Chapter 3 Chapter Two During the Agrarian Revolutionary War

After the failure of the Great Revolution, the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party broke down, and white terror enveloped the whole country.The activities of the party went underground and turned to armed struggle. In northern Shaanxi, Jing Yuexiu, a warlord entrenched in Yulin, also launched a frenzied "party cleansing" movement. On August 4, 1927, Jingbu surrounded the Sui Division, ordered all the teachers and students of the school to leave the school, and burned progressive books and periodicals. For a while, the flames blazed into the sky, and there were shouts, and the principal Chang Hansan cried angrily.The students were forced out of the school one by one and were strictly checked.Cai Nanxuan, a teacher of the Suishi Division, secretary of the Suide Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China, Guan Zhongzhe, a propaganda member of the Suide Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China, and party members and teachers Lei Wuzhai and Zhao Shaoxi were deported. The principal Chang Hansan was banned from living in Suide and was not allowed to hold public office for three years. , teaching, not allowed to leave Suide.At the same time, the Yan'an garrison was also ordered to close the Yan'an Provincial No. 4 Middle School. Tian Boying, the secretary of the Yan'an Prefectural Committee and the principal of the No. 4 Middle School, was placed under house arrest, and most of the teachers were sent home; The school was reorganized, and most of the party and league members were forced to leave the school.In Yulin, where the headquarters of the Jingyue Xiu Department is located, seven people, including Ma Yuncheng, Zhou Jiayu, Guo Hongtao, and Du Yude, the heads of the Yulin Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China, were wanted, and they left northern Shaanxi immediately.Most of the party and league organizations in northern Shaanxi fell into a state of being unorganized and scattered for a while, and the revolution quickly turned to a low ebb.

After September 1927, the Shaanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China successively sent people to northern Shaanxi to restore and rectify the organization. In April 1928, the Northern Shaanxi Special Committee of the Communist Party of China was established. In January 1931, Ma Mingfang served as a member of the special committee.Restore and develop the party organization and accumulate revolutionary forces. From the second half of 1927 to 1933, the party organization in northern Shaanxi was in a period of secret work.Ma Mingfang has done a lot of work to restore and develop the party organization and accumulate revolutionary forces.

In the second half of 1927, Ma Mingfang served as Secretary of the Hengshan District Committee of the Communist Party of China. He used elementary school teachers as a cover in Hengshan Xiangshuibao to restore and rectify the party organization.At that time, Cao Yahua, the principal of Xiangshuibao Primary School, and Qiang Xiongfei, a teacher, were all party members, and there were also some party members on the street.He actively carried out party work in Xiangshuibao, developing party members among teachers and students; at the same time, he carried out revolutionary propaganda and ideological education among students.Most of the party, league members and progressive students of Xiangshuibao later participated in the work in the northern Shaanxi guerrilla area and the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border area.

From 1928 to 1929, Ma Mingfang successively worked in Suide North District, East District, and Sishipu, serving as a member of the Suide County Committee of the Communist Party of China, secretary of the North District Committee, and inspector. In the first half of 1928, Ma Mingfang worked under the cover of a teacher in Yangjiagou Primary School.The principal, Ma Xingmin, is a big landlord in Yangjiagou. Most of the teachers and students are from the village, and there are many children from wealthy lands. It is very inconvenient to contact other villages. Ma Mingfang left the school after half a year.At that time, Li Linwei, Wei Xijiu, etc. had made working contact with Ma Mingfang. The work in their area made progress and developed some peasant party members.

In the second half of 1928, Ma Mingfang did not have a social occupation as a cover, and as an inspector of the Suide County of the Communist Party of China, he went to various districts to inspect and help work. In August, when Ma Mingfang and Jing Yangshan visited Denan District, they held a meeting of the district committee on the banks of the Wuding River in Tieqiping, asking party members and the masses to open up work boldly.At that time, Cui Tianfu, secretary of the Southern District Party Committee, was born as a farmer, active in work, and had prestige among the masses; the leading members of the District Party Committee, Cui Tianmin and Cui Zhengran, were able to connect closely with the masses, so there were many peasant party members in the Tieqiping area of ​​the Southern District, and the basis for mass work was Well, the Party has great influence among the masses.Later, Ma Mingfang went to Suide City and the East District to inspect the work, and found that the work in Majiachuan, Yihe Town, East District was poor, so he instructed party members to actively carry out work among the masses.The work in Leijiagou, Shengouli and Yishangping areas is good, and the heads of the district committee Liu Hanwu and Huo Weide are active in their work.There is a small school in this area, and the winter study is used as a place for party organization activities in winter. The number of party members and party work have developed.In the past six months, when Ma Mingfang inspected the work of various district committees, he conducted investigations with many party members and the masses, and gained a more detailed understanding of the rural situation and the party's work in the countryside.In practice, he further realized the importance of shifting the focus of the party's work to the countryside.The peasants in northern Shaanxi are the main force of the revolution. They are deeply exploited by the landlords and the government, and live in extreme poverty. They have high revolutionary enthusiasm and a brave fighting spirit. If they are separated from the countryside and the peasants, the revolutionary struggle will not be successful.

In 1929, Ma Mingfang served as secretary of the North District Committee and worked as a teacher in Sishipu Primary School under the cover of a teacher.The principal is a farmer, and the teacher Ma Shengwu and others are all party members. There are party members and League members in the countryside, on the street, and in schools. Do publicity work.At that time, four branches were established in the North District, and the party members grew to more than 20 people, all of whom were farmers and hired workers. In 1929, there was a severe drought in northern Shaanxi, and the barren land was thousands of miles away. The people swallowed chaff and vegetables, and could not eat their fill.The wild vegetables in the field were dug up, and the bark of the elm trees was almost stripped. The people were so hungry that they fled famine in groups to beg for food. "Heilong Dawang, old man, spread the clouds early, and it will rain!" The cries kept coming one after another. Some party members took the initiative to lead hungry people in groups to eat rich families, beat tax bureaus, and break into government offices. Some hungry people asked the party members they knew: "Usually you promote the revolution and stand up, what do you do now?" Zhou Fayuan, the secretary of the party's county party committee at that time, was devoted to business and was passive in his work.Ma Wenrui, a member of the Standing Committee of the Party's County Committee and secretary of the Youth League Committee, went to Mizhi County to attend the Youth League Congress in northern Shaanxi, and asked Liu Zhidan and Bai Leting, members of the special committee of the Party, to study how to save the hungry people.Liu Zhidan proposed: "Start the struggle of the hungry people and ask the landlords and the government for food." After returning to Suide, Ma Wenrui conveyed this opinion to the party's county committee, and decided to notify the party and league organizations in the county to mobilize the masses to gather in Suide according to the determined time The county town asked the landlord government for food, and immediately spread it to all districts with chicken feather letters.After Ma Mingfang received the notice, he immediately made arrangements.Since he was a primary school teacher, it was inconvenient for him to enter the city openly, so he organized peasant party members to lead the masses into the city.On the appointed day, four or five thousand peasants gathered in Suide County with pockets on their backs and picks in their hands.Zhang Jiannan, the battalion commander of the garrison, saw the huge crowd and ordered the four gates to be closed. The soldiers were armed with live ammunition and stood guard on the city wall.Zhang Jiannan ordered to fire his guns into the air, but he still couldn't stop the tide-like crowd.At that time, the county magistrate and the gentry were in a meeting. Hearing the news, he was flustered and fled from the city with a rope tied around his waist.The masses couldn't find the county magistrate, so they dug grain in the landlord's house, but they didn't know where to hide it, so they didn't dig up grain.So they all flocked to an egg factory where capitalists in Shanxi made egg powder, smashed it, and robbed the egg powder. This is the famous "egg factory" struggle.Feeling the seriousness of the situation, Zhang Jiannan sent people to discuss with the county magistrate and persuade the masses to leave the city, but the masses insisted that they would never leave the city without relief.They had no choice but to set up a platform in Nancheng and distribute one silver dollar to each person.At that time, many party members went to the city. Party members Li Guangbai, Dang Yongliang, Xu Jinhe, Bai Taikang, He Jinnian, Wu Zhiyuan, Bai Rubing, etc. from the Fourth Division of Suide (now re-schooled) also disguised themselves as farmers to work among the masses.Some comrades proposed that the economic struggle should be elevated to a political struggle.Ma Wenrui convened responsible party members from all districts who had entered the city to study, and believed that the time was not yet ripe, and the struggle should be stopped in moderation, so he mobilized the masses to leave the city one after another.The struggle of the hungry people this time was a large-scale mass struggle led by the party organization in northern Shaanxi, which shows that the party's work among the masses has already established a considerable foundation; Impact.

In 1930, Ma Mingfang served as Secretary of the Zhenchuan District Committee of the Communist Party of China (directly under the leadership of the Northern Shaanxi Special Committee of the Communist Party of China). In 1931, the Northern Shaanxi Special Committee decided that Mizhi, Jiaxian and Zhenchuan counties and one town would be merged to form the party's central county committee, and Ma Mingfang would be the secretary of the central county committee.During this period, he has been working under the cover of a teacher at Jinchuan Elementary School.Liu Shaorang, the principal of Zhenchuan Primary School, and the teachers Cui Mingdao, Li Junzao, Liu Shuxiang, and Du Hongliang are all party members, and the work has been carried out relatively smoothly. In the countryside to the east of Dinghe, several branches have been established; mass organizations such as the Salt Workers' Union, the Poor Farmers' League, the Mutual Aid Association, and the Women's Association have also been established.The party led various mass organizations to secretly distribute leaflets and put up slogans, and mobilized the masses to fight against rents, taxes, and donations; and began planning to organize guerrillas and fight against local tyrants.The active activities of party members and the masses attracted the attention of Kuomintang secret agents. In April and May of 1930, Sun Shiying, a special commissioner of the Yulin Kuomintang, led troops to Zhenchuan to search Zhenchuan Primary School and destroyed the progressive books in the library. However, the party organization was not damaged, and the party's work continued. moving forward.

During this period, Ma Mingfang also visited Suide and Xichuan as a member of the Northern Shaanxi Special Committee of the Communist Party of China.He has been to Zhoujiamei, Miaojiaping, Sanhuangmao and other places, where the party organization and work have developed, and the work of the masses has also established a certain foundation. The situation of leadership has changed after restoration and rectification.During this period, due to the influence of putschism and the Li San line, party organizations in cities and in the army were destroyed by the enemy, and their strength was weakened.However, the party has not been greatly affected in the rural areas, and the party organizations and party work in the rural areas have developed relatively.The strength gathered by the party organizations in northern Shaanxi during the years of secret work created the necessary conditions for launching guerrilla warfare and opening up base areas.

While all the work was moving forward, Ma Mingfang was wanted by the enemy. In March 1931, when Ma Mingfang returned home, he was captured by the government servants. He struggled to break free, and a bunch of hair was pulled off. Fortunately, the villagers rescued him and escaped.Villager Li Luxi escorted him across the Yellow River.After Ma Mingfang arrived in Taiyuan, he got in touch with Liu Tianzhang, the Shanxi Special Committee of the Communist Party of China, and reported to Liu Tianzhang the process of his arrest and escape and some work conditions in northern Shaanxi that he knew, and asked the Shanxi Special Committee to report his arrest and escape to the Northern Shaanxi Special Committee. Committee, and asked the Shanxi Special Committee to assign him work.Liu Tianzhang asked him to wait for a while and decide whether he should return to northern Shaanxi or stay in Taiyuan to work after waiting for a letter from the Northern Shaanxi Special Committee.He lived in Taiyuan for more than 30 days, and the Shanxi Special Committee assigned him to work as a freemason among street vendors in Taiyuan.One day, when he returned to the guild hall where he lived, the reactionaries were hunting down the Communists in the guild hall.When Ma Mingfang turned his head and walked out of the main street, he was also arrested.He took advantage of the gap to tear up the simple work points written in the small notebook.Among those arrested at the same time, only a few people recognized him. When the enemy interrogated him, he lied that his name was Zhao Desheng, he was from Qikou, Shanxi Province, and his father was doing business in Peiping.This tricked the enemy and set him free.Subsequently, the Shanxi Special Committee of the Communist Party of China appointed him as an inspector and sent him to northern Shanxi for inspection work.After working in Datong and nearby coal mines for a while, he returned to Taiyuan to report.However, the party organization in Taiyuan had been greatly damaged, and it was impossible to find a relationship, so he returned to northern Shaanxi and got in touch with Zhao Boping, Secretary of the Northern Shaanxi Special Committee of the Communist Party of China, and worked full-time on the party work in the special committee. In the winter of 1932, Zhao Boping went to Xi'an to report to the Shaanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, and Ma Mingfang served as the acting secretary of the Northern Shaanxi Special Committee of the Communist Party of China.At this time, Ma Wenrui and Wang Zhaoqing were added as special committee members.

The development of guerrilla warfare in northern Shaanxi and the establishment of revolutionary base areas were gradually developed under the guidance of the Jinggangshan road. In July 1933, the Fourth Enlarged Meeting of the Northern Shaanxi Special Committee of the Communist Party of China was held in Gaoqijia, Jia County, chaired by Ma Mingfang.This meeting has important historical significance for the development of guerrilla warfare in northern Shaanxi. In addition to the special committee members Ma Mingfang, Ma Wenrui, Bi Weizhou, Wang Zhaoqing, Chang Xuegong (later rebellion), Cui Fengyun, Lu Xuezeng (Lu Ben), representatives from various places Cui Tianfu, Cui Tianmin, Gao Langting, Zhao Fuxiang, Gao Jiujiu , Zhang Gang, Zhang Dazhi, Jia Huaizhi and others.The main topic of this meeting was to discuss the issue of launching guerrilla warfare in northern Shaanxi.In his political report, Ma Mingfang analyzed in detail the situation of the revolutionary struggle in northern Shaanxi and the comparison between the forces of the enemy and ourselves, fully explaining the necessity and importance of guerrilla warfare.The report pointed out that the ruling class in northern Shaanxi cruelly oppressed the common people, levied various taxes, land rent and usury were heavily exploited, and the common people had reached the point where they could no longer live.The political oppression and economic exploitation of the ruling class aroused strong resistance from the people in northern Shaanxi.Northern Shaanxi is vast and sparsely populated, with many mountains and deep ditches, and Jingyuexiu's army is weak. Except for a few enemy troops stationed in the county towns and some larger towns, the vast rural areas have no garrisons, which is conducive to guerrilla warfare.The party organization in northern Shaanxi has a certain foundation, connects with the masses, has prestige and appeal among the masses.The first detachment of the guerrillas established by the Northern Shaanxi Special Committee has persisted in the struggle for more than a year. It can be used as the backbone of the armed struggle and has the influence and strong support of the 26th Army of the Red Army in the Shaanxi-Gansu border. As long as the party's leadership is correct, It is entirely possible to rely on the masses, mobilize them, and carry out guerrilla warfare.After full discussion, the meeting unanimously agreed to Ma Mingfang's report.The meeting decided: arm the masses of workers and peasants to carry out guerrilla warfare and establish a Red Army of workers and peasants; mobilize the masses to carry out extensive mass movements against food, taxes, and rent debts; crack down on local tyrants to divide the land, confiscate the property of the landlords, distribute them to working peasants, and establish revolutionary base areas; Develop party and league organizations, restore and strengthen the construction of county and district party organizations, and strengthen the party's leading role in all aspects.At the same time, it was decided: (1) to expand the first detachment and create a guerrilla zone in Anding (now Zichang County). (2) Establish the second detachment and create the Sui (De) Qing (Jian) ​​guerrilla zone. (3) Establish a third detachment and create a guerrilla zone in Shen (Mu) Fu (Valley).The strength of the party in the Anding area, the Suiqing area, and the Shenfu area is relatively strong, and the mass base is relatively good. First, carry out guerrilla warfare in these three areas and establish a revolutionary base area, starting from Fugu in the north and connecting with Yan'an in the south, so that it is easier to attack the enemy and expand the party. influence and echo each other.The meeting decided to send Bi Weizhou as the political commissar of the first team, Wang Zhaoqing to assist in the rectification of the first team, Cui Tianfu, Cui Tianmin, Gao Langting to Suiqing to form the second team, and Ma Wenrui to Shenfu to form the third team.

The meeting elected members of the special committees of the party and the regiment, and improved the leadership of the party and the regiment.Before the election, the election of Ma Mingfang as the special committee secretary of the party had already been planned, but Cui Fengyun said: The representative of the Central Committee in the north instructed that the secretary should be elected as a worker.He proposed that He Niu, a carpenter in Suide, be the secretary, but everyone disagreed. As a result of the discussion, they elected Cui Tianfu as the secretary.Because Cui Tianfu is a farm laborer and a very old party member, with high class consciousness, strong revolutionary will, and the courage to fight against the enemy.The meeting elected Ma Mingfang, Ma Wenrui, Chang Xuegong, Bi Weizhou, Wang Zhaoqing, Cui Fengyun, Lu Xuezeng, Cui Tianmin, Zhang Dazhi, Gao Jiujiu and other 10 members of the special committee of the party, and Ma Mingfang was the head of the organization department of the special committee. After the meeting, Ma Mingfang, Ma Wenrui and Chang Xuegong went to Jiangjiaxinzhuang, Mizhi County to draft the meeting resolutions, and other committee members went to designated places to convey the spirit of the meeting.Bi Weizhou, Wang Zhaoqing, and Gao Luxiao, who went to the first detachment to collect funds for the special committee, passed by Zhenchuanbao on their way to Anding, and stayed at the home of Cui Mingdao, Secretary of the Mizhi District Committee of Zhenchuanbao.Dong Peiyi, a special agent of the Kuomintang garrison in Mizhi, mixed with the Communist Party and lived in the same courtyard with Communist Party member Gao Qingen.Then lead the enemy to Zhenchuan Fort to capture Cui Mingdao.It happened that Bi Weizhou, Wang Zhaoqing, and Gao Luxiao were in Cui Mingdao's house, so these four comrades were arrested at the same time.Under the leadership of Dong Peiyi, the enemy went to Jiangjiaxinzhuang to arrest Ma Mingfang, Ma Wenrui, and Chang Xuegong. Fortunately, the villagers in this village were highly aware. Jiang Haoxing's mother was standing guard outside the gate. The army is coming!" Ma Mingfang, Ma Wenrui, and Chang Xuegong jumped off the cliff and fled when they heard the sound.Afterwards, he was followed and chased, and was pointed to another ditch by the masses.After Ma Mingfang, Ma Wenrui and others escaped from danger, they went to Zhenchuanbao to find Cui Mingdao, and learned from the masses that Cui Mingdao and other four comrades had been arrested, so they diverted to Nanlong Village, Jia County.The arrested Bi Weizhou and other six comrades were severely tortured by the enemy in Mizhi City. They remained steadfast and unyielding. Four days later, they were killed by the enemy on the banks of the Wuding River in Shilipu. This is the "Mizhi Incident".Ma Wenrui later wrote an article "Six Martyrs by the Wuding River", expressing his deep condolences. After the "Mizhi Incident", Cui Tianfu, Ma Mingfang, Ma Wenrui, Zhang Dazhi, Chang Xuegong, and Gao Jiujiu held an emergency special committee meeting in Zhaizegou, Jia County.The meeting analyzed the situation after the incident and concluded that although two members of the special committee and four comrades were killed, the party and league organizations in northern Shaanxi were not damaged and continued to be active.Unanimously stated: We must persist in the struggle with greater hatred for the enemy, and resolutely implement the resolutions of the enlarged meeting.It was immediately decided to send Chang Xuegong to Beiping to report on the work, while other committee members went to various places to convey the spirit of the expanded meeting, to rectify the organization, to inspire the revolutionary spirit of party members, and to strengthen organizational discipline and confidentiality.This is another important meeting, which has strengthened the determination and confidence of the party organizations in northern Shaanxi to carry out guerrilla warfare.After the meeting, Ma Mingfang went to Anding to help the first team and local work.Before Ma Mingfang arrived in Anding, he learned that a team had failed, so he returned to Jia County. Before the enlarged meeting, Cui Zhengran and Wang Jude obtained three shell guns from the bandits and started their campaign against local tyrants.After the enlarged meeting, on August 5, according to the decision of the special committee, Cui Tianmin announced the formal establishment of the second detachment of the Northern Shaanxi Guerrilla in Wangjiashan, Qingjian. Gao Langting, Cui Zhengran, and Wang Jude were in charge. Activity. On October 4, Xue Yuntong, the head of Suide South District, was killed.On January 21 of the following year, nine local tyrants and evil gentry collectors were killed in Xiejiagou, Qingjian, and one was injured. It is said that nine and a half were killed, which inspired the fighting spirit of the masses and expanded the party's influence.In September and October, according to the instructions of the special committee, the third detachment of the northern Shaanxi guerrilla was established in the Shenfu area. The captain Wang Zhaoxiang and the political commissar Ma Wanli were active in the southern area of ​​Shenmu. In the past year, the guerrilla warfare in northern Shaanxi has established a certain foundation and accumulated some experience.There are already a certain number of party members and League members in northern Shaanxi, and three guerrilla groups have been organized to establish three small bases in Anding, Suiqing, and Shenfu. This is the foundation and backbone for creating and developing guerrilla bases in northern Shaanxi.What is especially important is that the correct line and strategies and tactics represented by Mao Zedong at that time had been spread to northern Shaanxi, which played a great role in guiding the guerrilla warfare and the establishment of base areas in northern Shaanxi. In late December 1933, Guo Hongtao and Li Tielun returned to northern Shaanxi under the instructions of the central representative in the north.Guo Hongtao was designated by the northern representative as the head of the Organization Department of the Special Committee.Prior to this, on November 17, the northern representative appointed Xie Zichang as the military special commissioner stationed in the Northwest. In January 1934, the Special Committee of the Northern Shaanxi Special Committee of the Communist Party of China held a joint meeting of the Special Committee of the Party and Youth League in Nanlong Village, Jiaxian County (in other words, Caojiadong Village). Cui Tianfu, Ma Mingfang, Guo Hongtao, Ma Wenrui, Zhang Dazhi, Gao Jiujiu, and Li Tielun attended the meeting Wait.At the meeting, Guo Hongtao conveyed the instructions of the central representative in the north.The representatives from the north heard reports that did not conform to the actual situation of the revolutionary struggle in northern Shaanxi at that time, and believed that the special committee in northern Shaanxi transferred three guns from the second detachment to the third detachment to cancel the guerrilla activities in Suiqing District.A team took a risk to attack the fortifications, and did not mobilize the masses to establish a base.Later, instead of taking dispersal activities, they buried guns and dispersed the team.Based on this, the representatives from the North criticized the Northern Shaanxi Special Committee for making mistakes in the line of the rich peasants and for leading the guerrilla war passively and sabotaging the work.Ma Mingfang and Ma Wenrui resisted this criticism. The actual situation is: In September 1933, the special committee decided to transfer the three guns of the second detachment to the special committee to form a special task force to defend the special committee; soon, the special task force was cancelled, and the three guns were transferred to the third detachment of Shenfu.The designation of the second detachment was not cancelled, and four more guns were obtained successively, and they were active in the Suiqing area.The failure of the first team in Anding was that after they returned from the Shaanxi-Gansu border in late November, they lost several battles.After Xie Zichang returned to Anding, he quickly recovered the first detachment and expanded the guerrilla zone.Therefore, it cannot be said that the special committee made any mistakes in line.Later, Guo Hongtao also thought that he was wrong to convey the criticism of the northern representative, and made self-criticism. The Nanlong village meeting made a correct analysis of the revolutionary situation in northern Shaanxi, and decided to expand and develop the first, second, and third detachments, and build new guerrilla bases in Sui, Mi, Jia, and Wu.At the same time, it was decided to improve the Party and Youth League organizations, establish Red Guards, Young Pioneers, Poor Peasant Leagues, Women's Associations, Children's Leagues and other organizations in various places, widely carry out mass struggles against food, taxes, rents, and debts, resolutely After the meeting, Ma Mingfang went to Mizhi to form the Party and Youth League Committee of Midong County and this county, Ma Wenrui went to the three sides to do military transport work, Guo Hongtao, Gao Jiujiu, and Li Tielun went to Wubao to find Ma Peixun and others to establish the fourth guerrilla group in northern Shaanxi. Detachment, Cui Zhengran and others established the fifth detachment in Suide.There have been new developments in both the guerrillas and the base areas. On April 5, 1934 (Ching Ming Festival), the Northern Shaanxi Special Committee of the Communist Party of China held a joint meeting of the Party and Youth League Special Committee in Shentanggou, Jia County. Cui Tianfu, Ma Mingfang, Guo Hongtao, Gao Jiujiu, Zhang Dazhi, Cui Tianmin, and Li Tielun attended the meeting Wait for seven people.The meeting decided: continue to develop guerrilla warfare, expand the guerrilla units, and put forward the goal of creating a division of the Red Army; organize commandos, arm open villages, expand guerrilla base areas, connect the divided base areas, and then implement land distribution , the establishment of the Soviet regime.Another joint meeting of representatives of the guerrillas and guerrilla areas was held to make specific arrangements for the implementation of the resolutions of the joint meeting of the special committee of the Party and Youth League. In order to strengthen the leadership of guerrilla warfare, the special committee established the General Command of the Northern Shaanxi Guerrilla Army in Yangdaomao, Anding on July 8. Xie Zichang served as the commander in chief, Guo Hongtao served as the political commissar, and He Jinnian served as the chief of staff.After the establishment of the general headquarters, it led the first, second, and fifth detachments, and with the cooperation of hundreds of Red Guards, they attacked Anding City in one fell swoop, wiped out dozens of enemies, opened the prison, and released the arrested Communists, guerrillas and There were more than a hundred revolutionary masses, which expanded their political influence, inspired the masses to fight, and further promoted the development of guerrilla warfare in northern Shaanxi.At that time, Ma Mingfang and Li Tielun were actively working in Jiawu.Ma Mingfang, Bai Rubing and others found an enemy spy when they were secretly operating in Wangjiaping area of ​​Jia County. They beat him to death with shovels and wooden sticks to protect the security of the special committee. During this period, guerrilla warfare expanded to more than ten counties.The red villages have sprung up like mushrooms after a spring rain, and by August, four large base areas connecting each village have been formed.Namely: Shen, Fubian, Sui, Mi, Jia, Wu, Sui, Qing, Yanchuan and Anding area (including Hengshan, Missi, Suixi and other areas). In June 1934, when Cui Tianfu went to Tianjin to report the work in northern Shaanxi to the central representative in the north, Ma Mingfang agreed with Cui Tianfu on the content of the report, and proposed to unify the leadership of the Shaanxi-Gansu border and northern Shaanxi, determine the designation of the Red Army in northern Shaanxi, and give it to northern Shaanxi. Important suggestions such as sending cadres were agreed by the northern representatives, and Huang Han (Huang Han) was sent to convey to the Northern Shaanxi Special Committee and the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Special Committee. In the summer of 1934, when Chiang Kai-shek mobilized hundreds of thousands of troops to carry out the fifth "encirclement and suppression" campaign against the central revolutionary base areas, Jing Yuexiu, a warlord in northern Shaanxi, also launched the first "encirclement campaign" against the northern Shaanxi revolutionary base areas.Xie Zichang led the 3rd Regiment of the 42nd Division of the 26th Red Army and the 1st, 2nd, and 5th Detachments directly under the General Headquarters of the Northern Shaanxi Guerrilla Army to return to northern Shaanxi from the Shaanxi-Gansu border in August. With the cooperation of the Communist Party of China, three battles and three victories completely shattered the enemy's first "encirclement and suppression", and the red area expanded rapidly. Except for the Shenfu Soviet Area, the other three base areas have been connected into one, stretching for hundreds of miles, with a population of 400,000. At the end of August 1934, the Special Committee of the Northern Shaanxi Committee of the Communist Party of China held a joint meeting of the Special Committee of the Party and Youth League in Qingjian Temple.The meeting passed the resolution on crushing the enemy's second "encirclement and suppression" drafted by Ma Mingfang, and decided to reorganize the first, second, and third detachments into the first, second, and third regiments of the Red Army (later reorganized into the 84th Division of the Red Twenty-seventh Army) , Yang Qi served as the teacher, and Zhang Dazhi served as the political commissar), and decided to establish revolutionary committees at all levels to implement land distribution.Ma Mingfang was in charge of regime construction, and soon formed the Northern Shaanxi Provincial Soviet Preparatory Committee to start regime construction. On February 5, 1935, the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Special Committee and the Northern Shaanxi Special Committee held a joint meeting in Zhoujiajian, Chiyuan County (now Zichang County). Liu Zhidan, Gao Gang, Ma Mingfang, Guo Hongtao and others attended the meeting.The meeting decided to establish the CPC Northwest Working Committee and the Northwest Military Committee to unify the leadership of the two Soviet areas and the two Red Army. Ma Mingfang was elected as a member of the Northwest Working Committee.This meeting made full organizational and military preparations for smashing the enemy's second "encirclement and suppression" campaign, and laid a solid foundation for the establishment of the Northwest Revolutionary Base. In May 1935, the Northwest Military Commission announced the establishment of the Front Enemy Headquarters, with Liu Zhidan as the commander-in-chief and Gao Gang as the political commissar.Under the command of Liu Zhidan, the enemy's second "encirclement and suppression" was completely smashed, and six counties including Anding, Yanchuan, Yanchang, Ansai, Jingbian, and Baoan were liberated. The two Soviet areas were connected into one, covering an area of ​​30,000 square kilometers , with a population of 900,000. Ma Mingfang did not participate in the front-line military command, but he and other leaders of the Northern Shaanxi Soviet Area led party organizations at all levels to actively recruit party members, organize red guards, guerrilla groups and other mass armed forces, and cooperate with the main force in combat; extensively mobilize and organize the masses, lead the way to send letters, and clear the field , standing guard, checking out enemy spies, and monitoring enemy activities; organizing stretcher transportation, placing condolences for the sick and wounded, etc.; consolidate. From August 1934 to January 1935, Soviet regimes in nine counties, including Chiyuan, Jiaxian, Shenmu, Qingjian, Wubao, Suide, Yanchuan, Xiuyan, and Yanshui, were successively established in northern Shaanxi. (Beginning to be called the Revolutionary Committee). On January 25, 1935, the first Congress of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers in northern Shaanxi was held in Baimiaocha, Chiyuan County (now Ansai County). More than 150 representatives from various counties attended the meeting. Ma Mingfang made a report at the meeting, The meeting discussed issues such as establishing and strengthening the democratic regimes of workers and peasants at all levels, implementing land distribution, and consolidating and developing base areas.The General Assembly elected the Executive Committee of the Soviet of Northern Shaanxi Province. Ma Mingfang was elected as the chairman of the Soviet Government of Northern Shaanxi Province, and Cui Tianmin and Huo Weide were the vice-chairmen.The Soviet government in northern Shaanxi set up land, food, finance, education, labor, internal affairs, trade, security and other departments, and later set up inspectors.The meeting also passed the "Organization Law of Workers and Peasants' Democratic Government", "Land Law", "Labor Law", "Marriage Law" and other laws and regulations. On January 31, a mass meeting attended by thousands of people was held to warmly celebrate the establishment of the Soviet government in Northern Shaanxi Province. Under the leadership of Ma Mingfang, the Soviet Government of Northern Shaanxi Province carried out various construction work in the base area.The Soviet governments at all levels mobilized the masses to actively join the army and war, support the front lines, fight local tyrants, divide land, develop production, and set up education.The establishment of the Soviet Government of Northern Shaanxi Province marked a big step forward for the revolution in Northern Shaanxi.Ma Mingfang often goes to various places to guide his work.When he went to Xiuyan County to inspect the work, he met Qiang Xiaochu, vice chairman of the County Revolutionary Committee, who was holding a township Soviet representative meeting in the courtyard. He stood under a tree and observed carefully. Qiang Xiaochu didn't know him at the time. After asking his name, Fang knew it was Ma Mingfang (his pseudonym was Li Mingfang at the time).Qiang asked him how the meeting was going, and he said, very good.He told other responsible comrades of the provincial Soviet government that a young doll presided over the meeting and it went well.Later, Qiang was transferred to be an inspector of the Soviet government in northern Shaanxi Province. Ma Ming is approachable and down-to-earth, and his work is down-to-earth. When the comrades who went to inspect and inspect the work and the comrades who came from below reported to him, he asked very carefully and gave specific guidance.Sometimes I sleep on a kang and talk about midnight.He has no airs, eats, lives and works with everyone, and gives great education and help to the cadres.At that time, the Soviet government of Northern Shaanxi Province also organized training courses for county and district cadres. Wei Huaili, Qiang Xiaochu, Xie Huaide, etc. all studied in the training courses; .Ma Mingfang once lectured on courses such as party building and Soviet work to the training class.These training courses have trained a large number of county, district, and township cadres for the Soviet area, and played an important role in building and consolidating the Soviet regime and developing the revolutionary struggle. The land distribution in northern Shaanxi officially started in September 1934.In order to gain experience in land reform, Guo Hongtao waited until Yuanjiagou, Qingjian, to conduct a pilot project of land reform.The main policies and practices of Yuanjiagou's land allocation are: (1) Confiscation of the land of landlords and rich peasants; (2) The land of the middle peasants shall not be immobilized; (3) Divide good land between red genus and poor and hired farmers; (4) The rich peasants who participated in the revolution and the rich peasants who supported the Soviet regime were given the same land as the peasants, and the other rich peasants were divided into bad land; (5) The landowners who participated in the revolution and those who supported the Soviet regime were given the same land as the peasants, and other landowners did not divide the land; (6) Bachelors will divide the land into two parts (considering getting married in the future). These policies and measures were unanimously agreed by the comrades of the special committee, and were compiled into teaching materials, organized training classes, and trained cadres.After these cadres were trained, they were sent to various places to carry out land distribution work.Ma Mingfang also went to some areas to inspect and guide the land distribution work. In the distribution of land, in some places the land of the middle peasants was mobilized, and the method of disorganizing and equal distribution was adopted; The contracts of merchants and farmers were all burned, and in some places industrial and commercial activities were violated.Ma Mingfang discovered these wrong practices and reported them to the special committee at any time to correct them. Although some "left" deviations occurred in land distribution, this was the first large-scale land reform in northern Shaanxi, which completely destroyed the feudal exploitation system of the landlord class.The vast number of poor and farm laborers were allocated land, and their revolutionary enthusiasm was even higher.The land of the vast majority of middle peasants has not been touched, and because all exorbitant taxes have been cancelled, and the super-economic exploitation and political oppression of feudal rule have been overthrown, they also sincerely support the revolution.The Soviet regime has become more consolidated, and the revolutionary struggle has advanced further. In December 1935, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, which arrived in northern Shaanxi after the Long March, held a Politburo meeting in Wayaobao, established the strategic line of the anti-Japanese national united front, and promulgated a series of new policies to adjust class relations. On December 6, 1935, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Decision on Changing the Tactics of the Rich Peasants", stipulating that the land of the rich peasants should not be moved; Keep enough means of production and means of subsistence.The Northern Shaanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Soviet Government of Northern Shaanxi Province have resolutely implemented various decisions of the central government, allocating land in all places that have not yet been allocated land according to the new regulations; Necessary adjustments were made; and appropriate arrangements were made for the fugitive landlords who returned to northern Shaanxi. After the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Red Army arrived in northern Shaanxi, they faced a major problem, that is, the supply of troops and government personnel.Lin Boqu, Minister of Finance of the Northwest Office of the Central Government, once approached Ma Mingfang to discuss how to solve the supply problem.Ma Mingfang, Huo Weide, Ai Chunan, etc., according to the instructions of the CPC Northern Shaanxi Provincial Committee, handed over the confiscated silver dollars and materials from landlords and local tyrants to the central government, mobilized women to weave many sweaters, wool socks and sewed many military shoes for the troops, and mobilized the masses He took out food for the troops, organized businessmen to go to Shanxi and other places to buy back a large amount of cloth and cotton, and made them into military uniforms for the troops to wear, and finally overcame the initial difficulties. In late November 1935, Lin Boqu, Mao Zemin, and Ma Mingfang held a joint financial work meeting of counties and districts in northern Shaanxi in Wayaobao, compiled the government's financial budget, unified finance, and established and improved the financial system and institutions. On May 24, 1936, the Northern Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Soviet Government issued a call for urgent mobilization to collect grain, and decided to further borrow 2,000 shi from the masses and buy 2,500 shi for grain, which should be completed by the end of June.At the same time, the masses were mobilized to send food to the Red Army, and various agencies carried out food-saving campaigns to ensure the supply of the Red Army. On January 15, 1936, the Northwest Office of the Central Government promulgated the "Northwest Soviet Election Law".The Soviet government of Northern Shaanxi Province instructed the counties to elect representatives of the Soviet of Northern Shaanxi Province in accordance with the election method. From March 10th to 15th, the Second Congress of Soviets in Northern Shaanxi Province was held in Wayaobao, with 339 delegates. Wu Liangping, Wang Guanlan, Deng Zhenxun, and Guo Hongtao delivered speeches successively, and Ma Mingfang made a report.The congress elected 49 people including Ma Mingfang, Howed, and Ai Chunan as executive members of the provincial Soviet.At the first meeting of the executive committee held on the 16th, 13 people were elected to form the presidium, Ma Mingfang served as the chairman of the provincial Soviet government, and Howeed served as the vice chairman. 在红军东征和西征时，马明方号召各级苏维埃政府在各级党委领导下动员大批人力物力，全力支援革命战争；同时号召各地广泛开展游击战争，巩固和扩大根据地，争取国民党东北军和西北军联合抗日。1936年7月，马明方在中共中央办的《党的工作》第三期上发表《游击区域内的苏维埃工作》一文，文中指出：（一）主力红军向西行动之后，党中央明显的给我们指出，陕北的主要任务是支持着顽强的游击战争。在这些地区，第一位的重要工作是积极领导游击战争，号召广大群众参加游击队，扩大原来的游击队，创造新的更多的游击队和击小组，使游击队和游击小组如蛛网般普遍地发展起来，在敌人的前方侧方后方去行动、袭击，以至消灭进攻我们的敌人。决定游击战争胜利的重要的，是全体赤卫军和全苏区群众的总武装与总动员，使群众的武装动员和游击队的行动打成一片。（二）苏维埃应在边界和工作薄弱的地区，加强侦探网的布置。要将得力的可靠的同志打进民团、保甲、白军部队做间谍。对于豪绅地主和对苏维埃表示不满意的可疑分子，应监视和侦察他们的行动。（三）争取广大的白军士兵与官长是保证游击战争胜利发展的重要工作。白军长官士兵一般地存在着抗日与同情我们的情绪，苏区的每个男女在接近白军士兵长官时，应当注意做争取他们的工作，利用各种机会建立白军中上层和下层关系，争取一切可能，与敌人建立互不侵犯，共同抗日等协议。（四）在土地革命未解决的地区，必须利用一切可能，进行分配土地的斗争，使群众从封建地主剥削之下解放出来，而能更坚决为着自己的利益而斗争。我们的同志在任何艰苦的环境下应当以百折不挠的精神为着巩固和扩大我们的抗日根据地，创建国防政府与抗日联军，为争取中华民族的解放与领土完整而奋斗到底！马明方的这篇文章，其实是陕北省苏维埃的动员令，对当时陕北革命斗争起了重要指导作用。 1936年冬，中共陕北省委书记郭洪涛调任中共中央组织部副部长，马明方被中央任命为中共陕北省委书记。 1937年2月，中共中央决定成立中共陕甘宁特区委员会，任命郭洪涛为书记，马明方为委员。5月2日至14日，全国党代表会议在延安举行，正式代表226人，列席代表74人，马明方为正式代表，并被选入主席团。15日，中共陕甘宁特区第一次代表大会在延安举行，马明方当选为特区党委委员。中共陕北省委随后撤销。 1937年9月6日，陕甘宁边区政府成立，马明方先后任边区政府主席团委员兼内务部代部长、民政厅厅长。后因积劳成疾，经中央批准于1938年4月去苏联治病。