Chapter 55 The Beginning and End of the "Human Rights Movement"
"New Moon" is a monthly magazine focusing on literature and art, advocating the so-called "art for art's sake" and confronting the left-wing literature at that time.But Hu Shi was a person who "was determined to talk about politics". In 1929, he initiated a discussion on the "Question of Human Rights" in the "New Moon" magazine.
The first to act was Hu Shi himself, who published the article "Human Rights and Treaties". ①The opening shot was quite fierce, directly targeting the Nationalist government, the party departments, and even Chiang Kai-shek himself, exposing the human rights violations by the Kuomintang government.
His article was prompted by an order from the Nationalist Government.At that time, massacres of the Communist Party and violations of human rights were not uncommon. "At a time when human rights are deprived of almost nothing left," the Nationalist government wanted to put on a show and issued an order to "protect human rights" on April 20.The language is ambiguous, and it only mentions that "individuals or groups" must not illegally violate the human rights of others, but does not mention "government agencies".Hu Shi was very disappointed after reading it, and wrote in the article, "What we feel the most painful today is that various government agencies or under the guise of government and party agencies infringe on people's physical freedom and property." In this regard, people are not given any protection at all. Isn't it "Only state officials are allowed to set fires, and people are not allowed to light lamps"? Hu Shi's article clearly targeted the Kuomintang government.
Three facts are listed in the article.One is a proposal reported at the Third National Congress of the Kuomintang - "Severely Handling the Case of Counter-Revolutionaries".It mentioned that the courts are often too strict with the evidence, which makes it easy for counter-revolutionaries to slip through the net. Therefore, the proposal states: "Anyone who is certified as a counter-revolutionary by the provincial and special city party committees in writing" should be punished by the court as a counter-revolutionary crime.If you disagree, you can appeal.However, if the higher court receives written proof from the Party Central Committee, it shall immediately refute it. ②Hu Shi thinks that replacing the law with the party, "just relying on a piece of evidence from the party headquarters, you must be convicted and punished." Doesn't this mean that the rule of the party is replaced by the rule of law, and the rule of law is actually abolished at all?
One is that the 152nd Brigade of the army stationed in Tangshan detained businessmen arbitrarily and tortured them severely, causing them to be injured or disabled.
The other is Liu Wendian, the president of Anhui University, who was summoned by Chiang Kai-shek and referred to him as "Sir" instead of "Chairman". "His family and friends can only run around begging for mercy, and they must not go to any court to sue Chairman Jiang."Hu Shi said, "You can only intercede but not sue. This is the rule of man, not the rule of law." ③What is the rule of law? Hu Shi believes that the rule of law is not only for ordinary people and mass organizations, but also for the government, the party and the army of all officials.He pointed out:
The rule of law means that all actions of government officials must not exceed the authority stipulated by the law.The rule of law only recognizes the law, not people.Under the rule of law, the chairman of the national government and the officers of the Tangshan 152nd Brigade are equally not allowed to exceed the authority stipulated by the law.The chairman of the national government can detain citizens at will, and the officers of the 152nd brigade can also detain and torture businessmen at will. …Under this state, what are you talking about to protect human rights! What are you talking about establishing the basis of the rule of law! ④ Therefore, Hu Shi called for: "Quickly formulate a contract to determine the basis of the rule of law! Quickly formulate a contract to protect human rights!"
If there is a violation of human rights, "regardless of the company commander of the 152nd brigade or the chairman of the national government, the people can sue and be punished by law."
After the publication of "Human Rights and Treaties", it had a great influence at the time because of its sharpness and courage in criticizing the Kuomintang government.Some domestic and foreign newspapers reprinted it, some translated it, and many readers wrote letters to "New Moon". Therefore, discussions on human rights issues centered on "New Moon".
During the discussion, Hu Shi also further raised the issue of the relationship between the party and the law regarding the Kuomintang's "ruling the country by the party".He said:
Not only the authority of the government is subject to the sanction of the contract, but also the authority of the party is also subject to the sanction of the contract.If the party is not sanctioned by the law, it means that there are still special classes in a country that are beyond the sanction of the law. Is it still "rule of law"? ⑤ He analyzed the relationship between "party rule" and "rule of law" in Kuomintang China It hits the nail on the head and is quite profound.
Then, they successively published Hu Shi's "Knowing Difficulty, Acting is Not Easy", "When Will We Have a Constitution", "New Culture Movement and the Kuomintang", Luo Longji's "On Human Rights", and "Success to those who Oppress Freedom of Speech" , "Expert Politics", Liang Shiqiu's "On the Unification of Thought" and a series of articles.These articles are also sharp and pungent, raising many major issues such as the rule of law, the constitution, and freedom of thought and speech.
They criticized the so-called "political training" of the Kuomintang and advocated the implementation of "constitutional government."Hu Shi pointed out that Mr. Sun Yat-sen's "Outline for the Founding of the People's Republic of China" only talked about "political training" and abolished the rule of law.He believes that "political training" can't just train the people, and the party-state officials should especially have the training of the constitution and the rule of law.He said:
The training the people need is civic life under the Constitution.The training needed by the government and the party officials is to live under the rule of law under the constitution. The princes of the "foresighted" government must first use the constitution to train themselves and discipline themselves, and then they can hope to train the people to embark on the road of republic.Otherwise, they keep saying "training the government", but their own actions are not enough to teach them. Although the common people are stupid, how can they be easily deceived? ⑥Luo Longji also said that if there are no constitutional and legal restrictions on government officials, then " Someone, a certain family, or a certain group occupy the position of the government, use the name of the government" to trample on human rights, it is more terrible than "robbers who rob with open flames, kidnappers who kill people with guns"! Therefore, he advocated "struggling Those who fight for human rights should first fight for the rule of law; those who fight for the rule of law should fight for the constitution first.” ⑦ In short, the rule of law and constitutionalism are the focus of their human rights discussions.
They also vigorously advocated freedom of thought and speech, and had quite sharp criticism and accusations against the KMT.Hu Shi pointed out in his article "The New Culture Movement and the Kuomintang":
One of the major undertakings of the New Culture Movement was the emancipation of the mind.Back then we criticized Confucius and Mencius, impeached Cheng Zhu, opposed Confucianism, and denied God, all for the purpose of overthrowing the sect of God, liberating Chinese thought, and advocating a skeptical attitude and a spirit of criticism.However, as a result of the cooperation between the Communist Party and the Kuomintang, an absolute autocratic situation was created, and freedom of thought and speech was completely lost.God can deny, but Sun Yat-sen cannot criticize.You don't have to do worship, but you must read the prime minister's will, and you must do commemoration week. ⑧
Hu Shi even declared, "From the standpoint of the New Culture Movement, the Kuomintang is reactionary," and that the head of the Central Propaganda Department of the Kuomintang "is a reactionary, and the ideas he represents are reactionary ideas"! This criticism is sharp enough and serious enough.
The title of Luo Longji's article is very hot: "Sue those who oppress freedom of speech"! And he used Mr. Sun Yat-sen as a shield, saying that Mr. Sun Yat-sen supported freedom of speech, so "those who oppress freedom of speech" are "reactionary or counter-revolutionary" ".Roche also cited China's Emperor Xuantong, Emperor Hongxian, and many foreign autocratic emperors. None of them did not suppress freedom of speech, but none of them did not end in failure. ⑨ Only Liang Shiqiu's tone is quite gentle.He advocated freedom of thought and opposed the unity of thought.At the end of the article, a tail was added to promote freedom of literature and art, opposing both "literature of the Three People's Principles" and "literary and artistic works advocating class struggle"
He believes that any work that promotes any doctrine has little value: "The value of literature and art is not a tool for a certain project, literature itself is the purpose." ⑩This is Liang Shiqiu's consistent position.
They also advocate expert politics and criticize China's current politics as "warrior politics" and "politics of spoils".They pointed out that from the central government to the local government, from the administration of the country to the administration of the party, they are all controlled by a group of warriors who have no political knowledge and no political training. The result is naturally sad.in particular:
How are the hundreds of thousands of officials in China now produced, from the highest dean and ministers to the gatekeepers and sweeping servants? There are no elections and no exams. Are these hundreds of thousands of people recommended? Is it produced by citing, quoting, predestined relationship, and random methods? Just ask a country’s officials, who only rely on recommendations, citations, predestined relationship, and random methods to produce them. Is this taking the country’s official positions as stolen goods? Is this system a system of dividing the spoils?
This kind of criticism can be said to have hit the heart of China's official system and touched a deep legacy of China's autocratic system.They advocate the use of "legitimate elections and public examinations" to establish real expert politics.And asserted that in the 20th century today, "only expert politics can save China today."It is natural and reasonable, but it actually reflects their desire to participate in politics.
extension.
One of the most eye-catching highlights of this discussion on human rights is the public criticism of the founder of the Kuomintang and the "father of the nation", Dr. Sun Yat-sen.Hu Shi not only accused Mr. Sun of abolishing the "Outline of the Founding of the People's Republic of China" that "ruled by law", and accused him of praising China's inherent civilization. Easy to do" theory.
The article "Knowledge is Difficult, Acting Is Not Easy" also affirms Sun Wen's theory from a political point of view, saying:
The doctrine that doing is easy but knowing is difficult is a very powerful revolutionary philosophy.On the one hand, asking people to know "Xingyi" can encourage people to forge ahead bravely.On the one hand, asking people to know "knowing difficulties" can encourage most people to believe in and obey the prophets.Faith in the leader, obedience to orders, unanimous progress, and not being afraid of difficulties are the conditions for the success of the revolution.So Zhongshan said that this is a necessary psychological construction.
Hu Shi believed that after the death of Sun Yat-sen, the reason for the success of the Northern Expedition was the effect of following his legacy and establishing "common trust".
However, the focus of Hu Shi's article is to criticize the mistake of "doing is easy but knowing is difficult".He pointed out: "Easy to do but difficult to do"
The first fundamental mistake I said was "too clearly distinguish 'knowledge' and 'action'".It is wrong to divide "knowledge" and "action" into two kinds of things, and into two kinds of things that two kinds of people do. "Because the vast majority of knowledge cannot be separated from 'practice', especially the knowledge of social sciences." The second fundamental error in the saying "doing is easy but knowing is difficult" is because "knowledge is difficult, but doing is not easy".In particular, governing the country is the most complicated, difficult and most important thing, and knowledge and action are both important.Being reckless and foolish, acting recklessly, will naturally harm the country and the people; even if you have good laws and good intentions, but do not follow the laws, you will also harm the people and the country.However, in the Kuomintang government, some people took it too easy to govern the country by using the theory of "walking easy". Bureaucrats can manage the health of a country."How can we talk about governing the country like this? Therefore, Hu Shi pointed out:
The greatest danger today is that people in the country do not understand that what they are doing is a very difficult thing.With a group of people without modern academic training, governing a large country without modern material foundation, is there anything more difficult than this? There is no other way to do this important thing well, but to consult experts fully. Make good use of science.However, the theory of "Xingyi" can be used as a talisman for a group of ignorant military politicians!
At that time, some of Hu Shi’s friends read these articles, worried that Mr. Sun Yat-sen, who was not allowed to criticize by the authorities, advised him not to publish them for fear of getting into trouble;
Chen Zhongfan, dean of literature at Jinan University in Shanghai, read the manuscript, stuck out his tongue at Hu Shi, and said, "Amazing! It's even better than the last two articles!" He also advised Hu Shi not to publish it for the time being, "wait and see."But Hu Shi still insisted on publishing.Later, it really caused trouble, and Hu Shi even boldly declared:
What we want to establish is the freedom to criticize the Kuomintang and the freedom to criticize Sun Yat-sen.God, we can still criticize, let alone the Kuomintang and Sun Yat-sen?
This is a bit of the courage and fearlessness of the bourgeois liberals, which had a great influence on the intellectual, ideological and political circles at that time.Many people wrote to Hu Shi and praised his articles for their vibrancy, insight, and courage. Even the nine most conservative brothers of Gao Mengdan's family also praised him: "Not only is his writing profuse, he is invincible, but he is unyielding and courageous. Brother proposed to give Mr. Hu a posthumous title, and call him "Longdan Gong", and taking Zhao Zilong's body is the righteousness of courage."
The so-called "human rights movement" launched by Hu Shi and others is actually just the voice of a group of liberal intellectuals, showing a rather strong spirit of the rule of law and democracy and freedom, which of course has its positive significance.But they did not say anything to the oppressed and toiling masses, or to the Communists who were "encircled and suppressed" and slaughtered.Although there were some criticisms and accusations against the Kuomintang authorities, some of them were quite sharp, but in fact they only hoped that Chiang Kai-shek's party-state would practice some Western bourgeois democratic politics.The attitude of Hu Shi and others is also very clear. He said: "Our attitude is a 'correction' attitude. We don't ask who is on stage, we just hope to do some work to make up for the shortcomings. One point is one point. , saving a disadvantage is an advantage.”
However, under the rule of the party state, even talking about human rights like Hu Shi's "New Moon" is not allowed.For a while, many newspapers in Shanghai, such as "Republic of China Daily", "Guangbao", "Current Affairs News", "Ta Kung Pao", "Zhou Wu", "Weekly Review" published articles criticizing Hu Shi; , petitioned the Chinese public school principal Hu Shi to be "removed and punished"; then the Party headquarters of Shanghai, Qingdao, Tianjin, Beiping, Jiangsu, Nanjing and other provinces and cities petitioned the government for "severe punishment"; The committee, the National Government, and the Executive Yuan issued official documents and orders, and finally the Ministry of Education came forward to warn Hu Shi.Six official documents were cited in the ministerial decree, some of which said:
In recent years, Zha Hushi’s published remarks are often paradoxical, such as "Human Rights and Contracts", "Knowing Difficulty and Doing It", "When Will We Have a Constitution", etc. published in "New Moon" magazine, most of them are outdated and absurd , and often insults individuals, and recklessly blames them, which is enough to arouse people's dislike or contempt for the government. ... Hu Shishu couldn't make him grow up in Chinese public schools.However, for the sake of speaking of the rope correcting scholars, they have to be punished accordingly.
Some say:
It is true that Hu Shi's remarks in recent years are inconsistent. He is not familiar with the actual situation of domestic society, misunderstood the party's party principles and the prime minister's doctrine, and overflowed the scope of discussion and made empty talk. ... Arbitrary attacks, the impact of which will not only lose the dignity of the president of the university, but also easily make the people who lack opinions in the society have a bad impression of the party and government. Of course, they must be corrected and warned. ...and ordered the principals of all major schools across the country to earnestly supervise and lead the teaching staff to study the party's principles in detail, so as to avoid similar fallacious views from happening again.
Following this, the Central Committee of the Kuomintang enacted the "Provisional Regulations on the Study of Party Integrity by School Staff at All Levels", ordering school staff at all levels across the country to study the Party Integrity, and stipulating that "an average of at least half an hour of self-study and research per day is required."This is caused by Hu Shi's "Human Rights" case, and the "Daily Reading" first created by the Kuomintang.
After Hu Shi received the above-mentioned order from the Ministry of Education, he specially marked out one mistake and two typos in the order and corrected it.
In February 1930, the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee received a secret order from the Central Propaganda Department to confiscate and burn the "New Moon" magazine;Various newspapers published proposals and news about punishing and arresting Hu Shi one after another, creating a commotion all over the city. The "New Moon" was not guaranteed, and the people of the New Moon Society were panicked. The "Human Rights Movement" had no choice but to die down.
① "Human Rights and Contracts" was published in Volume 2, No. 2 of "New Moon" magazine; it was later included in "Human Rights Essays", published by Shanghai Xinyue Bookstore in February 1930.See this article for those who do not indicate the source of the quotations in this article.
②This proposal was proposed by Chen Dezheng, the representative of the Shanghai Special City Party Committee, and was published in various Shanghai newspapers. The content is as follows:
Chen Dezheng, representative of Shanghai Special City, proposed to the Third Plenum the case of severely punishing counter-revolutionaries.The harm of these elements to the party-state has become a fact universally recognized by the society.We should believe that counter-revolutionaries should be dealt with severely without hesitation.When looking into the methods used to deal with counter-revolutionaries in the past, the only destination is transfer to the court. However, ordinary courts often ignore the actual actions of counter-revolutionaries due to the constraints of laws and regulations.As a result, not only the counter-revolutionaries can get away with it, but also the revolutionaries are in danger of being attacked and harmed by the counter-revolutionaries.All should determine the measures to deal with counter-revolutionaries severely, so that the revolutionary forces can be protected, and the future of the party and the country depends on it. [Measures] Anyone who has been certified as a counter-revolutionary by the party headquarters of the province or special city shall be punished by the court or other statutory acceptance agency as a counter-revolutionary crime. The written certification of the Central Party Headquarters shall be refuted immediately. (Quoted from "Hu Shi's Correspondence and Correspondence", Beijing Zhonghua Book Company, May 1979 edition, Volume 1, pp. 509-510.)
③ See "Human Rights Essays", Shanghai Xinyue Bookstore, August 1931, 4th edition, pages 4-7.
④ Ibid., page 8.
⑤ "Discussion on "Human Rights and Contracts"" (Hu Shi's answer to Zhu Qinglai), contained in "New Moon" Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 4;
See pages 18-19 of Essays on Human Rights.
⑥ "When Will We Have a Constitution?" was originally published in Volume 2, No. 4 of "New Moon" magazine; see pages 30-31 of "Human Rights Essays".
⑦ Luo Longji's "On Human Rights", originally published in "New Moon" Magazine, Volume 2, No. 5; see "Human Rights Essays", page 51.
⑧ "New Culture Movement and the KMT", originally published in "New Moon" Magazine Volume 2, No. 6 and No. 7, see "Human Rights Essays" p.
Remembrance Week is a ceremony stipulated by the Kuomintang when it ruled China. Every Monday morning, personnel from various agencies, groups, and schools gather to commemorate Dr. Sun Yat-sen.Every time, as usual, the "Prime Minister's Will" must be read, followed by "three minutes of silence", and then the supervisors will give lectures, and the lectures are mostly the same.Later on, Memorial Week became a routine, a kind of religious service, only without that kind of religious piety.
⑨Luo Longji's "Complaint to Oppressors of Freedom of Speech", originally published in the joint issue of Volume 2, No. 6 and No. 7 of "New Moon" magazine; see "Human Rights Essays", p.
⑩Liang Shiqiu's "On the Unity of Thought", originally published in Volume 2, No. 3 of "New Moon" magazine; later included in "Human Rights Essays".
Luo Longji, "Expert Politics", see "Human Rights Essays", p. 179.
The subtitle of the article "When Will We Have a Constitution?" is "Questions about the National Framework".
See "New Culture Movement and the Kuomintang", see "Human Rights Essays" pp. 130-137.
The article "Knowledge is Difficult, Action is Not Easy" has the subtitle "Commentary on Mr. Sun Yat-sen's 'Easy to Know but Difficult to Say'", originally published in "Wusong Monthly", reprinted in Volume 2, No. 4 of "New Moon" magazine, and later included in "Human Rights Essays" "Pages 145-168.
Chen Zhongfan, courtesy name Xuan, was the dean of literature and the director of the Department of Chinese Literature of Jinan University at that time.For his persuasion to Hu Shi, see the manuscript of "Hu Shi's Diary", Taipei Yuanliu Publishing Co., Ltd. 1990 edition, volume 9, November 19, 1929. (Third Edition Note)
See Liang Shiqiu's "Recalling the New Moon", contained in "Qiu Shi Miscellaneous Memories", published by Taipei Biographical Literature Publishing House in May 1971.
"Hu Shi's Essays on Human Rights? A Preface" is included in the preface of the book; it was later included in the first volume of "Recent Works on Hu Shi's On Studies", Volume 5, published by Shanghai Commercial Press in December 1935, and the title was changed to "Preface to Anthologies on Human Rights".The re-version of "Hu Shi Wen Cun Four Collections" by Taipei Far East was deleted.
See the letters to Hu Shi by Cai Yuanpei, Zhang Xiaoruo, Shi Jixing, etc., see Selected Letters from Hu Shi, Volume 1, pp. 515, 522-524, 540, 543-544.
Gao Mengdan’s letter to his 11th brother (namely Mengdan) dated from the old calendar “Zui Si Ming Xi” in 1930, Gao Mengdan forwarded it to Hu Shi, so it was attached to “Hu Shi’s Diary”, see Taipei Yuanliu Edition, manuscript volume 9 , after January 29, 1930.
(Third Edition Note)
"Hu Shi's Diary" Manuscript Volume 8, July 2, 1929. (Third Edition Note)
On September 23, 1929, the Shanghai "Declaration" carried the news from the Central News Agency:
The principal of a private Chinese public school in Shanghai, recently published articles such as "Human Rights and the Law", "When Will We Have a Constitution" and "Knowing Difficult Ways to Do It" in "Wu Song Monthly" and "New Moon" magazines, attacking this Party principles and the theory of the prime minister, party headquarters in various provinces and cities such as Shanghai, Qingdao, Tianjin, Peiping, Jiangsu, Nanjing, etc. have successively submitted to the central government for severe punishment.The central government also claimed that Hu Shi's remarks were ignorant of the actual situation in the domestic society, misunderstood the party's principles and the prime minister's theory, and overflowed the scope of academic research, making empty talk.As far as its impact is concerned, it loses the dignity of university presidents, and it is easy to make people who lack opinions in society have a bad impression of party and government students.The Central Training Department has requested the Nationalist Government to inform the Ministry of Education to issue a warning, and has also informed the principals of all major schools across the country to supervise and lead the teaching staff to study the party's principles in detail, so as to avoid similar fallacious views from happening again.
On October 4, 1929, the Ministry of Education of the National Government issued an order (Zi No. 1282) to warn Hu Shi.This kind of thing in old China is hard to see for young people today, and it is recorded as follows:
Order No. 1282 of the Ministry of Education’s Order of Public Schools in China: According to Order No. 3276 of the Executive Yuan:
According to the instructions of the Nationalist Government, the case was opened internally:
Letter from the Training Department of the Central Executive Committee:
Initiator: It is reported that the Central Committee submitted a document to the Executive Committee of Shanghai Special City, which stated:
The case was submitted by the party department of the third district of the professional union: "The resolution of the third district congress of the investigation district submitted (?) the city executive committee to the central government and asked the national government to order the Ministry of education to transfer Chinese public schools to the central government. The reason for the dismissal and punishment of Hu Shi, the chief minister, is that Hu Shi used the name of the May 4th Movement to advocate new learning, and won the support of ordinary young people. For more than ten years, not only has his ideas not entered the country, but he has confused young people with his stubborn mind. Recently serving as the principal of a Chinese public school, he has obstructed the students' social and political movements, which is really a reactionary behavior. Hu Shi should be removed from his post and punished to benefit the youth movement. For other reasons, we will submit it to the Junhui urgently, and pray for the review and transfer." Waiting for love to come:
"Cha Hushi's remarks in recent years are often paradoxical, such as "Human Rights and the Law of the People's Republic of China", "Knowing Difficult Ways to Do It", "When Will We Have a Constitution", etc. published in the "New Moon" magazine, most of them are outdated It is strange, but often the language invades individuals, and it is enough to arouse the people's dislike or contempt for the government. The husband thinks that Hu Shi is so absurd, so he is appointed as the principal of a national (?) school. Trapped in the path of decay and desolation.
For the sake of the government and the school, Hu Shishu couldn't make him grow up in Chinese public schools.However, for the sake of speaking of the rope correcting scholars, they have to be punished accordingly.The club invites, not for nothing.It is hereby passed the resolution of the 47th regular meeting of the professional committee, and it is approved to be forwarded to the record. " equivalence:
"There are indeed discrepancies in Cha Hu Shi's remarks in recent years, such as "Human Rights and Conventions", "When Will We Have a Constitution" and "Knowledge is Difficult to Do" and other articles recently published by "New Moon" magazine. They are not familiar with the actual situation of domestic society , misunderstood the party's principles and the theory of the prime minister, and overflowed the scope of discussion, and talked empty words. According to the profound and profound principles of the party, people inside and outside the party never tired of repeated research and discussion, in order to make further inventions. However, Hu Shi, who is the president of a university, not only misunderstood Party righteousness, and beyond the scope of academic research, arbitrary attacks, and its impact, not only loses the dignity of university presidents, but also easily makes people who lack opinions in society have a bad impression of the party and government. For this reason, I would like to ask your government to order the Ministry of Education to warn the Chinese public school principal Hu Shi about the inconsistencies in his remarks, and to order the principals of all major schools across the country to supervise and lead the teaching staff to study the party's principles in detail, so as to avoid similar incidents. The fallacy occurred. It is related to the party's righteousness, and I hope to check and handle it. Waiting for the reason, if you approve this, you should do it yourself. In addition to the letter reply, the joint order will ask the hospital to transfer the Ministry of Education to follow and handle it." Therefore, even if the department complies with the joint order, it is the order.
For other reasons, the co-operation order is to be informed by the principal.This order.
Minister of the Republic of China on October 4th, 18th year?
(According to the transcripts preserved by Hu Shi that were printed on pages 548-550 of "Hu Shi Correspondence and Correspondence" Volume 1, the three <?> in the order are the errors and typos marked by Hu Shi)
This regulation was passed by the 44th Regular Meeting of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang on October 21, 1929; "Human Rights Essays" appended it to Luo Longji's article "Complaint to those who oppress freedom of speech", probably as "oppressors of freedom of speech" Just one example.See pages 115-117 of the book, readers can refer to it.
See Hu Shi's letter to Jiang Menglin, in "Hu Shi's Correspondence and Correspondence" Volume 1, pp. 547-548.
On February 5, 1930, the Shanghai Party Headquarters of the Kuomintang sent an official letter to Xinyue Bookstore. The full text is as follows:
Initiated by: This department has been issued a secret order by the Central Propaganda Department, and the inner opening reads: "To obey the secret order: check the sixth and seventh issues of volume 2 of "New Moon" recently published in Shanghai, which contains the "New Culture Movement" written by Hu Shi. and the KMT" and "A Complaint to Oppressors of Freedom of Speech" by Luo Longji slander the Party and carry out reactionary actions. The Ministry should closely check whether the books are sold in local bookstores. If found, they will try to confiscate and burn them. Outside the branch, the urgent and secret orders are issued, and it is important to rely on the Ministry to strictly implement them." For this reason, I checked the journal's accumulated reactionary texts, which were banned by the Ministry.I would like to inform you of the previous reasons and prepare a letter to convey it, that is, Xigui Bureau should not sell it as a consignment and issue a ban.Sincerely, Xinyue Bookstore, Propaganda Department of the Shanghai Special City Executive Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang February 5, 1930 On May 3, 1930, the Executive Committee of the Fourth District Executive Committee of the Kuomintang Shanghai Special City issued an order to ban "Human Rights Essays" and other books, which are recorded as follows:
The Propaganda Committee of the Fourth District Executive Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang Shanghai Special City Order No. 37 Order Propaganda Committees of the District Branches to follow the secret order: the case is issued by the City Propaganda Department Secret Order No. 12: "The case is issued by the Central Propaganda Department Secret Order: orderly In order to ban popular literature and art editors, the two publications "Mass Literature and Art Emerging Literature Special Issue" issued by Shanghai Sima Road Modern Bookstore and "Human Rights Essays" published by Shanghai Xinyue Bookstore, hereby, in addition to submitting a reply and decree, I submit It is important that the officer earnestly abide by the prohibition", and so on, hereby, in addition to the sub-order, it is important for the officer to obey the prohibition.This order.
Propaganda Committee Member Zhao Shaoyi on May 3, 19