understanding.Mencius said, "If you want to get what you want, you should mourn and not be happy." When a good official is released from prison, he must also check his feelings honestly.All my so-called "people's sentiments", "military sentiments" and "enemy sentiments" all contain situations that are difficult to express numerically.Professor Knollshe of Yale University often discusses the differences between Chinese and Western thought, and also said that the Chinese see everything in the universe as "a continuous flow without analysis."This flow is difficult to cut logically, and the water will flow forever if the knife is cut off.This is a subtle point, and we have to use the method of experience and comprehension to realize it.This is called intuition.

(3) Trouble with logic and Western philosophy The Chinese way of thinking emphasizes intuition, while the way of thinking of Westerners emphasizes logic; Westerners seek knowledge, while Chinese seek Taoism, so the emphasis of Chinese and Western thinking tends to be different.To seek the Tao, one has to lower one level of knowledge and raise one level of proficiency, and the so-called knowledge of seeking knowledge has also deteriorated.As a result, 2,500 years of Chinese philosophy has undergone any changes, and it has become a practical thought without departing from the word Tao.The way is the way, even the way that the sub-roads follow.Here we will first talk about Western philosophy, because it focuses on the problems and troubles encountered in logic, and the recent corrections.

The usefulness of logic lies in debate, and logic is useless without debate.But the debate has a scope, and those who argue may not see it.If you insist on the indisputable, then there will be more problems.Franser Bacon has long seen it clearly, saying that we know nature, we can only observe nature, we should not have any prejudices, and we should not leave inspection to pursue the cause of fantasy. The biggest reason for the fall of philosophy is to find The parents of Cupid (according to the fact that Cupid had no parents)...but philosophers deduce logical and mathematical trivial conclusions, very ordinary opinions, and beyond the scope of nature, fanciful See." (On Principles and Ori Bgins, 1623-1624) This is Zhuang Sheng's so-called argumentative person who "does not understand what is clear, so he ends up with a firm and clear ignorance." You can't teach your son, and a teacher can't teach your apprentice, let alone the mystery of heaven and earth, the secret of the universe.Therefore, it is not clear and clear, and the result is reduced to a sentence of the lamp, the ambiguity of the similarities and differences, and trivial and insignificant opinions. This turned out to be a big problem.Judging the beauty of heaven and earth, analyzing the principles of all things, observing the wholeness of the ancients, those few capable of preparing for the beauty of heaven and earth, call it the face of gods.Therefore, philosophers like to talk about Taoism, but the result is "everyone does what he wants and takes his own way".Metaphysical issues are often debated without finality, and the results are inconsistent.What about the origin of all things?Why don't we talk about it?If you talk about it, it will be complicated and confusing. If you don't talk about it, the scope of philosophy will shrink day by day.As a matter of logic, it is good at dissecting orifices and analyzing the smallest details, but the more refined the kung fu, the closer it is to the theory of the same and different.Let’s not talk about the origin, just talk about the facts, but after further analysis, what is a fact?This question becomes a philosophical question.Facts are fragmentary, discontinuous, (the term is called atomic) as Cambridge Russell argued.Or they are inseparable and cannot be independent, and must be related. It is not enough to know the true meaning of "facts" if the relationship involves a certain time and place, as Oxford Bradley (F.H. Bradley 1846-1924) advocated.This kind of detailed analysis, when it comes to a few microscopic points, is the same as hide-and-seek in words.Throughout the ages there have been many people who opposed this style of sophistry.The recently popular "Logical Positivism" (LogicaPositivism) is totally opposed to the terms used in ordinary philosophy, and needs to be cleared up for him. Wittgenstein (1889-1951) was one of the speakers. He was an Austrian, later became a British citizen, and gave lectures in Cambridge.He declared his abandonment of philosophy in 1918, arguing that philosophy is "rooted in arrogance", and those discussions of metaphysics, including his own famous book "Tractatus Logico-Philosphicus" (Tractatus Logico-Philosphicus) are nonsense. ).The reason why we like nonsense is because we can somersault on philosophical terms.He is really a rare and outstanding talent. He advocated that the purpose of philosophy should be to dispel doubts, but must get rid of terminology and return to the ordinary meaning of language.Isn't this the same as Zhuangzi's conclusion after many troubles and confusions when he "does not use it for what is right, but puts it in the mediocrity"?Zhuangzi means that the mediocre uses it, which refers to practicality, and mediocrity is mediocrity, which means that we should return to the ordinary and practical meaning of words and languages. Those who argue, see or not.If you are not clear, but you are clear, you will end up with a solid ignorance.In fact, when we read Western philosophy, it's like Gongsun Long coming back to life, and the endless volumes we read seem to be the ambiguous words of the Biemo School.In today's Western philosophy, sophistry and eloquence are becoming more and more successful, but the way to live and live is becoming increasingly poor.Arguing about the indisputable can cause unnecessary and unnecessary disturbances.Let me give you one or two examples. Medieval Scholasticphilosophy has many examples.For example, after Jesus died, he ascended to heaven in three days. During these three days and two nights, Jesus was there, which is an unnecessary and unnecessary argument.Whether in hell or heaven, no one knows.But those monks judged purely with reason, but they knew that Jesus was in hell, and they were very confident, and listed it as a creed (the Apostles' Creed).The most important in history is the "Trinity in" debate.Because of this controversy, the Greek Catholic Church became independent from Roman Catholicism in the eleventh century. "Body" is Substantia, and "Bit" is Persona.I don't think it's necessary to talk about God's "body" because it shouldn't be judged on the basis of physique and personality.But people have brains, and if they have brains, they must figure out the three gods.They use reason to conclude that the three gods are the same in physique, but independent in personality, which is absolutely and undoubtedly (see AthanasianGreed).In the church today, this creed is still clearly laid out.And the relationship between the three must be analyzed properly, and then the three gods can be included in their logical pigeonhouses.That's a lot to argue about.The three are all born with the universe, not created, but Jesus is "begotten" by the priest alone.But since the Holy Spirit is not begotten, what is the relationship between the Holy Spirit?Those monastery scholars concluded: not "born", but "proceedeth", this kind of stuff only scholars can do.Those who understand will explain themselves, and those who listen will listen to themselves, but if you say that the Holy Spirit is "born" by God, you are heresy and should be expelled from religion.They are so ambitious that they have judged the relationship with God.But things are not over yet.Holy Spirit is direct "From" the priest or indirectly "from" the Son of God?This is true, because of this direct and indirect argument, the Greek Catholic Church became independent from Catholicism, and regarded it as a heresy. Another example is the debate on whether concepts are real or nominal (Realist and Nominalist), which has always originated from Plato's so-called image and Aristotle's so-called category (ie classification).Is it just the same name if the same kind have the same name, or is there an independent image first?Until the time of the eleventh Abelard, the debate was still intense.When Abbelard first founded the University of Paris, the students of Paris fought in the streets over this argument.In the seventeenth century Pascal (Blaise Pascal 1623-1662) was still debating.The same is true of the nineteenth-century German poet Heirrich Heine's debates about Shinto students.Heine is a good person, but also a great humor, it is really funny to write.In the twentieth century today, Sartre is still arguing about the similarities and differences between esse and existentia (Being and Existence), and the reason why Sartre is qualified to be called a philosopher is that he distinguishes between "everything", "everything" and "existence". LEtreeCtleNeant in the book "Existence" can analyze the essence of these abstract concepts in detail. This kind of subtle analysis in the West starts from logic, so it is more important than knowledge.The so-called debate on knowledge does not only refer to the knowledge of epistemology, but also the knowledge of the general principles of all things.This tendency of course focuses on knowing right from wrong, and abstract analysis.But within Liuhe, the sages discuss but do not discuss, and the Spring and Autumn Classics, the sages discuss but do not debate.The more abstract debates there are, the more the way of life is forgotten.Later, this so-called knowledge is knowledge that can be verified by science.All questions that cannot be verified by science are kept silent.The person who started it was Descartes (Rene Descartes, 1566-1650), the founder of modern philosophy, so Pascal said: "I cannot forgive Descartes."Nor can I forgive Descartes.Because of his influence on future generations, the area of ​​philosophy will inevitably be reduced. Those who cannot prove the great books and scriptures for life and life will be thrown out of the door, and they dare not talk about them (see the second paragraph above).May I ask the propriety, righteousness, integrity and shame, the four dimensions of the country, is there any way to deal with it logically? All in all, we have seen (Westerners have also seen) the steady progress of scientific knowledge, although it is often adjusted, it is a steady and steady approach, while the suspension theory of philosophy, for thousands of years, after all, it is my opinion. Well, it’s not like I’m revisiting old cases, but there’s no progress, so I’m eager to improve and catch up with scientific methods, and most people who study philosophy are people who study mathematics.The world is boundless, but mathematics and logic are reliable tools, so modern philosophy is governed by mathematics.In the 17th century, Pascal was a mathematician giant. He was born in Descartes, and he also took the unity of science and philosophy as his career. N． Whitehead is an obvious example.Russell himself was named after mathematics, and his attempt was to bring mathematics into the scope of logic, or organize logic so that mathematics could be accommodated.Mathematics and logic are the tools of science, so in general, today's philosophy has become a vassal of mathematics. Where has Dao gone?Who cares?This is why today's Western philosophy is divorced from the emptiness of life. In contrast to the way of salvation, today's philosophy has two diametrically opposed ways: one is to leave aside a large part and make philosophy purely scientific.This is the so-called "logical confirmationism".It means to completely exclude the terms such as God, eternal life, soul, good and evil, and love.They think that these nouns are not only confusing and vague, but also meaningless (Senseless), and should focus on scientific "verification" (Verifiability).Therefore, the new "Semantics" (Semantics), which is popular in modern times, was born.These people specialize in studying the range and structure of semantic variation.The other direction is the so-called existentialism, or theism (such as Kierkegaard) or explicit atheism (such as Sartre).What the above-mentioned people who took the first way did not talk about, these people talk about it.All in all, it is back to the personal moral issues of life, and the freedom of conscience in social life has become the center of the discussion.Their responsibility for life, such as Sartre and Camus, although atheistic, can make people awe-inspiring, and what they feel is groping and whining in the dark, which is even more terrifying. In this chaotic field, there are a few people who stand still and have both physical and spiritual qualities. One is George Santanaya (1863-1952), because he advocates enlightenment, which makes people unable to classify.One is the American poet Walt Whitman (he said "I am what I am", unlike Descartes begging Cogito who pities him to prove that he has a self).In philosophy, there are two recent Chinese thinkers.One is that the above mentioned the only great British philosopher Bradley in the 19th century.His words are frivolous, criticizing all kinds of fragmented theories, and re-establishing the position of feeling in philosophy.Another French Bergson H. L． Bergson (1859-1941), who created the theory of the opposition between intuition and logic.His masterpiece "Time and Freedom", whose original French name is almost the same as Wang Yangming's "Essai Surles donnees immediates de la conscience", can establish a sufficient philosophical foundation for intuition.Because the French have this witticism in their heads, which seems to us Chinese to be very satisfactory and gratifying, but in fact it runs counter to the philosophers of the school of mathematics.Therefore, ordinary people don't know much about Braley, but Bergson was famous for a while, because he has "the theory of natural evolution of creation" and has attracted people's attention.In fact, they don't know Bergson yet. (4) Enthusiastic and non-energetic Confucians I have a word to say, Confucian righteousness, sincerity, self-cultivation, and family harmony are naturally the central idea of ​​Confucianism and Taoism, as well as the origin of Confucianism and Taoism. It is also the reason why our country's ideological system is unique from Western philosophy, and it is enough to save Western philosophy. The fallacy of seeking knowledge without seeking Tao.However, although the West does not have Confucianism, it can produce many famous and relevant talents, (such as Gladstone and Disraeli in the Victorian era of the United Kingdom, and Franklin and Lincoln in the United States.) Far exceeds the stream of Zhu scholars who were famous officials and Confucians in the Qing Dynasty .How to make Confucianism suitable for today's world, from the quiet Confucianism and Taoism that leads to emptiness and silence, to the vigorous and dynamic Confucianism and Taoism, and become a living force. ——This is the fundamental question that should be pursued.I think it is a Chinese mistake that Confucius and Mencius' strong, coquettish and lively principles, after being influenced by Buddhism in Song Confucianism, changed from movement to tranquility, and then fell into a state of semi-meditation or quasi-meditation.To restore the strength of the people taught by Confucius and Mencius, we must take Zhu back to Confucius. As I said above, no matter how China's thinking has changed over the past 2,500 years, it has been honed and honed, and it remains true to its original principles. Practice is always the first priority. This is the original color of Eastern thinking.Being a human being is the first, and whether the article is good or not is the second. Reading or not reading is also a tool, not an end.When students enter, they are filial piety, and when they leave, they are younger brothers,..."If you have spare power, you should learn literature."Obviously, it is the clear teaching of Confucius, people who have done a good job and still have "remaining strength" before they go to study.When making friends, keep your promises, "Although he has never read a book, I must say that he has read a book." (Zi Xia) According to Confucius, reading is not so important, why?Confucianism only seeks a feasible way, which is simple, honest and straightforward.Confucius never talked about noumenon, or kung fu, let alone sex and the way of heaven.Later, Buddhism spread to the east, Jin and Tang Dynasties flourished, and Chinese thought was already dominated by Zen schools. There was not a single great Confucianist in the Song Dynasty who had not learned Zen.Although the intention is to ward off Buddhism, but once he enters his house and fights his sword, he is actually aiding Buddhism and becoming Confucianism.The Zen family wants to be pure-hearted and have few desires, so we also come to have a pure heart and few desires; they understand the mind and see the nature, and we also come to understand the mind and see the nature; .) They look inside their navels and think about the weather before we were born, and we also look at the "we are not happy or angry".Since you are not meditating, you are already half meditating.Yan Xizhai's so-called "sitting in meditation, looking inside, discussing sex and chatting, the country perishes."Even if the demise of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was caused by Qing Tan and the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, can Neo Confucianism alone be blamed? "Talk about your heart and nature with nothing to do, and repay the king when you are in danger", the heart is clear, the nature is seen, what can it do for the country? Confucianism has always been Confucianism.At least none of the village pedants I saw when I was young was timid, hesitant, whispering, and sitting upright.How do you know that they were taught by Cheng Zhu in order to understand their minds and see their nature, "cautious and fearful" and "always hypocritical"?If it is said that these old Confucian scholars who are hesitant, babbling, babbling, speaking hesitatingly, who have never seen them laughing once in their life are true disciples of Confucianism, I will not accept it.Needless to say, I don't know how to play football or swim, but in terms of the six arts, I dare not come to archery or horseback riding.What Confucius is good at is what his generation is short of, and what Confucius is good at is what his generation is good at.Fishing is not the key, Yi is not shooting the sky, it can be seen that Confucius has a considerable ability in fishing and archery.As for the five or six champions and six or seven boys, bathing in Yangmingshan Park, walking on the grass in the wind, and returning home singing, this is a despicable thing that people in the Confucian school dare not do and despise.Although the Prime Minister of Australia recently died in the sea, he was moving, not static. Where did this power come from?It may not be that they are uniquely blessed, or that their education is different. Probably the Confucianism in the Song Dynasty was obstructed, and there were three misinterpretations of Confucianism and Taoism: 1. Investigate things to gain knowledge, and turn to poor theory reading.It couldn't have been entirely their fault.From today's scientific point of view, it is natural to say that they have failed to get in through the door, and they have failed completely. The fifth chapter of Gewu Zhizhi in "University" is dead, and Zhu Zi stole Cheng Zi's meaning to make up for it, which is not good.Originally know to be sincere, but in my opinion, I can’t connect. Knowing is the knowledge of external things, and meaning is inner cultivation. The categories are different, so it’s not easy to connect. .At that time, everyone thought that "everything is prepared for me", and the principle of all things is the same, so they hard-wired it for him.It's not just Cheng Zhu, Lu Xiangshan also thinks the same way.But Zhu Zi interpreted it as Qiongli, and Qiongli was only reading the books of sages and sages. From studying things to reading books of sages and sages, things are not qualified.It was really a helpless explanation at the time to talk about the style but not the style. Since it is Zhu Zi's study, which emphasizes learning and hard work, it can be regarded as very responsible.Li Erqu said: "After Hui'an, he fell into the branches and kudzu vines, so Yangming came out to save him, so that he could gain conscience and make people gain immediately, and for a long time, it is easy to talk about the body and take a little time" (Nan Xingshu). 2. Knowing the mind and seeing the nature, this Zen principle is the biggest reason for Confucianism and Taoism to turn from movement to tranquility. It is said that all things are endless, and they are originally moving.Life is endless, nothing is non-moving, and it is not moving at all times.Not thinking about words, just seeking to achieve emptiness and silence is contrary to the common sense of entering the world. Zen is originally the principle of extremely smart people. It is the reaction caused by Chinese wisdom encountering Indian Buddhism, and it has nothing to do with Bodhidharma.Bodhidharma faced the wall, let him face the wall, teach without words, argue without words, Zhuangzi has already said.But Zen is a study of the world, not a study of the world, and it is natural to go wrong if you practice the way of the world with the study of the world.We know that yang and yin change, and life and death are movements. From movements, we can see nature, joy, anger, sorrow, joy, joy, anger, anger, and joy and anger. What is the "weather" to speak of, and what is the benefit of observing?Lu Yuting commented on Cheng Zhu's "experiencing joy, anger, sorrow, joy and joy in tranquility without aura" well said: "Taste to sit at night with eyes closed, screen out all worries in order to achieve what is called neutrality (that is, no aura)...or force it to be calm for a while, suddenly If you forget, you may think that this is the case. However, what is so good about this environment? Confucianism taught people to do it.... Therefore, get rid of caution and fear, and find that you have not found it. Either the wood is dead and ashes, or it is empty and silent." Why did the saints ever teach people to behave like this? There have always been many people who have opposed this kind of non-practice and reasoning. Needless to say, Yan Xizhai pointed out that Cheng Zhu taught weak scholars who were "weak, sick, and useless" such as "women and women". Fei Yanfeng said it clearly: "The post-Confucianism says that it is only feasible to be alone in the deep mountains... the result is extremely quiet, lively and lively, and there is no truth to the Han, the heart is always in the cavity, and the nature is always restored. …It’s just like Bodhidharma facing the walls and rooftops and contemplating in the same door. How can it benefit the country, how can it benefit the family, how can it be about political affairs, and how can it save the people’s livelihood?” They all felt the pain of the subjugation of the country in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.Therefore, Gu Tinglin also deeply felt that the emptiness of late learning led to the disaster of subjugation of the country, so he resolutely ruled out the abuse of seeing one's nature clearly. "Today's gentleman...gathers hundreds of guests, scholars, and scholars...and speaks to them from heart to heart. He gives up much knowledge to seek consistency. He keeps the world poor and poor without speaking, and talks about dangers and subtleties all day long. It must be that his way is higher than that of Confucius, and his disciples are more virtuous than Zigong." "That's why nature is fate. Confucius rarely said it, but today's gentlemen always say it." 3. Distinguish between reason and desire, this is the words of those who study Buddhism and turn to Confucianism, and it is also the main reason why Confucianists in the Song Dynasty feared turning from movement to tranquility. Sakyamuni came to psychology, so they also came to psychology, and as the principle of heaven The discrimination of human desires is to seek "purity of human desires and the prevailing of heavenly principles", as if human desires are the eternal obstacles in the sea of ​​suffering in life. If one wants to prevail in heavenly principles, one must first cut off human desires, and then Nirvana can be obtained.These words did not wrong Cheng Zhu at all.They are most afraid of ignorance and ignorance, because they are blinded by "material desires", and they only have the method of tranquility, only vigilance and fear, and they are spotless, and then they can cultivate to the stagnant state of mind of an old widow. middle.Is this the way to adapt to the world?How can there be no desire in life, and why should one do something without desire, and live endlessly?Dai Dongyuan's extreme reasoning desire is the fallacy of the two, and he said that a sage must obey people's feelings and fulfill people's desires.Yan Xizhai clearly said, "If the desire does not exist, the nature will be attached?" Therefore, those who eliminate the desire to talk about the nature, or preserve the natural law and destroy the human desire, are committing childish problems, and have not understood the nature of emotion.Wang Fuzhi is the best, he said: "The law of heaven is in the desire of man".Talking about the principles of heaven without human desires is all absurd and fallacious talk.In my opinion, Wang Fuzhi is the most in line with the psychology of modern people.He talks about the movement of nature best: "It is better to talk about movement than to talk about stillness. There is no reason for movement and stillness. Therefore, there is no one who can be quiet if he only talks about quietness. Sexuality affects the body when it is still and moves, and it is not enough. If you use action to move, then you will be still and have no sex. If you have no sex, you can still be quiet? Sex is effective in talent, talent is effective in emotion, and talent and emotion are effective in movement....Therefore, there is nothing in the world that cannot move. Also." Therefore, if it is said that stillness is better than movement, it means that hogs are better than people, and boulders and flying insects are better than hogs." All in all, the process of Song Confucianism in the evolution of Confucianism is a wrong turnaround, turning the teachings of Confucianism, which is easy to be filial and loyal to practice, into pedantic and empty talk.Zhu Zi's plain and earnest study can naturally be admired, but it's a pity that he didn't follow the avenue of enlightenment and preservation, but entered Yichuan's cold and devious path.As far as the influence is concerned, the branches and fragments are broken, which arouses the resistance of the Ming Dynasty's Xinxue, and finally makes Qing Confucianism and Song Ming's studies be abandoned, and the revival of Sinology is contemplated.At least today, "preserving the principles of nature and eliminating human desires" is absolutely unreasonable.Purification of human desires is not the prevailing principles of heaven, but the emptiness of emptiness, which is contrary to the virtue of heaven.It's better not to say this now.If Zhang Zixi's inscription, people and things, but there is a living power, Song Confucianism also has greatness and admiration.Yi Chuan said to himself that "there has been no true Confucianism for thousands of years", but his brother has the secret that has not been handed down for thousands of years.In fact, for thousands of years, there has been no aid to Buddhism and Confucianism, and the aid of Buddhism to Confucianism began in Yichuan.How can we be called true Confucianism only after we aid Buddha?From then on, the principles of heaven and human desires were divided into two things. Confucianists were blindly cautious and fearful, and cautious and fearful became the characteristics of Confucianists. The so-called "always false" will inevitably turn out to be hypocritical.The reason why Confucianism is not a monk, but the true cause of the cowardice and incompetence of the monks. Today's world is a dynamic world, a world where all countries rule the roost, improve day by day, and improve from time to time.If we want half meditation or quasi meditation, it is not enough for self-survival. Today's world is also a utilitarian world. Confucianism is not without the spirit of making good use of life and learning. Where is the pressure of Western culture?It's just because we are taking advantage of our health and students' learning to apply it.I dare believe that Ting Lin's resurrection is not easy to say.Yan Xizhai proposed that it is worth our detailed understanding to change "rectifying one's friendship without seeking one's own benefit, and clarifying one's way without counting one's merit" to "rectifying one's friendship for one's own benefit, understanding one's way and counting one's merit".Xunzi's theory that man can conquer nature is also in line with the spirit of science and practicality.I often think that Xunzi "Praise it from the sky, and use it to control the destiny." It is the best inscription in the Science Museum there. "Think about it in the sky, and cut it when you are with animals and animals." (The word "cut" was changed according to Wang Niansun) is the best inscription of the Agriculture and Forestry Museum there. "Wait for it according to the time, and make it according to the time." It is the stele of the Water Conservancy Bureau there. "There are many things because of things, and what can be transformed into them." is the plaque of the Chemistry Museum there. "Think about things and get them, and don't lose them when you think about them." It should be the motto of the atomic furnace there. Driving Xun Han and chasing Confucius and Mencius in this way can restore Confucianism's original strength.