Chapter 46 Before and after the female teacher trend

From 1924 to 1925, the women's normal university movement that broke out in Beijing was caused by the students' opposition to the principal Yang Yinyu; later it developed into a direct opposition to the Beiyang warlord government that supported Yang Yinyu, especially Zhang Shizhao, the chief education officer who suppressed the student movement. ① This has something to do with Hu Shi directly and indirectly. Zhang Shizhao was a well-known retroist, and he and Hu Shih were old enemies.He once wrote an article "Comment on the New Culture Movement", criticizing Hu Shi by name, and especially hated the vernacular Chinese that Hu Shi advocated.which says:

Literary regulations written by my friend Hu Shizhi.It is said that today's people should be the words of today's people.It is not appropriate for the words of the ancients. ... The proper day and bedtime is based on the words of the ancients.Therefore, what it says is the words of today's people.Classical Chinese is also available.Vernacular is also acceptable.Today is a suitable scholar. On the contrary.Think of the words of today's people.It has its own independent domain.And take it as the emperor.Jixi is Shangjing.So he blindly sought the meaning and method of the article in Hu's literary deposits.In the attempt to focus on seeking poetry laws.No distractions.The pen does not pause.It even led to today's cultural change. ②

In the article, people who speak vernacular are called "like drinking from a fountain of madness" and "wisdom comes from the children of England". karma,... trapping young people in a big trap, and a decadent country is invisible."Substituting resentful scolding for reasoning, it simply lost the dignity of his self-proclaimed "scholar doctor". At that time, Hu Shi was recuperating in Yanxiadong, Hangzhou. He once told others that Zhang Shizhao's article was "not worth refuting".Later, when Hu Shi met Zhang Shizhao in Shanghai, he said something "not worth refuting" to him.Zhang Shizhao was naturally very unconvinced.

One day in February 1925, Hu Shi went to the Xieying Restaurant to eat, and met Zhang Shizhao, who had become the Chief Justice of the Beiyang Government.After the meal, they went to a photo studio opposite, took a photo together, and agreed to write a poem on the photo as a souvenir.Zhang Shizhao wrote a poem in vernacular: Your surname is Hu, and my surname is Zhang; When you talk about new literature, I still speak in my old accent. If you don't attack me, I won't refute it. They sit side by side, each with its own heart. Thirty to fifty years from now, this photo will be a good literary souvenir.

Ha, ha, I wrote crooked words in vernacular to send you, and finally Lao Zhang surrendered. Hu Shi accepted the photo and was secretly happy when he saw the poem inscribed, so he voted for Zhang Shizhao and wrote a poem in classical Chinese to answer him: "But you can't be a teacher if you open up the atmosphere." I like Gong Sheng's words the most. The same people who were once open-minded, I hope that they will not be contemptuous if they are close friends. ③ Although we don’t have the pleasure to see the photos of the two of them now, after reading this poem, it is not difficult to imagine: one should be in a suit and leather shoes, with a face full of innovation; It's quite funny that they "sat on a blind date" and "sitting side by side" on the same bench.But in the Women's Normal University incident, the two of them really had a "blind date".

The principal of the Women's Normal University, Ms. Yang Yinyu, once studied in the United States and lived in Columbia University. She probably also attended Dr. Dewey's class. She and Hu Shi can be regarded as alumni of Columbia University and brothers and sisters of Dumen.But Ms. Yang has a weird temper.As the principal, she actually regarded herself as a mother-in-law and regarded the female students as a group of child brides in her family.This mother-in-law is also attached to the warlord government and has a very vicious heart. She runs the school with "widowism" and wants to cultivate the students so that their hearts are like ancient wells, their faces are like frost, and they lose their lively youth.Therefore, it caused dissatisfaction among the majority of students. In November 1924, Yang Yinyu unreasonably ordered three students from the Department of Chinese Language and Literature to drop out of school, and insulted the representative of the Student Self-Government Association who had negotiated with her, arousing public indignation in the school.The Student Self-Government Association decided not to recognize Yang as the principal, issued the "Declaration on Expulsion of Yang", and launched what they called the "Expelling Sheep Movement".

In April of the following year, Zhang Shizhao concurrently served as the Chief of Education as Chief Justice. In July, "Jiayin" weekly magazine was republished. On the one hand, it advocated respecting Confucius and reading scriptures, attacking the New Culture Movement; on the other hand, it threatened to "rectify the style of study" and supported Yang Yinyu's suppression of the student movement.On the surface, Chen Yuan and others pretended to be detached and fair, but in fact they favored Zhang Yang. They published an article in "Modern Review", accusing the students of turning the Women's Normal University into a "modern review". stinky hair toilet", and attacked Lu Xun and others who supported the students for "secretly agitating and picking on the trend".This reveals an embarrassing look that is not fair, but tried hard to conceal.

By the beginning of August, the situation became more and more serious: Yang Yinyu moved in the military and police, surrounded the school, and ordered the students to leave the school; Zhang Shizhao proposed to close the Women's Normal University at the State Council, and sent armed police to forcibly accept it.So it aroused strong repercussions across the country.Student organizations in Beijing and Shanghai sent letters and telegrams to support the struggle of female teachers and students.The Peking University Council also held a meeting on August 18 and passed the following resolutions:

Due to Zhang Shizhao's destruction of general education and women's teachers, the student union of this school asked the school to announce its separation from the Ministry of Education. Resolution: In the name of this association, declare that Zhang Shizhao will not be recognized as the Minister of Education, and refuse to accept the Ministry of Education document signed by Zhang Shizhao. ④ On the day the resolution was announced, there was a lot of discussion.But Hu Shi opposed it.He, Chen Yuan, Yan Shutang and other 5 people jointly wrote a letter, accusing the council of "overstepping its authority" and "suspecting of obliterating all faculty members and colleagues", so he lodged a "serious protest" to the council.Another 8 people, including Zhou Zuoren and Li Shuhua, also jointly wrote to the principal, supporting the resolution of the council and urging the principal to implement the resolution. ⑤Subsequently, Hu Shi and other 17 professors published the "Official Letter to Our Colleagues Regarding Peking University's Disengagement from the Ministry of Education", which particularly emphasized "academic independence" and "separation of church and state", "the school is an institution for teaching", "an institution for academic research" , should "work hard to walk on the road of learning", and "should not roll into the political vortex, especially the vortex of partisan political struggle".Then, Zhou Zuoren and other 17 professors signed the "Official Letter to Our Colleagues in Opposition to Zhang Shizhao", arguing that it is feasible to oppose "shameless politicians" as the head of education. should resist".Another 41 professors including Zhou Zuoren published the "Declaration against Zhang Shizhao". ⑥ It can be seen that the situation on that day was really tense and not giving in to each other.Zhang Shizhao was naturally very grateful, and he published an article in Jiayin Weekly, praising the actions of Hu Shi and others. The Gentleman of the Auspicious School". ⑧From then on, these gentlemen of the "Modern Commentary School" who lived in Dongjixiang Hutong in Beijing got the nickname of "gentleman".

Although the struggle that day was very sharp, the arguments among the professors actually had their own grounds and reasons.Hu Shi and others favored Zhang Shizhao's illegal act of disbanding the Women's Normal University, but at that time they were severely criticized by the Beijing education circle and the majority of students.At that time, the Shanghai Student Union also wrote a solemn letter criticizing Hu Shi: Over the past few years, Mr. Liu has been floating in gray sand caves, abandoning the responsibility of guiding young people to do boring and dirty things, supporting the remnants of restoration, trying to deal with the aftermath of the conference, and so on, which are obvious.More recently, he has gone against the grain, cooperating with Zhang Shizhao, who destroyed the education of the whole country and despised the personality of students, and the name of Mr. Zhang was hidden in the restoration letter of the Qing Dynasty.Woohoo, Mr. Shizhi who initiated the literary revolution!

Mr. was a youth mentor before, and the young people expect him to be good.Mr.'s recent actions are absurd and despicable. If things go on like this, Mr. will forever be hated and hated by the young people of our country. ⑨ Their criticisms can be said to be just and strict, but they hope that Hu Shi can "reform his mistakes and restore the spirit of the time when he pioneered the literary revolution", which can also be said to be benevolent. At this time, Hu Shi was only clinging to the idea of ​​"education independence", and he was aware of Zhang Shizhao's perverse actions, and the spirit of the literary revolution was still lingering.Zhang Shizhao attacked vernacular literature in the "Jiayin" weekly magazine, but he still couldn't help but strike back. On August 30, the "Beijing News Supplement" published Hu Shi's "Old Zhang Rebelled Again!" ".The article disclosed Zhang Shizhao's "vernacular fallacies" of surrendering to the New Culture, "It turned out to be a false surrender, but now he rebelled again"! At the same time, he pointed out the reasons for Zhang Shizhao's rebellion, saying: Xing Yan (according to, Zhang Shizhao's word Xing Yan) is a backward person of the times; however, although he is backward, he is not reconciled to falling behind, and always wants to find a leader after falling behind.So he became a reactionary, determined to be the leader of the laggards. ... He is willing to fall behind, and only hopes to stand out among the ordinary laggards, so he has to declare war on us. ⑩ Hu Shi's criticism of Zhang Shizhao was quite pertinent and severe.Later, Zhang Shizhao wrote an essay to defend himself, and he felt embarrassed when he brought up Hu Shi's publication of his "vernacular words for donating", saying that Hu Shi was almost joking! Around the Women's Normal University incident and the later "March 18 Massacre", fierce struggles were launched between "Yusi" and "Modern Review", especially the frequent and fierce writing battles between Lu Xun and Chen Yuan.Although Hu Shi was partial to Zhang Shizhao and protected Chen Yuan, he did not openly participate in this writing war, nor did he attack Lu Xun, Zhou Zuoren and other people who opposed Zhang Shizhao.Moreover, according to his later letter to Zhou Zuoren, he had "only the most sincere respect and love for the Zhou family's younger brothers throughout his life, and all kinds of separation and personnel changes have never diminished his intention." In late May 1926, Hu Shi went to Tianjin for a visit with the "Chinese and British Group".I lived in a hotel, had nothing to do at night, and read Lu Xun's articles, most of which were written during the "New Youth" period, and I was very moved after reading them.When he read "Recollections Forty-One", he was even more deeply moved; thinking of the writing wars surrounding the Women's Normal University incident in recent years, he actually "couldn't sleep well all night".The next day, Hu Shi couldn't help writing a letter to Lu Xun, Zhou Zuoren, and Chen Yuan on a whim.The letter said: The three of you are all my respected and beloved friends; so I feel that the eight or nine months of deep hatred between the three of you is the most regrettable thing among friends. ... What I regret most is that in the debates of conscience that day, there was inevitably a bit of suspicion about the other party's motives; this suspicion of motives gave rise to a lot of emotions in the strokes of writing; The emotions of each other have aroused layers of suspicion and misunderstandings.The deeper the suspicion, the worse the misunderstanding.The result was a breakdown in friendship, and the opinions of each conscience gradually turned into a verbal battle of scolding. Therefore, Hu Shi repeatedly persuaded not to forget the article "Learn from the sea", "Let us all learn from the sea", eliminate misunderstandings and suspicions, and all move forward.I don't think Hu Zhiri's intentions were insincere; although he was kind, he was indiscriminate, indiscriminate, blindly reconciling contradictions, which was obviously an illusion.Perhaps, this is enough to represent Hu Shi's liberal thoughts and attitudes at that time. ① Zhang Shizhao (1881-1973), with strict characters and pen names of Gutong and Gusong, was born in Changsha, Hunan.Before the Revolution of 1911, he participated in the Anti-Qing Revolution. In May 1914, he hosted the "Jiayin" weekly magazine in Tokyo, and he stated: Three years of the Republic of China.It's hard for Tokyo.Angry Yuan's dictatorship.Seeking to execute the text is thought to be dead.Yuan about the same person.Create a magazine.There is no name in a hurry.That is to say, Jiayin.Show its age also. (Gu Tong's "Da Yu Ji", published in "Jia Yin" Weekly, Volume 1, No. 1, published on July 18, 1925.) It was discontinued after two years.After the May Fourth Movement, he became a revivalist. From 1924 to 1926, he served as the Chief Justice and Education Chief of the Duan Qirui Executive Government, and participated in the suppression of the patriotic movement of students and the patriotic struggle of the people.After he concurrently served as the Minister of Education, he resumed the "Jiayin" weekly magazine, advocating respect for Confucius and reading scriptures, and opposing the New Culture Movement.After liberation, he served as a member of the Standing Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, a member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, and the curator of the Central Museum of Culture and History. ② Zhang Shizhao's "Comment on the New Culture Movement", originally published in Shanghai "News" from August 21 to 22, 1923; later included in Zheng Zhenduo's "Chinese New Literature Series? A Collection of Literary Disputes".Published by Shanghai Liangyou Book Printing Company in 1935. ③The two poems that Zhang and Hu exchanged for each other were copied from Hu Shi's article "Old Zhang Rebelled Again!"This article was originally published in the 12th issue of "Beijing News Supplement? Mandarin Weekly" on August 30, 1925; it was later included in "Chinese New Literature Series? Literary Controversy" edited by Zheng Zhenduo. ④ Contained in the "Peking University Journal" on August 22, 1925, entitled "Announcement of the Council". ⑤ The above two letters were both published in the "Peking University Journal" on August 22, 1925. ⑥ For the above three documents, see the "Peking University Journal" on August 29, 1925. (Third Edition Note) ⑦ See the article "Shuo" published in "Jiayin" Weekly, Volume 1, No. 7, published on August 29, 1925. ⑧ See Beijing "Datong Evening News" on August 7, 1925. ⑨ On August 26, 1925, the Shanghai Student Union sent a letter to Hu Shih, see "Selected Letters from Hu Shih", Beijing Zhonghua Book Company, May 1, 1979, Volume 1, p. 341. ⑩ "Old Zhang Rebelled Again!", originally published in the 12th issue of "Beijing News Supplement? Mandarin Weekly" on August 30, 1925. For the citation, see page 203 of "The Great Department of Chinese New Literature? Literary Disputes". See "Answer to Shizhi" by Zhang Shizhao, originally published in "Jiayin" Weekly, Vol. In March 1926, during the battle between the Feng Yuxiang National Army and the Feng Faction warlords Zhang Zuolin and Li Jinglin, the Japanese imperialists publicly came forward to help because they saw that the Feng Army had failed in the battle. On the 12th, two warships sailed into Dagukou and shelled The national army defended the army, and the national army also fired back. So Japan protested to Duan Qirui's government and united with Britain, the United States, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain and other countries to maintain the "Xin Chou Treaty" on the pretext of maintaining the "Xin Chou Treaty". On August 16, an ultimatum was issued in the name of the eight countries, demanding the cessation of military operations in Jingu and the withdrawal of defenses, etc., and a reply was limited within 48 hours, otherwise, "it is related to the naval authorities of various countries and decided to adopt the necessary means."People from all walks of life in Beijing protested against Japanese imperialism's violation of China's sovereignty. On March 18, they gathered in Tiananmen Square to protest. After the meeting, they went to the Duan Qirui government to petition; They fired guns and chased and hacked with big knives and iron rods. 47 people were seriously injured on the spot and afterwards, and more than 150 people were injured. For Hu Shi’s letter to Zhou Zuoren on September 4, 1929, see Selected Letters from Hu Shi, Volume 1, p. 542. See "Selected Correspondence of Hu Shi", Volume 1, pp. 377-380.