Chapter 82 shape the world

After three years of silence, the Mongolian Corps pressed the button of war again.The Mongolian Corps conquered Shanxi first, and captured Fengxiang in February 1231.Wo Kuotai ordered Tuo Lei to lead 40,000 troops, cross the territory of the Southern Song Dynasty, and forced them to Dengzhou (now Dengzhou, Henan).There were 100,000 defenders in Dengzhou, and they resisted desperately. Tuo Lei could not conquer it, so they led the troops northward and swept the small cities between Dengzhou and Kaifeng.Wo Kuotai sent several generals to lead 10,000 troops across the Yellow River to Kaifeng, and he himself followed.The 100,000 people in Dengzhou were worried about the loss of Kaifeng, so they rushed northward. Since the towns along the way were occupied by the Mongols, it was extremely difficult to supply, and they were attacked by the elusive Mongolian army everywhere, and they were exhausted.

On the sixteenth day of the first lunar month in 1232, this Jin Corps arrived in Junzhou (now Yuxian County, Henan Province) and was about to enter the city to rest.Tuo Lei set up an ambush in Sanfeng Mountain outside Junzhou City, and used the trick of luring the enemy to lure the Jin Bingtuan into the ambush circle and wiped them all out.The elite of the Kingdom of Jin have been lost, and their demise is imminent. Wo Kuotai arrived at the city of Kaifeng and was besieged tightly. Jin Guo asked for peace, and Wo Kuotai agreed.But soon, the Kingdom of Jin turned against them again, killed the Mongolian envoy, and Subotai surrounded Kaifeng again. In the spring of 1233, the city of Kaifeng was besieged and lacked food. The Jin government abandoned Kaifeng and went to Guide (now Shangqiu, Henan).The Mongolian Corps followed and besieged Guide. In April 1233, Subotai captured Kaifeng City, punished Wanyan's clan, and blood flowed. In June 1233, the emperor of the Kingdom of Jin fled from Guide to Caizhou (now Runan, Henan), and the Mongolian Corps followed closely like ghosts. In the first month of 1234, Wanyan Shouxu, the emperor of the Jin Kingdom, hanged himself in despair in Caizhou City. Caizhou City soon fell, and the Jin Kingdom, which had been glorious for more than a century, perished.

Wo Kuotai's extermination of gold is completely in accordance with the strategy of Genghis Khan's will.After the gold was destroyed, in 1235, Wokuotai established Helin as the capital near Kulun-Uliasutai, which was the capital of the Mongolian Kingdom.Helin is a simple capital, Marco Polo said, it has only two main streets, and there is not much difference between the imperial palace and the place where ordinary people live.So it is so simple, it may be because Wo Kuotai has no time to build his own luxurious residence, because there are still many battles to be fought. After the gold was destroyed, Wo Kuotai opened up two battlefields at the same time: the Western Expedition and the Southern Song Dynasty.

Let’s look at the Western Expedition first. In the spring of 1236, Batu, the son of Jochi, led his troops to the Western Expedition. This was the second Western Expedition of the Great Mongol Kingdom. The goal was to wipe out the remnants of the Qincha.The Batu Corps first concentrated in the east of the Volga River, then conquered Burial, and then moved south to sweep away the remnants of Kipchak between the Kama River and the Caspian Sea.The Qincha people were already frightened, and when they saw the Batu Corps, they immediately fled.Batu chased to the coast of the Caspian Sea and completely wiped out the last wave of Kipchaks. The war lasted for a year.

In December 1237, Batu suddenly pointed his troops at Russia.His corps quickly crossed the Volga River and attacked Russia, first breaking through Yelezan City (now Ryazan, Russia) and Kolomna (now Kolomna, Russia). In February 1238, the Batu Corps besieged the Russian capital Vladimir, and the Russian Grand Duke abandoned the city. After the city was broken, the Batu Corps massacred the city for three days.Afterwards, the Batu Corps divided up its forces, and all the important towns in the surrounding area were captured one by one. In the spring of 1239, the Batu Corps entered the vicinity of Daerban and opened up the north-south communication line in the Caucasus, making Persia-Qipchak a united force. In 1240, the Batu Corps crossed the Don River and attacked South Russia.In November, they crossed the Dnieper River. On the sixth day of December, the Batu Corps captured Kyiv and completely destroyed this famous city.After destroying Kyiv, the Batu Corps continued to advance, captured cities in southern Russia, and once sent troops into Poland to loot.

After thoroughly mopping up South Russia, the Batu Corps turned their spearheads on Hungary again.The offensive began in the spring of 1241 and ended in the autumn of 1241. Hungary was defeated across the board, the king fled, and the whole of Europe was terrified and could not sleep at night. In November 1241, Wo Kuotai passed away, and the empress Ma Zhen temporarily presided over the political situation. In March 1242, the second Western Expedition of the Great Mongol Kingdom came to an end.Batu left the town of Kipchak, established the Kipchak Khanate, and ruled Russia for more than two hundred years.

In 1246, the Kulitai General Assembly was held. Wokuotai’s son Guiyou was elected as the Khan of Great Mongolia. Khan.As a result, the inheritance of the Datong of the Great Mongolian Kingdom was transferred from the Wokuotai position to the Tuolei position. In 1253, Meng Ge ordered the emperor's younger brother Hulawu to report to Dacheng.Prior to this, Zalandin colluded with the caliph of Baoda and launched a counterattack in Persia, which had been pacified by Mongolia.The purpose of Hulagu's western expedition was to completely quell the Persian turmoil and the Islamic holy land, and reshape the Islamic world. In February 1258, Hulagu's corps captured Baoda, and all the Islamic world in West Asia was included in the Great Mongol Kingdom.Afterwards, the Hulagu army attacked Syria and launched an attack on Egypt. In 1260, in the face of Egypt's stubborn resistance, Hulagu stopped his seven-year expedition. In 1265, Hulagu established the Ilkhanate nine years ago to the east of the Indus River, and north to the Aral Sea-Caspian Sea. - Caucasus - Black Sea line, south of the Persian Gulf and Arabia, west of the Mediterranean Sea.The size of the territory and the strength of the power made Europe feel like a chill.

Meng Ge died in the ninth year of his reign, and his younger brother Kublai Khan succeeded the Great Khan in 1260. He not only called himself Khan, but also followed the model of the Han people. Eleven years later, he was called Emperor and his capital was Beijing. This was the Yuan Empire.Kublai Khan has dual identities, not only the Great Khan of the Great Mongol Kingdom, but also the Emperor of China. So far, one empire (Yuan Empire) and four khanates (Ogotai Khanate, Chagatai Khanate, Chincha Khanate, and Ilkhanate) of the Great Mongol Kingdom have all arrived. The most imminent thing for Kublai Khan after he became emperor was to end the long-standing war against the Song Dynasty and destroy the Southern Song Dynasty.We have to start from the beginning. We still remember that in 1231, the Tuo Lei Corps crossed the territory of the Southern Song Dynasty and went straight to Dengzhou, the Kingdom of Jin.In fact, at that time, the Mongolian Corps borrowed from the Southern Song Dynasty in accordance with Genghis Khan's will, but Genghis Khan did not expect that the Southern Song Dynasty did not borrow, and even killed the Mongolian envoy who came to negotiate.

Tuo Lei was furious, and he refused to borrow, and ordered the Mongolian Corps to take it by force.Tuo Lei, the commander of the expeditionary force, easily tore a hole in Dasan Pass (now southwest of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) and entered the Southern Song Dynasty. State, and then successfully left the territory of the Southern Song Dynasty, entered the territory of Jin State, and stormed Dengzhou. In the spring of 1233, the Mongols captured Kaifeng.Wanyan Shouxu, the last emperor of the Kingdom of Jin, ran to Caizhou, and Wo Kuotai signed a military alliance with the Southern Song Dynasty. The Mongolian Empire asked the Southern Song Dynasty to supply the Mongolian army with food and grass, and sent troops. The two sides jointly captured Caizhou. .

In 1234, the Kingdom of Jin perished.The Mongols were concentrating on cleaning the battlefield. The Southern Song Dynasty suddenly assembled an army of 200,000 to attack the Mongols in the three capitals (Kaifeng in Tokyo, Luoyang in Xijing, and Shangqiu in Nanjing).Note that these three places are all north of the Huaihe River and south of the Yellow River. According to the original agreement of Song and Meng, the places north of the Huaihe River belong to the Mongols, and have nothing to do with your Southern Song Dynasty.In other words, this is blatant rebellion and aggression. The progress was very smooth. In the eighth month of the lunar calendar in 1234, the Southern Song army regained the three capitals. Before the capital Lin’an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) had time to hold a celebration banquet, the Mongols had launched a counterattack. The 200,000 troops of the Southern Song Dynasty collapsed and retreated in the three capitals almost at the same time. After reaching the south bank of the Huaihe River, half of the soldiers were lost.

The sudden rebellion of the Southern Song Dynasty angered the Mongols, and the vulnerable combat power made the Mongols issue a death notice to it.Beginning in 1235, some corps of the Mongolian Empire continued to launch attacks along the border of the Southern Song Dynasty, making the Southern Song Dynasty unable to eat well and sleep. In 1253, the Mongol Empire took a slant, bypassed the Southern Song Dynasty, went deep into the Yunnan area among the mountains, destroyed the Kingdom of Dali, and then surrendered the Kingdom of Annan. In 1258, the Mongol Empire attacked the Southern Song Dynasty in three ways. In 1259, Kublai Khan of one of the roads crossed the Yangtze River and arrived at the city of Ezhou (now Wuhan, Hubei). Hundreds of people attacked the city, and the city of Ezhou was about to fall.Before Kublai Khan could close his mouth in surprise, another news came that his brother Ali Bak was holding the inauguration ceremony of the Great Khan in the Mongolian headquarters. Kublai Khan thought that he had more capital to be the Great Khan than Brother Ali, so he let go of Ezhou, turned around and went back to the headquarters of the Mongolian Empire to "fry" with his brothers.After four years of bloody civil war, in 1264 Kublai Khan won in a landslide. In 1269, Kublai Khan declared full-scale war on the Southern Song Dynasty. In 1274, Boyan, the commander of the Mongolian Expeditionary Army, captured Ezhou, went eastward along the Yangtze River, and fell into Anqing, defeating the last line of defense of the Southern Song Army on the Wuhu River.Now, the Mongolian army can swagger to Lin'an.The Southern Song Dynasty hurriedly asked for peace, and Boyan agreed according to Kublai Khan's instructions.Kublai Khan did not intend to destroy the Southern Song Dynasty, but hoped that the Southern Song Dynasty, like Annan, would become a satellite state of the Yuan Empire. However, the Southern Song Dynasty sent himself to death.The negotiating envoy sent by Boyan to Hangzhou was suddenly executed by a patriotic general of the Southern Song Dynasty on the way. When Boyan heard the news, he was so angry that he immediately turned into a firecracker.The central government of the Southern Song Dynasty hurriedly sent people to apologize to Boyan and vowed to severely punish the murderer.Boyan suppressed himself not to explode, and sent an envoy for the second time.Unexpectedly, there were too many patriots in the Southern Song Dynasty. When the second envoy was halfway, he was killed again. Boyan was so angry that he screamed and ordered the army to attack Lin'an. In front of the powerful Mongolian army, the weak Lin'an had no other way out but fell.The high officials of the Central Committee of the Southern Song Dynasty did not understand Boyan's fury, thinking that Boyan had no sincerity. If he was sincere, if two envoys died, they could send another one. What they don't understand is that they made Boyan's firecracker with their own hands. You made a firecracker and lit two fires, but you didn't want it to explode. This is too unfair to the firecracker. In 1279, the weak government-in-exile of the Southern Song Dynasty was completely destroyed by the Mongolian army in Yashan, and the Southern Song Dynasty officially perished. From the exchange of fire between Song and Mongolia in 1234 to the demise of the Southern Song government-in-exile in 1279, it took 35 years.During these 35 years, the Mongolian Kingdom was dispersed by two Western Expeditions, and it was not until Kublai Khan proclaimed Khan that all the troops were really used on the Song and Mongolian battlefields. The demise of the Southern Song Dynasty marked the unification of China by the Yuan Empire.Most of the world has been reshaped by the Mongols, but the crazy conquest has not disappeared. As early as 1274, Kublai Khan sent envoys to Japan, asking them to pay tribute.The Japanese ignored him, so at the end of the year, he ordered the Corps to go east to conquer Japan.The Mongolian Corps defeated the Japanese Kyushu troops in Hakata Bay. When they were about to take advantage of the victory to attack, they encountered a hurricane, lost half of their troops, and retreated in embarrassment. Although Kublai Khan suffered a defeat, he still sent envoys to Japan to ask them to bow their heads.The Japanese were furious and beheaded the Mongolian envoy. In 1281, after years of preparations, Kublai Khan assembled 200,000 Han and Korean troops and ordered a second conquest of Japan.What is horrifying is that the hurricane came back again and destroyed all the Mongolian warships anchored by the sea. The Mongols were almost wiped out this time and returned in embarrassment again.The Japanese later called these two hurricanes kamikazes. During World War II, Japan's "Kamikaze Squads" who marched forward bravely regardless of life and death had their spiritual support here. After this disastrous defeat, Kublai Khan had repeatedly planned to conquer Japan three times, but under the persuasion of the ministers, he completely gave up this difficult plan, and Japan became the only country in Asia that did not surrender to the Mongols. Let's look at Annan again.As early as 1257, the Mongolian Corps broke through its capital and returned it after looting.Afterwards, Annan always surrendered to the Mongols. In 1277, Kublai Khan asked King Annan to come to Yuan Dadu (now Beijing), but King Annan refused.Kublai Khan thought it was a challenge to his authority, but the war to destroy the Song Dynasty was in full swing, so six years later, in 1283, Kublai Khan ordered the attack on Annan.The head of the Mongolian Corps drove straight in and captured the capital of Annan.However, due to the hot local climate, the Mongols could not bear it, and because the Annan guerrillas were rampant, the Mongols quickly withdrew their troops from Annan. completely annihilated.It is a characteristic of the Mongols to take revenge for revenge. In 1287, the Mongolian Corps re-entered Annan, which was almost a copy of the last time.Breaking through Annan's capital, looting everywhere, unable to stand the local heat, withdrew his troops and returned to the country, but was ambushed by Annan halfway, causing heavy losses. Defeating the Mongols twice did not make Annan arrogant. On the contrary, in 1288, they sent envoys to Dadu to pay tribute.But the king of Annan Kingdom did not follow the regulations to enter Dadu. The Mongols had more than enough energy for that place, so they had to turn a blind eye to it. This is true for Annan, and it is also true for Myanmar.Myanmar was settled by Kublai Khan in 1271. Myanmar bowed to the Mongols, but everyone knew that they did not really belong to them. In the spring of 1277, the Burmese invaded the frontiers of the Yuan Empire, and Kublai Khan responded slowly but severely. In 1283, an elite Mongolian regiment entered Burma, and the two sides fought and fought for six years. In 1289, Burma surrendered completely, but only verbally. The last expansion of the Mongols was the expedition to Java.Java is just a small island, smaller than Japan and farther away from China, but the Mongols still went there to persuade them to surrender. The Javanese humiliated the Mongolian envoys and drove them away with tattoos on their faces to show their contempt for the Mongols. Kublai Khan was not one to be scorned lightly. In 1292, a Mongolian army of 20,000 men attacked Java by warships.The King of Java first pretended to be a vassal, and then took advantage of the negligence of the Mongolian army to launch a surprise attack, and the Mongolian army was defeated. Although the above several expeditions and battles had setbacks, they were really insignificant to Great Mongolia.The strength of these expeditions was the power of the Yuan Empire, the son of the Mongolian Kingdom, and the other four khanates remained unchanged. When Kublai Khan unified China, this unprecedented Mongolian country was completed. The territory of the Mongolian country can be described as thrilling: the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Black Sea coast in the west, and the South China Sea in the south.The territory is 35 million square kilometers. Note that the land area of ​​the earth is 150 million square kilometers.This country has opened up the gates of the East and the West that have been closed for thousands of years, making the three continents of Asia, Africa and Europe one. However, just over a hundred years later, the Great Mongolian Kingdom began to vomit out the meat it ate into its mouth, and the vomiting was miserable. In 1369, under the attack of the Northern Expedition of the Ming Dynasty, Tuohuan Timur, the last emperor of the Yuan Empire, ordered to withdraw from Dadu, then from the Great Wall, and finally retreated to their hometown of Mongolian grassland.They were not the first group of Mongols to be beaten back to their hometown. As early as 60 years ago, the Ogodei Khanate that ruled Xinjiang and Central Asia had perished, and the remaining Mongols fled back to the Mongolian grasslands.When the Mongols on both sides were sighing, another bad news came: the Chagatai Khanate that ruled Central Asia was declared dead, and the Mongols who survived fled back to their hometown in embarrassment. Nineteen years later, in 1388, the Ilkhanate, which ruled the Caucasus, Iran, and Iraq, collapsed. 114 years after the demise of the Ilkhanate, in 1502, the Kipchak Khanate, which ruled Hungary, Poland, and parts of Europe, split. , Like an iceberg disappearing under the scorching sun. So far, one empire and four khanates of the Great Mongolian Kingdom have all perished, and the Great Mongolian Kingdom created by Genghis Khan has been wiped out.Like 160 years ago, this group of Mongolians re-lived in yurts, searched for pasture land again, and fought and killed the surrounding tribes again.The great past suddenly became a dream bubble.Before long, they were poor nomads, just like their ancestors thousands of years ago.They circled a big circle and returned to the original starting point.Afterwards, Tibetan Buddhism was introduced to the Mongolian grasslands, and the Mongolian athletes believed in it very much. All the passions were as quiet as well water, and the Mongolians in the Genghis Khan era would never come to the world again. This has nothing to do with Genghis Khan, of course, this is another story.