Chapter 30 3. Two-bomb combination test

On October 16, 1964, after the first atomic bomb was successfully detonated, Zhou Enlai promptly proposed to immediately focus on enhanced atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, and missiles, and specifically proposed "combined testing of the two bombs" as the focus of the next step.The central government approved the long-term plan of the Second Ministry of Machinery for the development of atomic energy and some scientific research topics, such as: heavy water, molecular sieves, reactors for scientific research and teaching, and key equipment research; Zhou Enlai also instructed to strengthen the political and ideological work and support of the Second Ministry of Machinery The Second Ministry of Machinery made comprehensive arrangements, further clarified a series of important policies for the rear construction of the Second Ministry of Machinery, and required to learn from the experience of "Sartu" (that is, Daqing).After making the above-mentioned comprehensive arrangements, Zhou Enlai decided to delegate the authority of approval to the Second Ministry of Machinery, and pointed out that it is not necessary to refer all issues to the special committee. In the future, the National Defense Science and Technology Commission and the National Defense Industry Office will be responsible separately.

The reason why Zhou Enlai decided to do this was to drive the all-round development of cutting-edge enterprises through the success of the first atomic bomb, and at the same time give full play to the role of government agencies, enterprises and institutions, so as to ensure the smooth transfer of the special committee's work focus to the strategic Missiles and satellites come up.He asked Yang Chengwu, acting chief of staff, to arrange for Wu Kehua to promptly form the "Second Artillery Corps" (that is, the strategic missile force) named by him. At the same time, he pointed out that in the second half of the year, the focus will be on strategic missiles. Number Two grabbed it.On his way back to Beijing from a visit abroad, he personally watched the missile test at the base.After returning to Beijing, he inspected the preparations for nuclear warheads, and then pointed out: "The combination of the two bombs is progressing smoothly, and then we must grasp the tactical missiles (ground-air, coastal defense)." This reflects Zhou Enlai's continuous breakthroughs in strategic weapons to promote the development of tactical weapons. strategic thinking.

When discussing the missile issue, Zhou Enlai proposed to set up a ministry on the basis of the Fifth Academy.Later, the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry was developed from a research institute and some factories.This is another embryonic form of what we often call the "merger of ministries and colleges". During the "Cultural Revolution", some people opposed this approach. At a small special committee meeting in June 1966, Zhou Enlai said, "I first proposed this idea." The hall held a meeting for several days, chaired by Chairman Liu Shaoqi, attended by He, Nie, Liu Yalou, Luo Ruiqing, and Wang Bingzhang. This process began in 1961. I raised this question first. In 1962, I said it was combined. , The purpose of the merger of ministries and colleges is to solve the three-in-one combination and integrate theory with practice." In this way, Zhou Enlai refuted the rebels simply and clearly, adhered to the principle, and protected the cadres.

At a special committee meeting, a leader of the Seventh Ministry of Machinery reported on the plan, which estimated too many factors of repeated failures, which delayed the time of the missile test flight very late.Hearing this, Zhou Enlai immediately pointed out, why so slow?When you go back and mobilize the masses to discuss, you should guarantee what you need, and don't ask for it randomly. I think the masses will be more accurate than you.He also appointed Zhao Erlu, the executive deputy director of the special office, to take several people down, solicited the opinions of experts and scholars such as Qian Xuesen, Ren Xinmin, Huang Weilu, Xie Guangxuan, Liang Shoupan, Xiao Gan, Cui Guoliang, etc., and organized extensive discussions with the ministry leaders. , Firstly, we checked the bottom of the first hospital for a month, revised the test plan, and put forward a comprehensive plan for medium and long-distance.After that, the Seventh Ministry of Machinery made a new report to the Central Special Committee, and decided to advance the test flight time of the new missile from 1968 to 1966, and the investment was greatly reduced compared with the original one.Then, Zhou Enlai and Zhao Erlu appointed Liu Jie and others to work in other institutes, and they all achieved satisfactory results.At that time, Nie Rongzhen said earnestly to the comrades of the special committee: "The issue of technological democracy should be concentrated on the basis of democracy. Now everyone has tasted it."

There are more than a dozen models of strategic and tactical missiles determined at the 13th meeting of the special committee.Zhou Enlai further clarified the new focus of work, pointing out that the development of tactical weapons "must make way for surface-to-air missiles", and explained, "If you don't give up, you can't gain", demonstrating the relationship between focus and comprehensiveness.Subsequently, the 14th special committee meeting was held for 3 consecutive days to discuss the short-term plan.Zhou Enlai proposed system tasks at the meeting. He said that next year is the year of missiles, and there must be harvest.He called for military-civilian integration, professional cooperation, and various departments not to do it alone.He also said: "After the Seventh Ministry of Machinery took over the Second Bureau of Shanghai Machinery and Electricity and the factory, it is necessary to integrate the military and the civilians. We are a family. The original cooperative relationship must be maintained and we must serve the local area." "Everyone is for me, and I am for everyone." This formulation is very good, "Shanghai's collaboration is worth learning from."

In September 1966, Zhou Enlai confidently told Liu Boluo, then Deputy Secretary-General of the Special Committee of the Central Committee and the National Defense Industry Office: "Next year, we will use this (special committee) method to catch the plane." There will be new developments in the aviation industry long ago.Zhou Enlai has a consistent thinking, that is, to focus on the key points to drive the general, and to focus on the cutting edge to drive the routine.At the 14th special committee, while approving the attack nuclear submarine in principle, it discussed the requirement of the entire defense industry to "complete the three-year mission in two years", and approved the "two-year plan for 1966 and 1967" , the main projects are various tactical missiles and nuclear submarines, artificial satellites and other major subjects.

Once, when Liu Boluo reported on the development of missile ground equipment, he mentioned the need to organize a combination of scientific research, production, and use units.Zhou Enlai instructed: "Your formulation of the three combinations is in line with Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought." He said that in fact there are two three combinations, that is, the three combinations of scientific research, production, and use, and the three combinations of scientific and technological personnel, workers, and leading cadres.He said that we must adhere to the two-three combination and the mass line, adopt a scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts and step by step, establish a conscientious, thoughtful and meticulous work style, and implement the spirit of vigorous collaboration.As for the missile ground equipment, he said: "The first, second, third, fourth, and fifth machine departments should organize joint designs separately, widely absorb the opinions of the use of troops, and the seventh machine department should put forward design requirements, otherwise each department will do it by itself, and nothing will happen. Ask for help, and nothing can be done." Zhou Enlai often used these wise words and specific and subtle requirements to educate scientific researchers.Every word of his is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people and has become the ideological motivation to guide the rapid development of cutting-edge careers.

Due to the clear requirements, the work in all aspects is very tight, and the work in North China, East China, and Northeast China is progressing rapidly.By September 1967, the air defense force finally broke the silence of nearly two years without combat achievements, and shot down the improved American high-altitude reconnaissance plane with a new type of domestic surface-to-air missile. On September 10, 1971, the first flight test of the ICBM developed by my country was successful. In the process of developing hydrogen bombs and missiles, from 1965 onwards, Zhou Enlai asked to speed up the development of artificial earth satellites. On May 4th and 5th, 1965, he presided over the 12th meeting of the Central Committee to discuss the development of artificial earth satellites.On August 9th and 10th of the same year, he presided over the 13th meeting of the Central Special Committee, which approved in principle the development plan of my country's first artificial earth satellite, and strived to launch it around 1970.After more than two years of hard work, it was successfully developed in the spring of 1968, and various launch preparations were completed. On the evening of April 24, 1970, my country's first artificial earth satellite "Dongfanghong-1" was successfully launched.