Chapter 7 Chapter Five Mastering the Enemy Situation

Xu Shiyou often quotes Comrade Mao Zedong's words: "Know yourself and know the enemy, and you will be victorious in every battle." When a war is about to start, he must first understand the enemy's situation.One day after he arrived in Nanning, he said to me in his dormitory: "How is the enemy situation going?" "The enemy in front of us is basically clear to units above the regiment." "How many enemies are there in total?" "We are facing the troops of the First Military Region of the Vietnamese Army. There are 11 divisions, and there may be a total of 9 divisions fighting with us."

"Is the deployment of these nine divisions clear?" "There are 7 divisions who know." "You tell the intelligence department to get ready and report some time." I immediately went to the intelligence department and conveyed Commander Xu Shiyou's instructions to Minister Bi, asking him to designate a special person to prepare and wait to report to Commander Xu Shiyou. After 3 days, the intelligence department sorted out a report on the enemy's situation, marked a map of the enemy's deployment, and reported it to Commander Xu Shiyou. Before the report, Xu Shiyou said: "There is going to be a war. Please clarify the situation and the positions of the various parts of the Vietnamese army. Today I will listen to the results of your research. You have taken a step forward in this regard. Please be more careful. .”

The comrades who reported hung up the enemy's deployment map, began to talk about the general situation of the Vietnamese army, then talked about the enemy's deployment, and finally talked about the enemy's combat thinking, strategic principles, and combat characteristics. It was indeed very detailed. Although the history of the Vietnam Army's military establishment is not long, after the War of Resistance Against France and the United States, almost all cadres have fought and have relatively rich combat experience. The Vietnam Army was established on December 22, 1944.At that time, Ho Chi Minh established the "Vietnam Liberation Army Propaganda Team" in Yuan Binh County, Cao Binh Province. The team only had 34 people and 20 guns, with Vo Nguyen Giap as the captain. In August 1945, he participated in the "National General Uprising" and overthrew the Japanese puppet regime.

From the end of 1946 to July 1954, the Anti-French War lasted 8 years.The Vietnamese army fought five major battles: the middle reaches of the Red River, Ninh Binh, and Peace Battles in 1950; the Border Battle; the Northwest Campaign in the autumn and winter of 1952; the Shangliao Battle in 1953; In August 1949, the first infantry division (308 Division) was formed with the assistance of our country.Subsequently, 12 divisions, an independent regiment, 2 engineering regiments, and 4 artillery regiments were successively formed, as well as signal, engineering, artillery and anti-aircraft artillery units, with a total strength of 330,000.

After the victory of the Anti-French War, Vietnam began to accept the military theory of the Soviet Union, copying the Soviet army's army building ideas, and formalized it.Since 1958, the navy, chemical defense corps, armed public security and armored corps have been formed successively. After the "Beibu Gulf Incident" in August 1964, Vietnam launched a nationwide war of resistance against the United States and national salvation.The Vietnamese army conducted a total of 6 large-scale battles, such as the Battle of Xishan in 1967, the Battle of New Year in 1968, the Battle of Route 9 in 1971, the Battle of Quang Zhi in 1972, the Battle of Xiyuan in 1975 and the Battle of Ho Chi Minh , Liberated Saigon on April 30, 1975, overthrew the US puppet regime, and realized the reunification of the North and the South.During the Anti-American War, in addition to a large amount of military equipment provided by China and the Soviet Union, the Vietnamese army also seized billions of dollars of American equipment and formed the Air Force, Air Defense Force, Special Service Unit and the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Armies. .

Once the Anti-US War was over, the Le Duan Group continued to expand its military and prepare for war.The Vietnamese army has gradually developed into an armed force with a relatively complete range of arms, regular army, local army, and militia guerrillas; it has four major military branches: army, navy, air force, and air defense forces, as well as public security forces and special agents. , Expansion, and a tool to suppress the people internally. The army is the earliest and largest branch of the Vietnamese army, with a strength of more than 1 million people.It is equipped with more than 2,000 tanks and armored vehicles of various types, and nearly 3,000 guns with a caliber above 85 mm.There are 7 arms headquarters, 4 military headquarters, and 6 military regions, with a total of more than 60 divisions.Nearly two-thirds of them are infantry divisions, and the rest are production divisions, engineering divisions, and transport divisions. Since 1975, the Vietnamese army has used our country as the main target of operations, deploying most of its combat divisions in the northern region.

Field troops are responsible for mobile combat tasks, the largest organizational unit is the army, and the basic combat unit is the division.The army usually has 3 infantry divisions, some as many as 5 divisions, and some only 1 division, as well as armored brigades, artillery brigades (regiments), air defense or anti-aircraft artillery brigades (regiments), engineering brigades (regiments) and communications Regiments, etc., and some armies are also equipped with special agent regiments.The infantry division has about 10,000 people, and consists of 3 infantry regiments, 1 artillery regiment, and special forces units such as armored battalion, antiaircraft artillery battalion, engineering battalion, communication battalion, and transportation battalion.The Infantry Regiment has about 2,300 people, and has jurisdiction over 3 infantry battalions, a 12.7mm high-altitude machine company, a 120mm mortar company, a 75mm recoilless gun company, a reconnaissance company, an engineering company, a communication company, a transportation company, etc.The infantry battalion has about 520 people and has jurisdiction over 3 infantry companies, a fire company, communication platoon, transport platoon, reconnaissance platoon, etc.The infantry platoon is organized into 3 squads, each with 9 people, one of them is a light machine gunner, one is a rocket launcher, and the rest are equipped with submachine guns or grenades.

The troops of the military regions were responsible for regional combat tasks. At that time, the formations of several military regions were different, and the combat divisions under their jurisdiction accounted for nearly half of the total number of combat divisions in the army.Most military regions govern 2 to 3 divisions, with 5 divisions more and 1 division less.Some military regions also have 2 to 4 independent infantry regiments, 1 armored regiment, 1 to 2 artillery regiments, antiaircraft artillery regiments, engineering regiments, 1 communication regiment, transport regiment and special agent regiment.

Local forces refer to the local armed forces under the military command of each province, which are responsible for the combat tasks in the region.Each provincial military command usually governs 1 to 3 local independent regiments as well as artillery, anti-aircraft artillery, engineering, and signal corps special agent units, which are under the unified command of the military region.The county military command usually has 1 or 2 independent battalions. The production divisions, engineering divisions, and transport divisions of the Vietnamese army accounted for about one-third of the total. They were under the direct control of the General Administration of Economic Construction of the Ministry of National Defense or under the command of the military region, and were responsible for infrastructure, road construction, land reclamation, and forestry tasks.

Special forces units, except the chemical defense corps directly under the chemical defense command, artillery, armor, engineering, communications, and special forces are all commanded by the headquarters of the arms or the army or military region where they belong.The artillery is mainly equipped with 85 and 130mm rocket launchers, 120 and 160mm mortars, and 37 and 57mm anti-aircraft guns.Artillery units below the regiment are equipped with 75mm and 82mm recoilless guns and 60mm, 82mm and 120mm mortars.The main equipment of the armored corps is T-34, T-54, T-59, M-41, M-48 tanks and M-113 armored vehicles.

The special service unit is an independent unit formed by the Vietnamese army on the basis of the army reconnaissance unit. It was established in 1967 during the War of Resistance Against the United States and was under the direct command of the General Staff.The Secret Service was boasted by the Vietnam Army as a particularly elite unit.Usually, a squad or group (3 to 6 people) acts independently to infiltrate the opponent's campaign and tactical depth, and attack the opponent's command post, artillery positions, stations, bridges, airports, ports, warehouses, hospitals and other important targets.Due to the small number of people, light equipment, and relatively flexible combat operations, but limited combat capabilities, they cannot fight continuously for a long time. Therefore, they often use attack methods to achieve the so-called goal of "winning more with less, winning big with small, and winning in danger." "Grab it and go" is its main combat feature. The Armed Public Security Force is under the dual leadership of the Ministry of National Defense and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, with a strength of about 70,000, responsible for social security and border and coastal defense.Under the jurisdiction of the mobile regiment and several public security regiments.Each province has a corresponding armed public security headquarters, under the jurisdiction of the mobile battalion and several public security villages. The navy was established in August 1955 and has developed slowly. After capturing more than 100 American counterfeit warships in 1975, there was a relatively large expansion.At that time, the military strength was about 30,000, and it consisted of 1 fleet, 1 marine brigade, 1 gunboat brigade, 10 combat service regiments, and several support units such as reconnaissance, communication, radar, and engineering.Equipped with more than 200 ships of various types and more than 40,000 tons.Among them, there are nearly 100 combat ships, mainly destroyers, frigates, escort ships, tank landing ships, torpedo boats, missile boats, and submarine hunters.The regiments under the fleet are responsible for maritime operations, offshore patrols, and supply transportation, and each coastal area is mainly responsible for coastal security in its own sea area. The predecessor of the Air Force was the Air Force Bureau of the General Staff, established in September 1956, and expanded into the Air Defense Air Force in October 1963. After the end of the Anti-American War in 1975, a large number of American aircraft were seized from the Vietnamese puppet army, and the number of aviation divisions increased from one to three. In June 1976, following the example of the Soviet Army's air defense division system, the Air Defense Air Force was divided into two, and the Air Force and the Air Defense Air Force were established. The aircraft was under the jurisdiction of the Air Force, and the radar, anti-aircraft artillery, and surface-to-air missiles were under the jurisdiction of the Air Defense Air Force. The Air Force had 40,000 people. , has 3 aviation divisions, 1 division-level aviation school, 1 air transport regiment, and 1 airborne brigade, with more than 500 aircraft, including more than 260 combat aircraft, including MiG 17, 19, 21 and F- 5. A-37 and other models.There are about 50,000 air defense troops, and there are 5 air defense divisions and 2 radar divisions.Equipped with more than 2,100 anti-aircraft guns of various types and more than 1,000 SAM-type air defense missiles. In addition to vigorously expanding the main force and local troops, Vietnam also vigorously engaged in the construction of the "civilian army" and regarded the civilian army as the basic force of "national defense of the whole people". Vietnam's militia is divided into "ordinary militia" and "guerrilla militia" according to the different tasks it undertakes; Guards" (i.e., the militiamen of towns, government agencies, factories, mines, agricultural and forestry farms, etc.).Its number accounts for 14% to 20% of the local population in rural areas, and 60% to 70% of the population in factories, mines, agriculture and forestry farms.Citizens aged 16-45 for males and 16-30 for females were incorporated into the "guerrilla militia", and the elderly and infirm were transferred to the "ordinary militia". The organization of the militia is generally a company in a township and a battalion in a large township, and one-third of the personnel are "guerrilla militiamen".Civilian armies in cities and towns, factories, mines, agriculture and forestry farms are organized into companies, battalions, regiments, and divisions according to the situation. A war zone in a province or county can organize the militia into divisions and regiments during wartime. The equipment of the civilian army is close to that of its regular army, equipped with rifles, machine guns, artillery, anti-tank guns, anti-aircraft guns and other firearms.According to regulations, all the "guerrilla militia" are equipped with weapons, and 20% of the "ordinary militia" are equipped with weapons.The leader of the militia is generally held by the person in charge of the grassroots units in the countryside, factories, mines, and agriculture and forestry farms.The civilian army is usually under the command of local army headquarters at all levels.According to the terrain, traffic and other conditions, soldiers form a battle group centered on one township and several townships fight together.The rural militias are under the command of the battle group headquarters and the county military headquarters, and the militias of towns, factories, mines, agricultural and forestry farms and other units are directly under the command of the provincial military command or a certain theater command in the province when necessary. The Vietnamese Army has set up a first military region on the front of our Guangxi, and the deployment consists of 11 divisions and 9 brigades and regiments of the army, forming a second-line deployment. The first line is Cao Binh, Lang Son, and Quang Ninh provinces, with 6 divisions and 6 regiments deployed.Among them, the 325B Division is located in the Xian'an area, the 338th Division is located in the Taiping area of ​​Dingli County, the 3rd Division and the 473rd Division are located in the Lang Son area, the 304th Division is located in the Beishan area, the 346th Division is located in the Cao Binh area, and the 43rd Regiment of Quang Ninh Province is located in the Mong Cai area. , The 244th Regiment is located in the Hehui County area, the 567th Regiment in Gaoping Province is located in the Chongqing area, the 576th Regiment is located in the Chaling area, the 49th Regiment is located in the Baole area, and each of the frontier counties has an independent battalion. The second line is Hebei Province and North Pacific Province, with 5 divisions and 3 brigades and regiments deployed.Among them, the 312th Division is located in the Taiyuan area, the 431st Division is located in the Cishan area, the 327th Division is located in the Dongchao area, the 329th Division is located in the Hongji area, the 242nd Island Defense Division is located in the Jinpu area, and the 196th Regiment of Hebei Province is located in the Liangjiang area. The 38th Brigade is located in the Dongmu area, and the 98th Regiment is located in the Land Coast area. Along the Sino-Vietnamese border, the Vietnamese army has 27 police stations, including 6 in Fangcheng County, Qinzhou, 13 in Nanning, and 8 in Baise.Small police stations generally have dozens of people, and large ones have as many as 100 people. They have 1 to 4 mobile squads, reconnaissance teams, mass work teams, inspection teams, and logistics teams under their jurisdiction.Each village is equipped with equipment such as machine guns, rocket launchers, mortars, recoilless guns and radio stations. In this self-defense counterattack against Vietnam, our main targets in Guangxi are the 346th Division in the Gaoping area and the 3rd Division in the Lang Son area.Both of these two divisions participated in the Anti-French and Anti-American Wars, and experienced some relatively large battles. They are relatively strong combat divisions in the Vietnamese army. The 346th Division, also known as the "Gaobei Division", is headquartered in Nam Jun, Gaoping Province, and has 246, 677, 851 infantry regiments and 188 artillery regiments under its jurisdiction. The 246th regiment is the main force of the division, also known as the "Xinchao regiment". It was formed during the Anti-French War. At that time, it was the main regiment directly under the General Staff of the Vietnamese Army. , good at sports attacks and defensive operations. The 3rd Infantry Division, also known as the "Golden Star Division", is based in Liangshan and the areas south of it, and has jurisdiction over the 2nd, 12th, and 141st regiments and the 68th artillery regiment.The division was originally stationed in southern Vietnam. It was transferred to the north in June and July of 1976 to the land south and land shore areas of northern Vietnam, and was subordinate to the First Military Region of the Vietnam Army.Before I fought back in self-defense, I was transferred to Dong Dang and Lang Son areas.The division and its affiliated 141 regiment were awarded the title of "Hero of the People's Armed Forces". The 12th Regiment is the main regiment of the division. It was once awarded the title of "Hero Regiment". It is good at attacking and can fight in close combat at night. The Le Duan Group has been plotting against and invading China for a long time. After the reunification of Vietnam, it formulated a battle plan against us.The Le Duan Group shouted wildly: "In order to defeat Beijing, everyone must be a soldier, every township a position, every county a fortress, and every province and city a strategic region." The combat principles of the Vietnamese army first emphasized "defining the border" and "winning on the front line".Le Duan Group believes that Vietnam has a narrow territory, short depth and little room for maneuver.Once the front line of the border is lost, not only the industrial base as the material basis will be difficult to protect, but Hanoi will also be in jeopardy.However, the northern region has high mountains and dense forests, ravines and ravines, which are easy to defend and difficult to attack. The organization of "solid defense" on the border can "buy time for the whole country to enter a wartime state."Therefore, he advocated "winning at the front line" and opposed "luting the enemy to go deep."Le Duan claimed in January 1977 that he was "determined to win with the first battle and the first line".Zhu Huimin, director of the General Political Bureau, also clamored in October 1978 that "plan life and defense, economy, national defense, ideology, and organization from the strategic decision to defeat the enemy on the front line"; The strategy of making a quick decision and luring the enemy deeper is wrong."For this reason, while emphasizing the strengthening of the front-line defensive force, the Vietnamese army vigorously stepped up the construction of battlefields in the front-line areas, and built fortress-style positions with tunnels and permanent fortifications as the backbone at the strategic locations of Dong Dang, Lang Son, and Gaoping. The main roads and bridges leading to the territory of our country were destroyed. Highlighting "strategic offense" and emphasizing active defense is another important principle of the Vietnamese army's operations.The Vietnamese army believes that "offensive is the main thing, and it is the strategic thinking of the People's War", and "defense must be active and tenacious, running through active offensive thinking, especially preventing passive defense." "In terms of combat, our military art has always been permeated with offensive thinking, actively destroying the enemy."Le Duan, Van Tien Dung, Zhu Huimin and other major military and political leaders repeatedly emphasized in their speeches on various occasions that the Vietnamese army's "strategic thinking is offense" rather than "defense".Even in a defensive posture, the idea of ​​counter-offensive operations must be run through, and "combination of defense and offense" must be carried out.Before the war, the above-mentioned guiding principles were reflected in the drills held by the Vietnamese army in the northern region and along the Sino-Vietnamese border.They imagined a two-stage operation against our army. In the defensive operation stage, first use the defense to gain time and complete the preparations for the counter-offensive operation. That is, when the first echelon of our attack is blocked and the second echelon has not yet entered the battle, it will be transferred to the second stage of the counter-offensive operation. .First regain the lost ground, restore the pre-war defensive posture, then attack our territory, occupy our border towns, and invest in the battle reserve team in the main attack direction, invade our territory shallow and deep, occupy favorable areas, and establish a new line of defense. The third operational principle of the Vietnamese army is to emphasize "victory with less" and "independent combat".In view of the small number of people and the long front line, the troops were forced to disperse and fight, and the mountains and jungles were easy to defend and difficult to attack, which made it difficult for large corps to maneuver. The speech repeatedly emphasized the need to "win the big with the small", and the documents issued by the Vietnamese army also emphasized: "In terms of combat, it is "good at defeating the big with the small, winning the quantity with the quality, being good at fighting the many with the few, and at the same time rationally concentrating forces to defeat the many." Fight less and win the greatest victory with the least amount of force and means of war", and emphasized that while establishing the idea of ​​close coordination, "every person, every dunghill, every unit" and every "single arm" must have an independent The fighting spirit prevents "emotional dependence". Taking guerrilla warfare as the mainstay, supplemented by positional warfare and counterattack warfare, this is the fourth operational principle of the Vietnamese army.The basic combat forms of the Vietnamese army are: the combination of local army operations and regular army operations, the combination of local operations and main mobile operations, the combination of guerrilla warfare and regular warfare, and the combination of defense and offense.According to different terrain conditions and combat tasks, more attention should be paid to the flexible use of various combat forms.For example, in the face of a strong enemy, the Vietnamese army mainly adopted guerrilla warfare, supplemented by positional warfare and counterattack warfare.In the long-term war against France and the United States, the Vietnamese army used this method of warfare.The Vietnamese army believes that this is the fundamental combat method to achieve "victory with less" and "conquer the strong with the weak". The Vietnamese army implemented the above-mentioned guiding ideology and principles in the combat preparations for anti-China and aggression against China. After long-term careful planning and painstaking management, before our army launched a self-defense counterattack, its guiding ideology and combat principles were already very clear. In terms of position setting, it is mainly along the traffic arteries, forming a support point defense system with greater independence.The mountains in North Vietnam overlap, steep slopes are narrow, and the terrain is dangerous. Only Lang Son, Cao Binh, Mong Cai and other places can be regarded as natural passages between the two countries, and there are traffic arteries leading to the heart areas such as Hanoi and Haiphong. Towns and areas where important industrial and mining enterprises are located.Based on these circumstances, the Vietnamese army did not fully deploy its limited forces along the stretching Sino-Vietnamese border, but focused on guarding several major traffic routes leading to the depths, with Lang Son as the main direction of defense, and concentrated two divisions. The strength of the 7 regiments accounted for nearly half of the frontier troops in Guangxi. In terms of the defense system, the dangerous terrain on both sides of the road is selected, and the defenses are set up mountain by mountain, so that the troops in the tactical area form a deep echelon configuration, which is not only conducive to saving troops for key defenses, but also conducive to blocking every step of the way.The deployment of troops is generally based on the battalion as an independent combat unit, which is divided into pieces and held firmly, and its defensive front is 3 to 5 kilometers.The support point of the company is generally selected on the commanding heights that can control roads and bridges. It is usually convenient for guarding, mutual support, and maneuvering of troops and firepower. It is convenient for building positions and can force the opponent to attack in an unfavorable situation.The support points generally include 2 to 4 high grounds, which are compiled into a main support point position, with a defensive front of 600 to 800 meters, some up to 1,000 meters, and a defense depth of 800 meters.The strength of the main support point position is usually a reinforced platoon, and can be supported by battalion 82 mortars and recoilless guns.The largest force in other positions is a platoon, and the smallest is a squad.It is rare to occupy a commanding height with a company of troops. In terms of fortification construction, the emphasis is on concealment and ingenuity, which is convenient for the deployment of troops and independent defense.On the defensive positions and important commanding heights, there are support-point circular fortifications, supplemented by a large number of bunkers and "A"-shaped shelters.The construction of fortifications pays attention to making full use of the terrain in the mountainous area of ​​Yuebei, which is easy to defend and difficult to attack.In Shishan District, natural caves are mainly used, equipped with light and heavy machine guns, anti-aircraft machine guns, various artillery, and anti-tank weapons to form a relatively solid firepower point.On both sides of the road, at the bends, at the pass, etc., use bamboo mountains, bushes, sugarcane fields, grass, etc. to build various real and false light and dark forts and shelters in order to carry out sudden and violent ambushes, attacks and blocking.In the earthy mountainous area, according to different terrains, various types of support-point circular defensive positions are constructed.Most of the fortifications are field fortifications with civil structures, and there are also a small number of permanent fortifications with reinforced concrete structures.The main fortifications are combat fortifications, concealed fortifications, security fortifications and command fortifications.Combat fortifications include rifle bunkers, machine gun bunkers, anti-aircraft machine gun bunkers, bazooka bunkers, artillery bunkers, bunkers, trenches, traffic trenches, T-shaped trenches, three-pronged trenches, etc. Most of these fortifications are convenient for observation, shooting, concealment, and can be played or hidden.The concealed fortifications include "A"-shaped shelters, cat ear holes, tunnels, tunnels, and transformed natural caves, etc., which are mainly used to prevent shelling and air defense attacks, and are also used for combat when necessary. The "A"-shaped shelter is used for anti-artillery and anti-air attack, and it is used for combat when necessary. It is the most common field fortification in the Vietnamese army. It can be used for shelter and accommodation for a combat team to a squad. It stores various guns, Ammunition, dry food and drinking water are convenient for both fighting and life.Support fortifications include ammunition rooms, storage rooms, kitchens, shelters for wounded soldiers, etc. These fortifications usually use natural caves, and artificial constructions are used in places where there are no natural caves.Command fortifications include command posts and observation posts at all levels. The Vietnamese army built a large number of fortifications on the position. Usually, each firearm has three bunkers, one for official use and two for backup.Each combat team has an "A"-shaped shelter.Each company has 4 to 5 observation posts.Even the units above have one official command post and two backup command posts, and all kinds of fortifications are generally connected with trenches and traffic trenches. The camouflage of the fortifications is also very ingenious, and there are many camouflage styles.For example, cassava, sweet potato, banana and various cash crops are planted around various fortifications, positions, and motorized roads, which can not only camouflage positions, but also receive economic benefits.In addition to building some exposed fortifications to confuse the opponent, each position also built a large number of dark forts and hidden firepower points in tree roots, bamboo forests, mountain feet, and grass that are difficult to find.In combat, the exposed fortification firepower is often fired first to attract firepower and attention, and when the opponent launches an impact on it, the concealed firepower point fires suddenly.Near the main positions, false positions are generally constructed.On the defended position, there are also real and fake fortifications, a combination of real and fake, and pay attention to adopting some feints to deceive the opponent. The fortifications constructed are basically a combination of up and down, inside and outside.In mountain defense, usually according to the size and height of the highland, 2 to 4 layers of fortifications are built from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain, and some have as many as 6 layers.Each layer of fortifications is connected with trenches, and each trench is connected with traffic trenches.In the battle, the fortifications on the mountainside are mostly used, relying on the fortifications on the mountainside, the top of the mountain, and the foot of the mountain to form a multi-layered fire net zone to fight.In the vicinity of towns and important villages, build internal and external multi-layer fortifications.Just like Deng Railway Station, the large and small stone mountains in Lang Son City, and the area around the Confucian Temple, the Vietnamese army used natural caves, large tunnels built with our assistance, and permanent fortifications built by the French army in the past as the backbone to build tunnels, tunnels, and the outside of the town. The field fortifications are connected.Form a core defense position that combines internal and external, relies on each other, and is relatively strong. In ordinary villages, there are also many shelters, various bunker fortifications, and snake-shaped trenches and traffic trenches to connect the positions outside the village.Under normal circumstances, only a small number of personnel from the Vietnamese army and the civilian army are on the top of the mountain to observe and defend, while other personnel carry out daily activities in the village.Once the situation is discovered, they quickly enter the position outside the village through the traffic trench. There are two types of obstacles set up by the Vietnamese army: explosive and non-explosive.Explosive obstacles are mainly mines.There are many types of landmines, which can be divided into two types: standard landmines and soil mines in terms of production methods; in terms of structure, they can be divided into three types: wooden shells, iron shells, and plastic shells.According to its performance and use, it is divided into trip mines, pressure mines, loose mines, tight mines, directional mines and jump mines, among which trip mines are the most.The Vietnamese army usually set up several mine groups about 300 meters away from the frontier of the main points. The depth of the mine groups is 4 to 5 meters, and different types of mines are laid alternately.Non-explosive obstacles mainly include bamboo sticks, barbed nails, traps, barbed wire, bamboo fences, thorns, deer villages, ditches, broken roads, stone walls, etc. Slopes, corners, bridges, culverts, etc., and in the grass on both sides of the path. At the front of important positions, the Vietnamese army set up multiple mixed obstacles with a depth of 100 to 200 meters, which were closely integrated with the firepower system.Usually the first line is a minefield (some mines are placed inside the barbed wire), the second line is nails and bamboo sticks, and the third line is barbed wire.The barbed wire fence in front of the position is a row of piles, which are generally erected 40 to 50 meters in front of the trench. In the firepower system, pay attention to cleverly setting up a soldier with multiple purposes.In important areas, a relatively strict firepower system has been organized from the front to the depth.Important support points are generally equipped with artillery, rocket launchers, anti-aircraft machine guns, light and heavy machine guns, submachine guns, grenades, grenades and other firearms.In the absence of aerial threats, the anti-aircraft firearms all fired flat.The core position usually has 85 cannons, 37 anti-aircraft guns and anti-aircraft machine guns as the backbone, and is equipped with light and heavy machine guns and submachine guns to form a multi-layer firepower network.There are fewer people and more firearms on the battlefield, and the number of weapons equipped exceeds the actual number of people. Each small force is equipped with various firearms and a large amount of ammunition.Most of the soldiers and militiamen can use a variety of weapons, using one weapon for another place, making it difficult for the opponent to figure out the reality.In some positions, the shooting range and shooting range are pre-marked, and the shooting elements are prepared in advance, and when the opponent approaches the front position, they suddenly fire. There are also many characteristics in the use of firearms, such as: curved anti-aircraft guns are mostly deployed on reverse slopes and mountain tops; According to the principle of facilitating firepower, all kinds of firearms are correspondingly arranged at the foot of the mountain, on the side of the mountain and on the top of the mountain, forming a multi-layered cross-fire network with different heights, different distances, and a combination of frontal and side shots.Mortars and anti-aircraft machine guns control exposed or sheltered main passages, valleys and easily accessible terrain, grenades control the effective range of submachine guns and the intermediate zone beyond the effective throwing distance of grenades.The artillery is mostly deployed in a dispersed manner and fired in groups.There are many prepared firing positions, the artillery moves quickly, and the artillery observes forward and combines with special agents and reconnaissance personnel.Anti-tank firearms are usually arranged in groups, using road bends, mountain passes, caves, houses and sugarcane fields to build concealed launch points. The tactics of the Vietnamese army were cunning and varied.For key points in important directions, the Vietnamese army mainly adopted a defensive style of play, relying on fortifications, relying on firepower, blocking frontal attacks, and fighting step by step.When the enemy was preparing for artillery fire, except for a few personnel of the Vietnamese army to observe, the rest of the personnel hid in caves or sheltered fortifications to preserve their strength.When the terrain is favorable for it and it is not convenient for concealment, the attacking unit is often placed at a distance of 100 meters or even tens of meters before shooting suddenly and violently to increase the casualties of the opponent.When one of its lines of defense is difficult to hold or is broken through, it retreats to a new line of defense to resist the attack.In some particularly important defensive areas or fortified guard points, the Vietnamese army often resisted in danger and did not retreat. troops and rear.When the Vietnamese army encountered a strong enemy or was defeated by a strong offensive, it was broken into parts and turned into civilians.Some moved to deep positions or designated positions behind them, and waited to move. Some went up the mountain, entered the forest, drilled holes, and hid in the grass. and sporadic personnel, or concentrate a certain amount of troops and weapons, and use the night to counterattack. Making full use of favorable terrain and implementing extensive ambushes is a common tactic used by the Vietnamese army.The units above the platoon of the Vietnamese army generally have an ambush plan.Most of the ambush locations are selected on dangerous terrains such as highways and passes, uphills, turns, and valleys on both sides of the main road, and pocket positions are concealed in advance to carry out tight camouflage.After the opponent enters the ambush circle, they will block the head and censor the tail, and suddenly fire at close range, causing a certain amount of damage to the opponent and retreating quickly, usually on the initiative.Set up a battalion with a large number of ambush troops, and the range of the ambush circle is as long as 1 kilometer. Counter-shock is an auxiliary means in the defense of the Vietnamese army.When the first position is lost, it is generally not organized to fight for it, but after the important position is lost, the troops of the squad to the company are usually organized to counterattack under the cover of firepower.The timing of the counterattack is generally chosen at night or when the opponent's foothold is not stable. Before the counterattack, the firepower is usually attacked first.When counter-impacting, the formation evacuates and leaps forward in an "S" shape with a low profile.When the counterattack fails to retreat, set up mines along the retreat section to prevent the pursuit. The cooperation of special agents is a tactical method that the Vietnamese army attaches great importance to.The Vietnamese army boasted that the agents were a "special force with a high degree of guerrilla tactics" and could carry out any combat mission. Judging from the situation of the Anti-US War, Vietnamese military agents were mainly used to attack the opponent's command posts, communication hubs, artillery positions, rear facilities and other targets.When performing tasks, the number of troops and equipment should be "few, fine, and light." Generally, companies, platoons, and squads are used as units, and regiment-scale troops are used only under special circumstances. When the special agent team performs tasks, it usually sends out a leading reconnaissance team to carry out close observation or sneak reconnaissance for one to several days and nights to understand the opponent's activity rules, and then formulate various attack plans, and organize operations on the map or in the sand table. Deliver ammunition and other equipment near the target area. After everything is ready, the agents will use dusk, night, rain and fog, as well as gaps in the opponent's defense or hidden terrain, to sneak to the periphery of the target and wait for cover.After the vanguard team secretly eliminated or crossed obstacles, the main force of agents approached the target in multiple ways and directions.When the special agent unit attacks an important target, it is usually organized into an assault part and a peripheral cover part.The assault part mainly carries explosives and blasting equipment to attack the target, and the peripheral part is responsible for blocking and assisting and setting up suspicious soldiers.When fighting, there is a clear division of labor, independent operations, and close coordination. The time for the agents to fire is usually based on the terrain, weather, etc., and is selected at midnight or dawn when the opponent is not on guard. If an accident occurs, the unit that fires first shall prevail.After the start, it is required to "hit to the command position" first, "bloom in the center", multi-directional, multi-way interspersed, split, quickly break into the target, and hit the opponent with grenades, rocket launchers, grenade launchers, and submachine guns.The duration of the battle is generally no more than 15 to 25 minutes. Although the Vietnamese army has experienced long-term wars, has rich combat experience, and has a certain foundation for anti-China and aggression operations, but due to political corruption, they have many weaknesses that are difficult to overcome.In terms of strategy and tactics, the ability to guide campaigns is low, and there is a lack of experience in coordinated operations of various arms. Basically, it is still in the stage of guerrilla warfare or mobile guerrilla warfare.On the one hand, the Vietnamese army invaded Cambodia on a large scale, and on the other hand, they frantically opposed and invaded China. They were fighting on two fronts, with limited troops and powerless. The total length of the Sino-Vietnamese border is 1,347 kilometers. The Vietnamese army has deployed less than 10 divisions. The front is wide, the troops are small, the gaps are large, the wings are exposed, and the depth of the troops is very small except for the Hanoi garrison. Weapons and equipment rely on people's nose.In the past, the weapons and equipment of the Vietnamese army were basically aided by China and the Soviet Union. After being openly anti-China, they mainly relied on the Soviet Union to provide them.There is still a certain reserve of light weapons, but the country cannot mass-produce heavy weapons and equipment, and the equipment is unable to make ends meet. The war potential is limited, and it cannot meet the needs of its hegemonic ambitions.Soon after the end of the Anti-US War, Vietnam launched the war of aggression against Cambodia and anti-China, and its national strength became weaker.Vietnam's financial revenue needs foreign aid of two or three billion VND per year to make up for the financial shortfall.Due to the heavy burden of military expenditures, insufficient construction funds, the national income has been declining year after year, the market is in short supply, and the people's lives are becoming more and more difficult. The national economy on the verge of bankruptcy cannot support the long-term consumption of its aggressive wars. The most fundamental and fatal weakness of Vietnam lies in its unjust nature of invading Cambodia and opposing China.Their actions violated the wishes and fundamental interests of the Vietnamese people, and were condemned by people all over the world. The ruling group was unstable, the hearts of the people were betrayed, and morale was low. Many people were unwilling to work for hegemony. Based on the above-mentioned analysis of the terrain conditions in the theater and the situation of the Vietnamese army, we can draw a conclusion: our army's implementation of self-defense counterattacks against Vietnam is not only politically justified, but also militarily beneficial. As long as the guiding ideology of the operation is correct, it can fully achieve The purpose of punishing the Le Duan Group. After the reporting comrades finished speaking, Xu Shiyou asked: "How did these situations come about?" The comrade who reported said: "Because Vietnam was originally a friendly neighbor, we have no reconnaissance work on Vietnam. Since the Le Duan Group's anti-China and anti-China, a large number of overseas Chinese have been forced to return to China. A considerable part of the current situation is obtained from investigations among overseas Chinese." "Give me an example." Xu Shiyou said. "There is a division in the Tongdeng area. The number of the division has not been clarified for a long time. Later, five overseas Chinese reported the situation of this division to us. Wei Guansheng, a returned overseas Chinese, once served as a soldier in the Communication Company of the 2nd Regiment of the 3rd Division of the Vietnamese Army.He said: The 3rd Division was transferred from Maozhuang North to Hebei Province in July 1976. In early July 1978, the chief mobilized and prepared to transfer Lang Son to fight with China. The 12th regiment went to Lang Son by train on July 12 and 13. Qiu Chengfa, a returned overseas Chinese who originally lived in Youlong Town, Gao Liang Province, said: When the troops of the 3rd Division were transferred to Lang Son, a car slipped under the Youlong Bridge and could not get on.They asked Qiu: How far is it from Lang Son?邱问：你们从哪里来的？他们说：从南陆来，到谅山去。 归侨廖文江1978年8月22日在友谊关零公里处，看到原住陆岸机场附近的第3师两名士兵，他们也参加了驱赶华侨。 原陆岸县林场工人，也是归侨，名叫潘拾。1978年12月20日他从同登乘火车去谅山，在车上听到一位军官不买车票与乘警斗嘴时说：我不买车票，是办公事的。你要知道我的身份吗？就到第3师参谋部找我好了。 归侨陈良学的妻子有一次上街，住同登市3师的一位少校的妻子告诉他说：她的那位少校每星期都回来的，有时一星期回来3次。 这些情况集中在一起，就证明了第3师已到了同登。 后来实战证明，同登确实是越军第3师防守。 许司令员说：“你讲得很好，有根据，也有分析。希望再把不清楚的敌情搞清。还要注意敌人变化，他们不是死的，一定会有变化，特别是发现我主力到边境后，他们可能重新调整部署，纵深里的战略预备队也可能有调动，今后不但要注意敌人的静态，还特别要注意敌人的新动态，发现一点蛛丝马迹，都要注意研究。” 随后，许世友又讲了以下的意见：过几天要去现场勘察，现在要做些准备，研究一个初步的计划。准备好了，到时候就走，人不要多，行动要保密。兵不厌诈，并不厌密。