Chapter 2 Hu Shi: Words and actions are out of routine, great Confucianists can bear the burden

Hu Shi (1891.12.17-1962.2.24), a native of Shangzhuang Village, Jixi County, Huizhou.The original name was Siyu, the scientific name was Hongqian, the style name was Xijiang, and the name was later changed to Hushi. Survival of the fittest" allusion.Famous modern scholars, poets, historians, writers, philosophers.He became one of the leaders of the New Culture Movement for advocating the Literary Revolution. In March 1928, a storm broke out at the Chinese Public School in Wusong Beach, Shanghai, which had not been resolved until the end of April, and the principal, He Lu, resigned.The school board pushed Hu Shi to succeed, hoping that he could come forward to maintain it and calm the trend.Due to the relationship with his alma mater, Hu Shi generously agreed to take office as the principal of Zhong Gong on April 30, and quickly calmed down the student disturbance.

During his tenure as the president of the university, Hu Shi attached great importance to the cultivation of students' intelligence.He set up a scholarship in Offcn to reward students for studying; he also actively advocated writing, various academic seminars, lectures and other activities.Hu Shi believes that these activities can arouse students' interest in reading, help them form their own thoughts, and benefit their future studies.He once said: "We believe that written records can help thinking and learning, can make thoughts gradually organized, and can make knowledge progress step by step...The account books of merchants often say 'work hard to avoid thinking'; in fact, diligent writing does not free me from thinking. , just to help me think."

Under Hu Shi's advocacy and encouragement, the school established "Wusong Monthly", and many publications such as "Wild Horse" were also established among the students, and a free, active, and lively reading atmosphere emerged. Hu Shi also attached great importance to sports, and once wrote a short song for the school sports meeting: All the athletes come forward. Only one person is the first, and everyone must strive to be the first. It is gratifying to win, but also happy to lose. All the athletes come forward. All the athletes come together. The glory of the whole is for us to bear.

To win with honor, to lose with honor. All the athletes come together. He not only attaches great importance to the physical exercise of students, but also pays attention to the cultivation of students' character on the sports field. He hopes that young people will develop a dignified sportsman's demeanor. For the young students with outstanding grades in the school, Hu Shi was very enthusiastic about cultivating and supporting them, and even had some preference, but he was also quite strict.In his view, the juniors can all be supported.At that time, Luo Ergang, a student in the College of Arts and Sciences, was usually not active at all, and he was silent in school.But he had excellent grades, won the school's first scholarship, and did a good job in his thesis on cultural history, which was appreciated by President Hu. In the summer of 1930, Rolle graduated from the outline.On the eve of graduation, he wrote a letter to Hu Shi, asking him to introduce a job.Hu Shi invited Luo Ergang to be his tutor and accepted him as his "apprentice".Luo stayed in Hu's family for five years. In addition to guiding Zuwang and Sidu brothers to study, he also helped transcribe and sort out Mr. Hu Tiehua's posthumous works, and studied historiography under the guidance of Hu Shi.Later, Luo Ergang wrote an autobiography "Records of Teacher's Humiliation", describing the life of being a "disciple" with Hu Shi during the past five years, which is quite cordial and vivid.It wrote: "As soon as I entered the teacher's school, the teacher who was suitable taught me the word 'not to be careless'. I used to follow the teacher's teaching. I had to make a crude copy...it is still a sad thing when I think about it." "I am very ashamed and very grateful. Every time I publish this kind of article, I get strict criticism from the appropriate teacher lesson."

Hu Shi’s several criticisms of Luo Ergang were indeed severe, but the harshness can also inspire people; Hu Shi also praised and encouraged Luo’s achievements.Luo Ergang later made great achievements in historiography and became a famous scholar in the history of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.He himself believes that it is inseparable from Hu Shi's guidance and strict requirements. Wu Han, whose name was Chun Han back then, also studied in Chinese public schools, and was also a proud student of Hu Shi.When Hu Shi taught the course of Chinese cultural history, Wu Han received Hu Shi's guidance and help, and wrote his first academic paper "The Economic Situation of the Western Han Dynasty", which was also appreciated by President Hu.Later, Hu Shi was forced to leave Zhonggong, and Wu Han also left school to go north, and was admitted to the second year of the History Department of Tsinghua University.Hu Shi also introduced that he got the opportunity to be a "work-study student" in school and solved the financial difficulties. He also wrote a couplet and gave it to him:

Think big, start small; Talk more about problems and less about doctrines. Hu Shi also wrote to encourage Wu Han, asking him to "train himself to be a scholar who can sort out the historical materials of the Ming Dynasty"; he also wrote an article in "Ta Kung Pao", hoping that college students would follow Wu Han's example and "bury their heads in reading and not ask about politics".Wu Han was indeed deeply influenced by Hu Shi at that time. He not only hung the couplets sent by Hu Shi in his room, but also wrote articles for the "Independent Review" run by Hu Shi. scholar.However, as a passionate young man, Wu Han saw the dark and corrupt reality, how could he sit in the library and remain indifferent?He wrote to Hu Shi and said: "In the current situation, the leaders of the party and the country are traitorous, the government is traitorous, and the officials of the frontier are traitorous... If you look at the history of any country or dynasty, you can't find such a despicable and insane person. It is also very difficult for the government to find such a callous and muddle-headed citizen."

He didn't dare to "confide to people with party membership" about these pains, so he could only confide to Hu Shi, saying that he "had been taught and guided by his husband in the past", and hoped that he could "show him a path to take" at this time.At this time, Hu Shi was helpless.Later, Wu Han changed his mind and took the opposite path to Hu Shi, becoming a strong fighter for democracy. At that time, there was also a Ms. Wu Jianxiong among the students of the Chinese public school.Later, she studied in the United States, and Hu Shi still cared and guided her often.She finally became a famous physicist all over the world, and Hu Shi was always proud of having such a student.As for Wu Jianxiong, he never forgot Hu Shi's teachings throughout his life. In 1985, she was invited to return to her motherland to attend the celebration of her alma mater, Nanjing University. When talking about her academic experience to young graduates, she also mentioned that Mr. Hu Shi’s teaching and concern for her was the driving force for her to be aggressive later.

In order to train students, the most important thing for universities is to hire good professors.After Hu Shi took over Zhonggong, despite the constraints of various conditions, he still tried his best to recruit, and recruited a group of British and American students to teach at the school, so that the professors of humanities and social sciences were more organized.He hired professors, with Cai Yuanpei's style, no qualifications, no sects.For example, in the Department of Chinese Literature, Ma Zonghuo, a disciple of Wang Yunkai, taught pre-Qin literature and "Shuowen", leftist writer Bai Wei taught drama, Lu Kanru and Feng Yuanjun taught classical poetry research and interpretation, Zheng Zhenduo and Liang Shiqiu taught Western literature, etc.Hu Shi also hired Mr. Gao Yihan as the dean of the Academy of Social Sciences, and Hu Shi himself served as the dean of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, and also taught a course of "Cultural History".In addition to coming to the school to attend classes, discuss school affairs, and preside over various meetings and activities every week, he still lives in the apartment on Spher Road in Shanghai for most of the time, engaging in academic research and writing.During his two years as the principal of Zhonggong, he published the first volume of "History of Vernacular Literature", "Travel Notes on Lushan Mountain", "On Human Rights", edited and edited "Shenhui Monk's Legacy Collection", and wrote "Three Collections of Hu Shiwen Cun" Many articles in .It is self-evident that such a well-educated and hard-working principal has made many achievements in research and writing, which has a profound impact on teachers, students, and the school's style of study.

Regardless of qualifications, Hu Shi hired Shen Congwen to teach at the school, which was once a good story in Chinese public schools. Shen Congwen is from Fenghuang, Hunan. He only went to elementary school and was a soldier.Later, he studied hard and created novels, which were mostly published in "Modern Review" and "Morning News Supplement", becoming a pillar of "Modern Review" and quite popular with readers. In the spring of 1928, Shen Congwen came to Shanghai and co-founded "Red Black" magazine and Red Black Publishing House with Ding Ling and Hu Yepin.The three of them have a deep friendship.Later, Hu Ye was frequently arrested and killed by the Kuomintang government. Shen Congwen went to various places to assist Ding Ling in trying to rescue him.

At that time, the social status of professors was far higher than that of writers, because self-study could become a writer and engage in creation, but it was difficult to become a scholar or a professor.Shen Congwen also wanted to be a professor, but he didn't have a degree. Although the novels were well written, they were not knowledgeable, so it was difficult for him to enter a university. Hu Shi had always attached great importance to Shen Congwen. After he became the principal of Zhonggong, he hired him to teach "fiction exercises" at the school, and promoted him to be a professor.Shen Congwen was slow in speech, and he was not serious about reading when he was a child, but he was very serious about teaching.

In order to give examples for students to do exercises, he used different artistic techniques at any time, wrote many works expressing different life themes, and explored various aspects of art.Most of these works were published in "New Moon" magazine and "Fiction Monthly", which is a considerable achievement from his teaching in Zhonggong. The greatest achievement of Shen Congwen in Zhonggong is that he found his lifelong partner——his wife, Ms. Zhang Zhaohe.It is said that this matter has something to do with President Hu Shi, and he has been helped by Hu Shi.At that time, the school was co-educational, but there were not many female students.Ms. Zhang Zhaohe has a kind heart, a simple and calm personality, and is good at ball games. She is full of health and beauty, and is recognized as the "school belle" of Zhonggong.Many male students rushed to pursue her, but she rejected them all and ignored them, so they all retreated despite the difficulties.Only the teacher Shen Congwen persevered and wrote many love letters to Zhang.She ignored her at first, but then she couldn't be bothered, so she went to Jisfair Road to find Principal Hu.When she entered, Ms. Zhang had a package under her armpit.When Hu Shi saw her, she smiled and said, "Why do you need to send something?" She opened the package and brought it to the principal, saying, "It's not a gift, it's a pile of letters from Mr. Shen. Please take a look, principal." Obviously, The purpose of Ms. Zhang's trip is to ask the principal to intervene, reject Mr. Shen, and say: "He is a teacher, he can't treat the students like this!" Hu Shi knew Ms. Zhang's purpose, and said with a smile: "It is not illegal for a teacher to fall in love with a student." It is a common thing in foreign countries, and the principal cannot interfere." After talking for a long time, Zhang Zhaohe got up to leave, and Hu Shi walked her to the door, returned the package of letters to her, and persuaded her, "You might as well write him a letter. Observe carefully, if you think he has no malicious intentions, it is good to be a friend. Otherwise, marriage cannot be forced.” President Hu made a remark, and unintentionally became an iceman. Later, Shen and Zhang fell in love. We got married on the 9th. During Hu Shi's lobbying trip to Europe, Chiang Kai-shek and the national government called Hu Shi continuously, urging him to be the ambassador to the United States.Hu Shi hesitated a bit.He once made up his mind not to talk about politics for 20 years, and not to enter politics for 20 years.His wife Jiang Dongxiu always advised him not to go into politics.This year (1938) happened to be their 20th year of marriage.In the past 20 years, Hu Shi has talked about politics early; although he has some influence in the political circle, he has never officially come out to become an official.Now that I am out of the mountains, I feel sorry for my wife; but when the country is in crisis and the nation is in peril, can the descendants of Yan and Huang not work hard?After repeated consideration, Hu Shi replied to the government and agreed to take up the post. On September 17, 1938, the Nationalist Government announced that Hu Shi was specially appointed as the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of China to the United States. On October 5, Hu Shi went to Washington to take office.This is the first time in his life that he was an official, and it was the most difficult time for the country and the nation.He once wrote a small poem in vernacular, the word cloud: Occasionally there are a few white hairs, and the mood is slightly middle-aged. As a pawn crossing the river, I can only move forward desperately. Guangzhou fell on October 21, and Wuhan fell on the 25th. Hu Shi can be described as "ordered when the army was defeated, and ordered when he was in danger." On October 23, Hu Shi encouraged the staff of the embassy to "don't be discouraged". He said: "We are the farthest army and the last hope of the country. We must never give up our responsibility. I came here knowing that the country was in danger. The country is getting worse. Unlucky, the more we are needed. We can only rest when the country is peaceful." As a scholar, Hu Shi served as the ambassador to the United States. He did not have the depth and strategy of a politician. Instead, he won the understanding and trust of others with an "honest and open" attitude. Therefore, people praised him as a "scholar ambassador".People at the time had different evaluations of Hu Shi's performance in using beauty.Wang Shijie believes that Hu Shi's "personality and trust" make him "more effective than anyone else" in his post in the United States; Hu Shi's student Wu Jianxiong said that her American friend told her that "all the people in the Washington government" respect Hu Shi "very much." ".Wang Shijie also said that he had personally seen Roosevelt's letter to Chiang Kai-shek with the words of praise "Yu Shizhi is trustworthy".The Japanese political circles also paid special attention to the news that Hu Shi was appointed as the ambassador to the United States. The Japan Review, which represents Japan's official government, once commented that Japan needs to send three people to the mission together to be able to resist Hu Shi.Those three were Yusuke Tsurumi, Kikujiro Ishii, and Hiroshi Matsuoka, experts in literature, economics, and eloquence respectively.Contrary to the above, Kong Xiangxi declared: "It is not as good as Confucianism"; Song Ziwen denounced Hu Shizhi's speech as "empty propaganda", and implied that he was not a "foreign minister".Hu Shi was quite helpless when he became the ambassador to the United States.Out of the conscience and sense of responsibility of intellectuals, he was ordered in the face of danger.Since diplomacy is all about stakes and has no pure morality, it is a pragmatic art, not a performance of preaching morality.After all, Hu Shi was just a scholar, so he could not help being somewhat bookish during his tenure as ambassador. Before the Pearl Harbor incident, the Peking Library shipped hundreds of rare books to Washington and entrusted the Library of Congress to preserve them.The latter thought it was a major cultural event, so when the batch of books were unpacked at the Library of Congress, the US Secretary of State and the director of the library specially invited Chinese Ambassador Hu Shi and sent officials to accompany them to the library to check.Unexpectedly, this ambassador is a book fan. Once he entered the library, he felt like entering a treasure mountain. He couldn't help but sit on the ground and read books as if no one else was around.Hu Shi looked at it for an hour, and left those diplomats and librarians who accompanied him but had no chance of rare books in the dark corridor of the library, walking around.Finally, the ambassador came out from the pile of books with a smile on his coat, and talked about the latitude and longitude of his rare books with these important officials.This trivial matter was considered to be demeaning in the circle of their so-called diplomatic envoys, but Hu Shi went his own way without realizing it.Of course, some people think that he is a scholar ambassador, so his strange behavior has become a good story.The so-called "true celebrity comes from the romantic"! In fact, what attracted Hu Shi's attention in the United States and had a greater impact was not his diplomatic activities, but his activities as a cultural envoy and an outstanding speaker, which is the so-called "traveling thousands of miles, giving a hundred speeches". . In the first half of 1942, the US "Washington Post" reported: "Hu Shi, the Chinese ambassador to the United States, has traveled all over the United States in the past six months, with a journey of 35,000 miles, making the highest record for foreign envoys to travel in the United States. He has received more honorary degrees than President Roosevelt; he has delivered more speeches than President Roosevelt's wife; his record of being invited to attend public speeches is also lower than that of all members of the diplomatic corps." When Hu Shi was an ambassador, he always told his friends He poured out his hard work of traveling thousands of miles and giving speeches a hundred times: "This year I am a little weak, and I traveled 16,000 miles and gave more than a hundred speeches. I am quite tired. In the three years I have been here, I have never had a weekend. There was a summer vacation." According to his own recollection: "I served as an ambassador in the United States for several years, and gave speeches as many as 400 times across the United States." Hu Shi regarded speeches as the best means for him to engage in diplomacy as a scholar.It should be said that the determination and significance of China’s war of resistance were understood by the United States and received widespread sympathy and support. Hu Shi’s speech is indispensable, but an ambassador to the United States in a key position only regards speeches as his main job. , This also reflects Ambassador Hu Shi's bookishness to some extent.Hu Shi's enthusiasm for speeches was also criticized by the people of the time. Song Ziwen once expressed dissatisfaction with Hu Shi's speeches in public. He said to Hu Shi: "Don't blame me for being blunt. Many people in China say that you speak too much and don't care about things. You Let’s just mind your own business!” What made Hu Shi even more bookish was that when he traveled 35,000 miles to give speeches and spread China’s good wishes and ideals, the Nationalist government gave him 30,000 U.S. dollars as a contribution. He refunded all the publicity expenses and explained that my speech was enough publicity without any publicity expenses. During Hu Shi's tenure as ambassador to the United States, another saying that was criticized by people at the time was that "he had to get a degree everywhere because of his personal reputation."This is not without reason.After Hu Shi became the ambassador, some universities in the United States came here especially and awarded honorary doctorates one after another.According to statistics, Hu Shi received 27 honorary doctorates during his four-year ambassadorship.Of course, if this happened in peacetime, or if Hu Shi was just a simple scholar, it would be understandable for Dr. Hu to accept honorary doctorates from various universities, and it might be a good story.However, as an ambassador to the United States during the war, he was busy with official duties, but he spent so much time and energy on receiving a degree.Just as his student Fu Sinian bluntly criticized: "This is not a bad thing, but such things can also save a little energy, and then have enough energy for big things." Hu Shi himself knew that the honorary doctorate was not of much practical value. "These things are useless, but just for fun." But Dr. Hu Shi still enjoys it and does it in his own way.Hu Shi acted like this, but he still did not lose his true qualities as a scholar, so pure and lovely.According to the rumors of the time, Hu Shi presided over the affairs of the embassy, ​​using the method of doing nothing to govern, letting people in various departments perform their duties, and he has never been close to details.Fu Sinian once wrote a letter to remind Hu Shi to pay attention to this matter: "The legend among acquaintances at that time, there are a few points worth noting: the staff (staff team) in the library has never been well organized, and everything is done by itself, so the efficiency (efficiency) is hard to say... There is also a lack of discipline in the embassy...this matter seems to be worthy of consideration.” This matter also showed Ambassador Hu Shi’s bookishness. On August 15, 1942, Hu Shi received a telegram dismissing him from the post of ambassador.He didn't intend to be an official at first, and he worked hard to serve because of the national crisis; after the outbreak of the Pacific War, he wanted to find an opportunity and was determined to seek it.On the night of receiving the dismissal telegram, he replied to the National Government to express his gratitude. On September 8, the errand was handed over. On the 18th, he left the Twin Oaks embassy, ​​bid farewell to Washington, moved to New York, and started his academic career again. In mid-December 1947, in order to improve relations with the United States, Chiang Kai-shek urged Hu Shi, then president of Peking University, to serve as ambassador to the United States again.Based on dissatisfaction with Chiang Kai-shek, the United States wanted to support the "third force" in China, hoping that the Kuomintang government could accommodate "liberal elements."For this reason, U.S. Ambassador to China Leighton Stuart took advantage of the opportunity of the Kuomintang to "implement the constitution" and tried his best to encourage Hu Shi to run for president. In mid-January 1948, Li Zongren, who also received the support of the United States and was preparing to run for vice president, also sent a letter to Hu Shi, urging him to "participate in the presidential election."But Hu Shi said: "I have never planned or considered running for president" and advocated that "the president should be elected by representatives of political parties." On March 29, after the opening of the "constitutional" National Congress, Chiang Kai-shek, in order to cope with the pressure from the United States, resorted to tactics and expressed his intention to ask Hu Shi to be the president and himself to be the head of the executive branch.For this reason, on the afternoon of March 30, Wang Shijie, Secretary-General of the Presidential Palace, was ordered to convey Chiang Kai-shek's opinions to Hu Shi, but Hu Shi was wavering all the time. Seeing that Hu Shi was hesitant, Chiang Kai-shek decided to talk to Hu Shi in person on the night of April 3.This made Hu Shi flattered, and finally fell into the trap and agreed to Jiang's request. On April 4, the Kuomintang held a plenary meeting of the Provisional Central Executive Committee to discuss the issue of the presidential nominee.The meeting unanimously recommended Chiang Kai-shek as the presidential candidate, but Chiang Kai-shek refused to accept it, and made it clear that the first president should have the following conditions: ① understand the constitution, understand constitutionalism, and ensure the constitutional system; ② be full of democratic spirit and ideas, Moreover, he is a patriotic nationalist who, in accordance with the Constitution, realizes the Three Principles of the People and establishes a China that is owned by the people, enjoyed by the people, and governed by the people; To have a deep understanding of the situation and contemporary culture, thereby promoting the realization of the ideal of one world, and making China an independent and self-respecting country, and a proper position in the international family.For this reason, Chiang Kai-shek suggested: "We can nominate a non-party person with such conditions as the presidential candidate and support him to be elected. I am willing to serve in any position in the government except the president and vice president, and assist the president to realize the democracy in the constitution. Principle. In the interest of the people of the country, I am convinced that I should not run for President. Not only out of modesty, but in earnest confidence. In short, I propose to my party that I propose to it a distinguished non-Party candidate for President." The reason why Chiang Kai-shek was "modest" was not because he really wanted Hu to become the president, but a method he used to use retreat as an advance.When he elected Hu Shih, he made it clear: "As the leader of our party, Chung Cheng is the party's natural presidential candidate." Power has to be subject to many restrictions, which is dissatisfied with Chiang Kai-shek, who has always been accustomed to monopolizing power.Therefore, he expressed that he would rather submit to the Premier who has "real power" than a president who "has a position but no power".But most members of the Kuomintang have long been accustomed to putting the party leader and the president on an equal footing, and putting the president on the same footing as the controlling government.The Generalissimo Chiang's proposal was therefore strongly opposed on the grounds that it would weaken the Kuomintang's control of the government, and that the present crisis required the country to have a strong helmsman. Since the Kuomintang believes that the president is none other than Chiang Kai-shek, and Chiang Kai-shek is unwilling to be a president with "position but no power", a solution needs to be found.Of course, the most simple and direct way is to amend the constitution and expand the powers of the president.But "there are a lot of inadequacies if the constitution is amended as soon as it comes into effect", and "especially the minority parties don't want it", so what should we do?Cheng Siyuan recalled that at the regular meeting of the Kuomintang on the morning of April 5, Zhang Qun said: "The president does not want to be president, but according to the constitution, the president does not have any actual power. He is only the head of state, not the chief executive. He is naturally unwilling to take up such a nominal position. If Chang can figure out a way to give the president a privilege, then the president is still willing to be the presidential candidate.” Therefore, the Central Committee immediately recommended Zhang Qun, Chen Bulei, The three of Chen Lifu went to see Chiang Kai-shek, asked for advice face to face, and got approval.In the afternoon, Wang Chonghui proposed at the Central Committee meeting based on this: "We can avoid the provisions of the constitution and pass a temporary provision in the National Assembly to give the president the power to take emergency measures during a specific period." A resolution was issued: "The president strongly resigned as a presidential candidate, but he often studies the results and believes that the current situation in the country urgently needs the continued leadership of the president, so he still invites the president to be the president to comfort the people's hope. The regular meeting also recommends that During the current National Assembly, the Constitution added a "temporary provision for the eradication of rebellion," which stipulates that the president must take emergency measures during the period of rebellion." In this way, after some "modest concessions" and the guarantee of the right to "emergency measures", Chiang Kai-shek Finally agreed to be the presidential candidate, and Hu Shi's presidential dream was quickly shattered. After Chiang Kai-shek's goal was achieved, he immediately asked Wang Shijie to tell Hu Shi that his plan could not be realized due to the opposition of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang, so as to appease Hu Shi, who was so happy, and put an end to the scam as soon as possible.Therefore, Wang Shijie was ordered to see Hu Shi again, "to explain his apology on behalf of Jiang Gong". On the evening of April 8, Chiang Kai-shek invited Hu Shi to the official residence for dinner and apologized to Hu Shi in person. On April 18, the National Assembly officially passed the "Temporary Provisions for the Mobilization and Anti-Rebellion Period", granting Chiang Kai-shek the power of "emergency punishment" beyond the constitution. On the 19th, the National Assembly elected Chiang Kai-shek as the first president of the Republic of China with an absolute majority of 2,430 votes.In this way, Chiang Kai-shek finally got his wish and became a "legitimate" president with real power through a "democratic" method. On May 20, after Chiang Kai-shek took the oath of office, he immediately began to exercise the powers of the president, nominating the Executive Yuan to organize the government.At that time, Huang Yuren, a member of the Standing Committee of the Kuomintang Central Committee, once said this: "Why don't you mention Hu Shizhi?" After hearing this, Chiang Kai-shek's face darkened and said: "Scholars can't do things."It can be seen from this that Hu Shi was just a scholar in the eyes of Chiang Kai-shek, who was "incapable of doing things" at all, so how could he be a president! In July 1917, the 26-year-old Hu Shi completed his seven-year study in the United States and became a professor of English, English rhetoric and ancient Chinese philosophy at Peking University on September 10. After Hu Shi took office as a professor, he applied his solid foundation of English and ancient Chinese philosophy, which he had learned through hard work, to his teaching practice. Compiled lecture notes, broke the customary teaching method in the university teaching circle, and published his "Outline of the History of Chinese Philosophy" (Volume 1) in February 1919, which was well-known and highly praised throughout the country. As soon as Hu Shi completed his studies in the United States, he became a professor at Peking University. He was hired exceptionally by Chen Duxiu, the dean of literature at Peking University, and Cai Yuanpei, the president.Cai Yuanpei and Chen Duxiu are the same age, both born in 1879, according to the Chinese zodiac, they belong to the rabbit.Then Hu Shi was born in December 1891, just 12 years younger than the two of them, and also belonged to the rabbit.At that time, someone jokingly said: "Peking University has a young man, and the jade rabbit is always accompanied by the moon." Hu Shi became a professor at Peking University. He was known as the best "teacher", but he was more able to talk "quickly with friends", and with an eloquent mouth, he could speak better than write.Hu Shiwei gathered all the talents from all over the world to talk about it inside and outside the Red Building of Peking University.Under the podium, there was laughter and thunderous applause.Sometimes the "addiction to talking" is so great that he starts lecturing to students, bragging with friends, with extravagant hype, southern accents and northern accents, the sky is wide and the sea is wide, both Chinese and vernacular, spoken and spoken, and he completely ignores it.Once, Hu Shizhi was invited to give a lecture at a certain university. He quoted Confucius, Mencius, and Mr. Sun Yat-sen, and wrote on the blackboard: "Confucius said", "Meng said", "Sun said", the more he talked, the more addicted he was, and finally he published himself When he was giving his opinion, he actually wrote "nonsense" on the blackboard, which caused a big joke of "listening to nonsense". Hu Shi once had a history of "drunk on the beach". On the night of March 22, 1910, I was drunk in a hall in Shanghai. On the way home, I fought with the police. I was taken into the arresting room, locked up overnight, and fined five yuan. "The poem, vowed to change from now on.After that, he studied behind closed doors, and in July, he was admitted to the second phase of the "Gength Section" to study in the United States as an official fee student.But his habit of drinking still occurs from time to time. Hu Shi has a mantra: "I would rather have a big bowl of wine than a small bowl of tea." Because of the ancient Huizhou, Jixi, his hometown, is hospitable and polite. "Wantou tea" is made of a high-grade Jingdezhen porcelain bowl with a porcelain lid, porcelain holder or golden brass holder, which is small and exquisite and elegant.When Hu Shi was teaching at Peking University, he once made a textual research on the term "new wine in old bottle". He said that "new wine in old bottle" is an old Western proverb, and its source is in the second chapter of the Gospel of Mark.According to this, it can be seen that Hu Shizhi had a wedding. In December 1930, Hu Shi's 40th birthday coincided with the 32nd anniversary of the founding of Peking University, and a celebration was held.According to reports at the time, at a banquet in Hu Shi's apartment, his wife Jiang Dongxiu presented her husband with a "stop drinking" ring, urging him to stop drinking.Mr. Zhang Yuanji, known as "two generations of scholars and a pair of close friends", is 24 years older than Hu Shi. After Zhang read the newspaper in Shanghai, he specially made a pair of Lianyu as a gift to Mr. Hu Shizhi for the 40th anniversary.Its associated language cloud: I advise Mr. Master to look at the ring of the sage, and drink less old wine from now on. If you are an elder brother, you can bring your younger brother Peking University to enjoy an infinite age. Scholars in mainland China and Taiwan have different opinions on how many doctorates and honorary doctorates Hu Shi received in his life.The texts in newspapers and magazines are also inconsistent.It is said that Taiwanese scholars believe that Hu Shi has 39 doctorates, and there are also 36 doctorates in mainland China.Most scholars believe that it is 35 doctoral degrees, which needs to be further verified. Hu Shi's aliases, pen names, and nicknames are rarely seen in newspapers.More than 40 are known, more than his Ph.D.The following are lesser known. One is "child offering". In the summer of 1906, Hu Shi was admitted to the Chinese public school at the age of 14. In the first period of the Chinese public school, he was the youngest, short, and most of his classmates were older than him, which earned him a Japanese nickname "Ziko". ", that is, the meaning of a child. The second is the "big book box".When Hu Shi was 5 years old, he began to read "Four Books", "Five Classics", "Book of Filial Piety", "Primary School" and "Thousand Characters". 8 years old can understand.In the 1920s and 1930s, scholars at home and abroad and overseas students all believed that the one who read the most books was not counted among a group of scholars. Strictly speaking, Hu Shi was probably second to none. Nicknamed "Big Bookcase". The third is "yellow butterfly". In August 1916, Hu Shi wrote an "attempt" vernacular poem about "seeing something on the window".The first two sentences are "two yellow butterflies, both fly to the sky".Writing vernacular poems at that time was suspected of treason and immorality, and was often attacked and ridiculed by others.In "Notes of Wen Xin Diao Long", Huang Kan, a master of Chinese studies, scolded vernacular poetry as "donkey braying and dog barking" and called Hu Shi a "yellow butterfly". The fourth is "authorship supervision". In 1917, when Hu Shi returned to China after studying in the United States, he was hired to teach at Peking University. At the age of 26, he was the youngest professor.Huang Kanshi was a well-known master of Chinese studies. He valued Chinese studies all his life and was most opposed to the "vernacular writing" advocated by Hu Shi.Huang and Hutong teach at Peking University, which means "literati look down on each other".Huang Kan is not only inside and outside the circle of teachers and literati, he will belittle Hu Shi whenever he has the opportunity, and his language is acrimonious.Sometimes among the students, Hu Shi was also jokingly referred to as the "supervisor of writings".If the students don't understand what it means, they ask the teacher.Huang Kan immediately said: "Authors write and write books; supervisors, eunuchs! Eunuchs, there is no one below! There is no volume one of Hu Shi's "Outline of the History of Chinese Philosophy", but there is no volume two, so it is called a supervisor!" For a while, the nickname of "Book Supervisor" on and off the campus of Peking University also spread like wildfire. The fifth is "Dr. Hou".In April 1917, Hu Shi completed his doctoral dissertation on "The Evolution of Ancient Chinese Philosophical Methods" at Columbia University in the United States. On May 22, I took the final exam for the doctoral degree—an oral exam, but I didn’t actually get a formal doctoral certificate.After returning to China, Dr. Hu Shi's reputation was very good, so Dr. Hu Shi's honor was used ten years in advance.It was not until 1927 that Columbia officially reissued doctorate certificates.During Hu Shi's tenure as US ambassador from 1939 to 1941, he shuttled back and forth between diplomatic etiquette and public places.It is said that it is difficult for foreigners to pronounce Hu Shi's name accurately, so they are called "Dr. Hou" and "Ambassador Hou".Hu Shi himself also acquiesced and agreed generously, so he was nicknamed "Dr. Hou". When Hu Shi was 13 years old, his mother decided to get engaged to Jiang Dongxiu, a country girl who was one year older than him.Afterwards, Hu Shi went to the United States to study, and he did not meet each other for 14 years. It was not until 1917, when he returned from his studies, that he returned to his hometown to get married.After marriage, Hu Shi returned to teach at Peking University, and Jiang Dongxiu took care of his mother at home, and the couple did not reunite until the following year.Since then, Jiang Dongxiu has always been with Hu Shi, and Hu Shi has never left her, so much so that a friend once joked: "Hu Shi's name will go down in the universe, and Mrs. Little Feet will follow." Noisy enough to resign to fate to stay together, there are quite a lot of interesting stories. Jiang Dongxiu was born in a scholarly family in Jingdejiang Village, Jixi Neighboring County, Anhui Province.Her father and brother Jiang Zesheng are both "addicts".Her mother, Lu Xianyin, was born in a family of officials at the head of the temple (Jingde). Her grandfather, Lu Chaorui, was a first-class scholar in one discipline. Her father (Jiang Dongxiu’s grandfather), Lu Peifen, was a Jinshi. company.Jiang Dongxiu’s grandfather’s family, Lu Fengqi, and Lu Bicheng’s father and daughter were famous for their literary talents, especially Ms. Bicheng, who is a generation of women, who is Qiu Jin’s friend, a pioneer of the feminist movement, and a philanthropist... Influenced by traditional aristocratic families and outstanding figures, she has been obsessed since she was a child. Jiang Dongxiu, who has small feet, is magnanimous in dealing with people and dealing with the world, and there is no shortage of everyone's demeanor. The marriage between Hu Shi and Jiang Dongxiu was purely a feudal arranged marriage of "the order of the parents and the words of the matchmaker".When Hu Shi was 13 years old, Hu's mother Feng Shundi and Jiang's mother Lu Xianyin met at a country temple fair. They each talked about their children who were about to grow up. Grandpa asked for a lottery, and an old-style marriage was settled just like that. Hu Shi is smart and lively, with a good appearance.Jiang Dongxiu was plain-looking, with short legs, small feet, and cloudy eyes.But the Jiang family is economically superior to the Hu family. 订婚后的一个月，胡适走出皖南大山，到上海求学，继而留学美国，一直到14年后，也就是1917年12月30日结婚的时候，才与未婚妻第一次谋面。 14个春花秋月轮回，是何等漫长！在胡适去美国读书期间，江冬秀每年不定时到上庄村去伴婆婆，像童养媳似的，早上起得很早，在天井里扫地。一位亲戚觉得很奇怪，问她为什么要自己扫地。她眼泪掉下来了，说：“这里全家大小都做事，我怎么好意思不做事？”后来江家知道了，买了个丫头送来，但冯氏仍要她做事。1911年5月21日，胡适留美的第二年，在康奈尔大学农学院给江冬秀写了第一封信。 冬秀贤姊如见： 此吾第一次寄姊书也。屡得吾母书，俱言姊时来吾家，为吾母分任家事。闻之深感令堂及姊之盛意，出门游子可以无内顾之忧矣……前曾于吾母处得见姊所作字，字迹亦娟好可喜。惟似不甚能达意，想是不多读书之过。姊现尚有工夫读书否？甚愿有工夫时能温习旧日所读之书。如来吾家时，可取聪侄所读之书温习一二。如有不能明白之处，即令侄辈为一讲解。虽不能有大益，然终胜于不读书，令荒疏也…… 之后，胡适还好几次给他的未婚妻写信，写得文质彬彬，温存体贴，并且循循善诱地要求她“读书”与“放足”。 远在美国的胡适一度坠入与韦莲司的精神之恋网。消息离奇地传到深山小村上庄，说什么胡适与洋女子结婚，生了小孩……冯氏赶紧去信询问。胡适十分认真地给母亲写了封长信表明：“儿久已认江氏之婚约为不可毁，为不必毁，为不当毁……”他在美国毕业前夕，将毕业照直接寄给了江冬秀，以表心迹。 梁实秋曾说：“'五四'以来，社会上有很多知名人士视糟糠如敝屣，而胡适先生没有走上这条路。” 45年夫妻生活在动荡的岁月里，是一个漫长但也是一个有趣的、耐人寻味的人性磨合过程。江冬秀给胡适的“见面礼”便是对“西湖烟霞洞事件”的反击。结婚泯灭不了胡适的本性。胡适年方而立，风度翩翩，是一颗多情的种子。1923年，胡适与在杭州师范读书的同乡、当年婚礼上的伴娘曹诚英，在西湖烟霞洞演了一出荡气回肠的恋情话剧，随着时光的流逝，此事被新月诗人徐志摩（在北大讲学，住在胡适家）讲出去了。当年跟在胡适身边养病的侄儿思聪也一不小心露了口。 这时的主妇江冬秀已经老练了，得知这个“飞来横祸”，她不号啕大哭，也不作河东狮吼，只见她操起一把菜刀，一手搂住只有2岁的小儿子思杜，一手拖住大儿子祖望，顷间将刀勒向自己的脖子，对胡适声泪俱下叫道：“你好！你好！你要那个狐狸精，要和我离婚！好！好！我先杀掉你两个儿子！再杀我自己！我们娘儿仨都死在你面前……” 这恐怖凌厉的场面把胡适镇住了，他既不敢开口提半个“离”字，也不敢同曹家妹子公开来往，安心与江冬秀琴瑟相调过日子。 有时江冬秀发脾气，嗓门高了，要面子的胡适就躲进卫生间，借漱口故意把牙刷搁进口杯里，将声音弄得很响，以作“掩耳”。 其实胡适的脾气是最好不过的，除了从母亲那里继承来的“忍耐”之外，还大肚量地为他人着想，何况是自己的太太，“情愿不自由，便是自由了”。衍生他的家庭哲学“三从四德（得）”。 “三从”者，一谓“太太出门要跟从”；二谓“太太命令要服从”；三谓“太太说错了要盲从”。“四德（得）”者，一曰“太太化妆要等得”；二曰“太太生日要记得”；三曰“太太打骂要忍得”；四曰“太太花钱要舍得”。 胡适的怕老婆并非猥琐、可怜，而是富有情味、颇有乐趣的。不仅如此，他还积极付诸行动——在世界范围内收集“怕老婆的故事”。胡适自己说过，在他赴美做大使任上，有位记者来采访他，说他是个“收藏家”，一是收藏“洋火盒”（火花），二是收藏荣誉学位（名誉博士），云云。其实他真正的收藏，是全世界各国怕老婆的故事。这个很少有人知道。这个很有用，的确可以说是他极丰富的收藏。在收藏中，胡适还悟出了一点儿道理——“在这个（怕老婆的故事）收集中，我有一个发现，在全世界国家里……凡是有怕老婆故事的国家都是自由、民主的国家；反之，凡是没有怕老婆故事的国家，都是独裁的或者极权的国家。” 胡适收藏“怕老婆的故事”同时，还收藏“PTT”（“怕太太”）铜币。此举缘起一位朋友从巴黎寄给他十几枚法国钱币，币面铭有“PTT”字样，胡适一下联想起“怕太太”三个字的拼音首字母，于是就发起成立“PTT”协会，会员证章就是这枚“PTT”钱币。胡适晚年还在热衷此事。1961年，他的朋友李先生在巴黎收集到了十几枚“PTT”币，托叶先生带给在台北的胡适。胡适同时买了六七本意大利怕老婆的故事书，连同“PTT”币交董显光转给华盛顿“PTT”俱乐部会长。他给他的秘书胡颂平还讲了抗倭名将戚继光怕老婆的故事。 江冬秀真是那么个“悍妇”吗？No.抗战之初江冬秀还不到50岁，五短身材，体形发福，讲话一口京腔，穿着朴素，看上去总是很整洁，脸上常常带着慈祥的笑容，又很讲礼貌，雍容大方，有点贵妇人的气派。 旁人都爱议论的，是江冬秀那双小脚。她的小脚只是肥了一点，小脚上总是穿一双有后跟底的很小号的皮鞋——穿那种皮鞋，鞋头要塞一些棉花才合脚。在20世纪30年代，缠小脚的老太太还很普遍，流行的是穿平底绣花鞋。大概穿皮鞋她才觉得有点时髦。 胡适手指上有枚“止酒”戒，那是在他40岁生日时，他太太专门定制，给他戴上去的。因为胡适患有心脏病，江冬秀苦心孤诣想出了这一招。 江冬秀文化不高，老写白（别）字。不写白字，不是满口熟练的京片儿，那就不是江冬秀了。这里有一封这位“大名垂宇宙”的博士太太1938年12月8日，从上海写给在美国大使任上丈夫的一封家书（白字或病句括号内做了更正）： xing（骍）： 今早报上说你因身体不适，进某医院疗养，我看（了后）吓我一大跳！盼望不是大病。但是你要（是）没有几分病，不会住医院，是（使）我很不放心。盼望老天爷开眼，就（让）病好了罢。是不是牙痛病见（现）痛凶了？我只有靠天福保佑你，祝你康健。我实在不能回想（忆）了。你（以前生）一两次的病，大半我都在（你）身边多（“多”字应删去）。回（否）则在国内，信电都方便，现在心想打（发）个电报都不敢（能）。可怜到我们这个地步，做人太难过了。 开门见山，直白自己的感情，女性特有的爱怨五味俱下，比起那个时代套用典故，文绉绉的尺牍，不知高明多少了。怪不得胡适曾说：“病中得她书，不满八行纸。全无紧要话，颇使我欢喜。”就在这封慰问信中，江冬秀还老实不客气地直奔另一个主题：“你的脾气好胜，我一晚不睡觉，望你平身（心）气和，修养修养罢。你的师姐师妹要把我们全全（全家）送掉，也是前世遭击（造孽），现世出这一班宝贝。想开点罢！干（甘、安）心完了。” 江冬秀丝毫没有忘记当年胡适康奈尔大学时期的“师姐”韦莲司、哥伦比亚大学时期的“师妹”莎菲以及曹诚英“这一班宝贝”。接着笔调又一转，回归正题，江冬秀始终主张胡适教书做学问，反对胡适出去做官，她直白道：“你现在好比他们叫你进虎口，就要说假话，他们就爱这一套。你在大会上说老实话，你就是坏人了。我劝你早日下台罢，免受他们这一班没有信用的（小人）加你的罪，何苦呢……你看了我这封信，又要怪我瞎听来的，望你不要见怪我吧。我对与（于）你，至少没有骗过你呀。” 江冬秀有个异于胡适的特殊爱好，就是搓麻将。江冬秀的搓麻将是出了名的。她做了胡适太太后，除露一手烧徽州菜、指挥保姆干活外，就无限制地战“围城”，从北京搓到战时上海，战后又搓到北平，再搓到纽约，战线绵延她的大半生。战绩嘛，她可以说战无不胜。 如果说胡适和江冬秀的婚姻有秘诀，那就是一个“怕”字。对于胡适来讲，有时怕，有时不怕，有所怕，有所不怕，这分寸拿捏得恰到好处。这其中滋味，如人饮水，冷暖自知。