This is the Engineering College of PLA University of Science and Technology. Before Nanjing was liberated in 1949, it was the seat of the Kuomintang Central Police Academy, the highest institution of the Kuomintang police system. On April 18, 1927, after Chiang Kai-shek established the National Government in Nanjing, in order to meet the needs of social security, he gradually set up police schools or police training centers (later renamed police training centers) at the central and local levels to train and train police officers and police officers. member.
At that time, the highest authority in charge of the police in the Republic of China was the Ministry of the Interior, which was subordinate to the Executive Yuan.There are two police agencies directly under the Ministry of the Interior, one is the Metropolitan Police Agency, and the other is the Police Academy.The school was originally founded by the Beiyang military government in 1917, with the goal of training senior police backbones, and its location is in Beijing.
After the Nanjing National Government unified the country, it took over the school and moved it to Nanjing in the spring of 1934. In August 1937, one month after the "July 7th" Incident, the Police Academy of Zhejiang Province merged with the Police Academy and was renamed the "Central Police Academy". Chiang Kai-shek himself served as the principal, and Li Shizhen served as the dean of education. , Presided over the daily work of the police academy.
Chiang's decision to create a central police academy was motivated by a vision to unite local control systems with a national police system. In 1936 Chiang Kai-shek convened a "Senior Local Administrative Personnel Meeting" to discuss the security of the local police.The background to the meeting was a long-running dispute between the central government and local leaders over the maintenance of the security forces.Local officials naturally favored the preservation of local armed forces controlled by their own funding, while representatives of the central government opposed the security forces, pushing for a formal police force to be led and trained by the new Nationalist government, but at local expense.
After listening to the opinions of both parties, Chiang Kai-shek decided to adopt the police system.As Yu said in his letter to Director Guomeng: "Now the chairman is very concerned about the improvement of policing in China. He wants to abolish all security forces, military police, etc., and put the responsibility for maintaining internal law and order in three Hand it over to the police within this year.” The Executive Yuan favorably approved the proposal to require provinces to submit police reform plans based on the principles stipulated by the Police Department.The Police Department announced: first, to abolish the security corps by the end of 1936 and gradually transfer their powers to the regular police over three years; second, while disbanding the security corps, transfer its funds to the county police departments; Third, the various levels of local police will be unified as much as possible; fourth, in poor and remote rural areas that cannot afford to support regular police, the power of law enforcement will be transferred to the former Baojia Mutual Aid Unit; fifth, in order to improve the quality of the police, the Requirements will gradually increase, and primary school graduation will be the minimum requirement for employment; sixth, the monthly starting salary of police officers will be 10 yuan; seventh, senior police officers will all study at the new Central Police Academy; eighth, normal police recruitment will be Selected from the training courses in various provinces and cities; Ninth, the weapons of the disarmed security forces will be transferred to the regular police departments for their use.
Apparently, one of the important instruments of this top-down merger was the Central Police Academy, which "was ordered to convert certain parts of the old security force into the police force after it was abolished".Just as this new national organization replaced local institutions in the provinces, the Zhejiang Police Academy closed its doors and transferred its fifth class of students to Nanjing.Now, Zhao Longwen's students (that is, Dai Li's students) are nominally students of Li Shizhen, the 40-year-old principal of the Central Police Academy.
Li Shizhen is China's leading police expert.Li graduated from the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924, served as the captain of the Zhejiang Security Force, and completed his formal training at the Japanese Police Academy in 1931. In 1935, Li Shizhen led a delegation to 19 countries in Europe and the United States to inspect their police systems, and was appointed as the principal of the "Police Officer College" in Nanjing after returning to China. In September 1936, he succeeded Chen Lifu as the dean of education at the New Central Police Academy.
Lee immediately began building his own campus.He chose a site near Qilin Gate in the outskirts of Nanjing, where he built buildings, built equipment, and recruited students and students.
The trainee classes are transferred in batches from the original police officers in various provinces, cities, and counties, and then add new education: such as fingerprints, household registration, interrogation, capture, tracking, traffic, signals, police training, etc... Academic, the duration of study is half a year; students recruit High school and junior high school students are given police education in various subjects, ideological and political training, foreign language teaching, military general knowledge exercises, physical training, etc.The three-year study period aims to revolutionize policing.
Like Chiang Kai-shek, Lee believed that the foundation of the modern state was a good police force.He told the graduating class of the Central Police Academy in 1943: "If you want to build a new country, you must first build a new society. If you want to build a new society, you must first build a modern national police force." strength.” Li Shizhen also combined administrative leadership with academics.After returning from Europe, he published an important investigation report on the world police system, and funded and presided over the "Chinese Police Academic Research Institute." It can be seen that his professional qualifications are impeccable.
However, Dai Li still insisted on competing for police training rights in the Central Police Academy (the school is located in a "tall" new building worth 250,000 yuan in the suburbs of Nanjing) to exclude Li Shizhen. Therefore, in order to belittle Li Shizhen's reputation among students Dai Li made himself a member of the "School Committee". Then, using his secret agent power, he established a secret agent committee in the police academy and acted as its chairman. The members of the secret agent committee included Wang Gupan, Feng Yukun and Zhao Longwen included his disciples and cronies. Moreover, he also placed former Zhejiang Police Academy instructors such as Hu Guozhen, Lu Zhengang, and Yu Xiuhao among the teaching staff of the new central training institution. In addition, in order to enable himself to master academic and professional rights and cooperate with Li Shizhen's police The scientific group was opposed, and Dai Li also established a "Chinese Police Academy", which actively participated in various debates with Li Shizhen's "Chinese Police Academic Research Institute". Li Shizhen's national police system reform was established in Berkeley Based on the questionnaire, in order to win the competition against Li, Dai Li needed to gain control over the Ministry of the Interior's national police policy. To this end, he installed Feng Yukun in the central government to manage the provincial police programs. The Department of Police "is responsible for planning, leading and supervising the police throughout China". In this position, Feng Yukun "controlled the Police Division of the Provincial Department of Civil Affairs and mastered the personnel power of the police system." He also Dai Li's secret agent branch was installed within the capital's police force.
When Feng Yukun was promoted, his classmate Yu Xiuhao in Berkeley was assigned to the Department of Police in charge of police education, fire prevention, foreign affairs, criminal investigation and "secret agents".In a letter to Womeng, Yu took their new positions as a victory for police reform in Berkeley.He said: "From now on, the entire police management and education will be completely controlled by V-people (that is, people from Guomeng)." Some aspects of police control fell into the hands of Dai Li's agents.As a result, during 1936-1937, the head of the secret police extended his influence to the police stations of Jiujiang, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Luoyang and other cities by manipulating the training programs and personnel arrangements of the Ministry of the Interior.
Feng Yukun played an absolutely pivotal role in this expansion.As the highest-ranking police officer in the Ministry of the Interior, whenever Dai Li needs to use the judicial power of the central government to turn a regular police unit into a secret service team, Feng Yukun can lend him the name of his unit.This was especially evident after the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War. In 1941, Dai Li wanted to expand the detective team of the Chongqing Police Station into a brigade and place it under the leadership of the former Shanghai station chief, Shen Jiu.After Dai Li sent this request to Tang Yi, chief of the Chongqing Police Department, Tang naturally asked the Police Department of the Ministry of the Interior for instructions.
At that time Feng Yukun, director of the Police Department of the Ministry of the Interior, who was in charge of police work across the country, was an agent of the military command, and this department was also controlled by the military command. When Dai wrote a letter to Tang, he also called Feng, explaining that he wanted to change this situation. The system, Feng Nuo Nuo repeatedly ordered to handle it on the phone.
So in less than a week, Dai Li's assistant and protégé Shen Zui was appointed as the captain of the Chongqing Detective Brigade.
Tang Yi himself was a powerful key link in Dai Li's takeover of the Sichuan police.Tang Yuan was the director of the intelligence department of Liu Xiang headquarters, and was later appointed as the director of the spy investigation department of the Sichuan Garrison Command.Although Tang was a heavy smoker and a member of the Gelaohui, he gained favor by offering a prostitute to the provincial government secretary, Wang Yanxu, to please him.He was appointed as Wang's special assistant, and from then on he became in touch with Dai Li, who regarded him as a regular agent. In 1938, Tang Yi was the chief of the reformed Chengdu police station, which gave Dai Li full freedom in the heart of law enforcement in Sichuan.
The plan for Chinese secret agents to recruit agents from legal education institutions coincides with the FBI chief training program.In a sense, their shared strength is that both share the goal of popularizing police professionalization in local law enforcement agencies.Yu Xiuhao reported to Guomeng that from September 15, 1936, in Nanking, "senior police officers from all over the country will receive a crash refresher training at the police academy", while other officers will attend a special training course at Lushan in the summer, where Yu wrote the syllabus, which includes Vomeng's textbook on the US police system.In addition, there are Yu Xiuhao's lectures, national inspections, Feng Yukun's frequent broadcasts "emphasizing the importance of policing and the necessity of cooperation between the people and the police", and the introduction of the most advanced U.S. Identify measures for centralization and programmatic record keeping.For example, in early 1937, Feng Yukun contacted Edgar Hoover to learn how the FBI sorted out and processed fingerprints.The Nanjing Kuomintang government also began to establish its own Central Fingerprint Bureau.
The introduction of the latest policing technology will combine ensuring modern administrative efficiency with the Chinese government's long-standing goal of national control over a local, semi-militarized system.From this perspective, the enthusiasm of the returned students for reform coincided with Chiang Kai-shek’s determination to unify his own control and to regard the police and the army as the two wings of his government’s rule.As headmaster of the Central Police Academy, Chiang Kai-shek told his graduating class in 1937:
As a nation's armed force, the ROC's police promoted centralization in the broadest sense.But as a system in itself, the police has never been a unified administrative tool.
Chiang Kai-shek's comprehensive development of the police is to resist local military competition.But he also cunningly used it to support his entourage's fight against each other in the national law enforcement system to prevent them from abusing judicial power for personal bureaucratic gain.While competing with Li Shizhen for control of the Central Police Academy, Dai Li also competed with Chen Lifu for the power to inspect post and telecommunications.The outcome of these secret bureaucratic struggles will undoubtedly depend on the support of the chairman.In the end, it was Dai Li's personal allegiance to his master that counted most, especially as covert agents of the government's intelligence agencies and the military system fought fiercely for superiority.
