Chapter 3 2. In the "big series" turmoil

Since late August, Red Guards from some universities and middle schools in Beijing have left Beijing to "go south", "go north", "go east", and "expedite west", sowing the seeds of the "Cultural Revolution" across the country.At the same time, Red Guards from all over the country poured into Beijing one after another to accept Mao Zedong's review and learn from the Red Guards' "rebellion" in the capital.By the 28th, the number of students from other places in Beijing had reached 140,000.After Mao Zedong met the Red Guards for the second time on the 31st, the number of students entering and leaving Beijing increased day by day.After that, the number of Red Guards who went to and from Beijing every day multiplied to the point where it was almost impossible to count.In order to arrange the food and lodging of the Red Guards who came to Beijing, Zhou Enlai tried every means and exhausted his mind. In the end, even the office of the State Council in Zhongnanhai lived in thousands of Red Guards.

While doing everything possible to arrange the daily life of the Red Guards who came to Beijing and organize Mao Zedong’s interviews one after another, one of the issues Zhou Enlai focused on was how to further explain the party’s various policies to the Red Guards in Beijing and the whole country. In view of the various situations that occurred during the "destruction of the four olds" by the Red Guards in Beijing, it was not difficult for Zhou Enlai to imagine various problems that had and would occur in various parts of the country.His idea at this time was that the Party Central Committee should issue a document on the Red Guards in order to guide and restrict the actions of the Red Guards across the country.At the receiving meeting on August 31, Zhou Enlai called on the Red Guards to learn from the PLA, abide by the "three major disciplines and eight points of attention", protect the interests of the masses, safeguard national property, and create a good new atmosphere of socialism; The decision of college and middle school students from all over the world to come to Beijing to connect in batches.The next day, he pointed out at the symposium of representatives of the Red Guards in the Capital Universities and Middle Schools: The two major problems facing the Red Guards at present, one is to organize, and the other is to study policies. For this reason, it is necessary to formulate a charter for the Red Guards.

At the end of August and the beginning of September, Zhou Enlai personally drafted "Several Opinions on the Red Guards (Unfinalized)", including a total of 10 items. The "Opinion" emphasizes: "The most urgent task at present is to organize, learn and master policies", and "you can't do things for yourself and violate discipline."In response to the large-scale collusion wave of Red Guards that has been set off across the country, Zhou Enlai wrote: "We remind you that in the implementation of revolutionary collusion, it is necessary to ensure that the top departments, key departments and propaganda tools of the party and the state...the work will not be affected, and the safety No harm, no leakage of secrets, no loss of files, no loss of property. It is necessary to ensure that the state’s dictatorship tools perform their functions normally. It is necessary to ensure that the transportation agencies operate as usual without interference. It is necessary to ensure that the external relations and activities of the party and the state It will not be affected." "We would also like to remind you to implement revolutionary links with factories, mines, scientific research institutions and service industries, to ensure that the production and infrastructure of factories and mines will not be affected, and that the scientific experiments and intermediate production of scientific research institutions will not stop. Cutting-edge technology factories will not be intruded, cutting-edge technology materials will not be lost, and medical services will not be interrupted." The "Opinions" also made some specific regulations on the organizational form, fighting methods and tactics of the Red Guards.

On September 3, Zhou Enlai presided over a meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee (from late August, all members of the Central Cultural Revolution Group attended the meeting) to discuss "Several Opinions on the Red Guards (Unfinalized)".At the meeting, Tao Zhu, Chen Yi, Wang Renzhong and others clearly expressed their agreement to talk about policies to the Red Guards.But Kang Sheng sang a different tune and said: "Do you need to talk about the ten issues? I think there is a danger of replacing them." Yao Wenyuan also pointed out: "We should use class analysis to talk about policies." Due to the opposition of members of the Central Cultural Revolution Group, This "opinion" draft was eventually aborted.

Although it was difficult for the Party Central Committee and the State Council to promulgate various policy regulations to the Red Guards, Zhou Enlai still did not give up the responsibility of educating and persuading the young people.Not long after the "Opinions" draft was rejected, he attended three types of Red Guard meetings in Beijing, in Beijing, and in Beijing, patiently propagandizing and explaining various policies of the Party and state laws according to the actual situation and problems. On September 10, he proposed to the Red Guards in the capital who left Beijing to go to various places: the Red Guards should be a combat team, a study team, and a propaganda team. "Fighting" refers to literary battles rather than military ones; "study" means conducting investigations and research, conducting scientific analysis, and having a cool head; , not imposed on others. "Because you are still young, your knowledge is limited after all, and your knowledge of various aspects of the situation and the party's policies is very incomplete. ... You will encounter many unfamiliar things, so you must insist on 'no investigation, just "There is no right to speak' principle." "(For Chairman Mao's writings) it is not enough to simply study the quotations, you must read the full text to understand how Chairman Mao creatively developed Marxism-Leninism according to the situation in China at that time, and to see the historical background of the article and a great future, otherwise you will never really understand it.” “The current focus of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution is on cultural and educational institutions, while factories, rural areas, and service industries should be carried out by the cadres and the masses themselves. You can carry out the Great Cultural Revolution.” Necessary revolutionary connections, but you can’t just rush in and go wherever you want like in schools. We are a country under the dictatorship of the proletariat, and we must have a revolutionary order and an order of construction.” “Frontier provinces, by the border Do not go to the cities, market towns and border guard points. Every action in these places is related to many policies, such as foreign policy, ethnic policy, etc. There, religious beliefs are often combined with ethnic issues, and people have their own customs and habits , Even change will take time." "In short, you must unite with all people who can be united, including patriotic intellectuals of the exploiting class, other people from exploiting class families, and even the exploiting class elements themselves."

On the same day, Zhou Enlai attended a symposium of representatives of Red Guards in Beijing universities and middle schools and delivered a long speech.When talking about the issue of party cadres, he pointed out: "It cannot be said that all leaders in universities and middle schools across the country are 'people in power taking the capitalist road'. There are correct and positive factors in the leadership, and it cannot be said that all leaders are It is bad. It cannot be said that all the people in power in the party and government organs are 'taking the capitalist road'. If they are, then our proletarian dictatorship and Chairman Mao's wise leadership have failed in these places?" " Some leading comrades of certain leading organs made mistakes, and even if this mistake was a wrong line and wrong direction in a certain period, it cannot be equated with a 'gangster'." "So, not all leading organs have to "gun Fighting', not all leaders have the wrong line and wrong direction, let alone all leaders are 'gangsters'... Even if you don't regard everything as the majority, it is not appropriate, because it does not conform to the Fact." When talking about "Bombard the Command," he said: "You have spread a slogan called 'Bombard the Command'. I hereby state that Chairman Mao's words must be approved by Chairman Mao himself. , published by Xinhua News Agency, "People's Daily", "Liberation Army Daily", People's Publishing House, or officially communicated by party committees at all levels shall prevail, and cannot be based on rumors circulated in the society....'Bombarding the Command' has its own What it refers to is not to fight randomly, not to bombard all headquarters, and not to label all leaders as 'gangsters' and 'black lines'."

On September 13, Zhou Enlai made it clear that the name "gangster" should not be used indiscriminately. "Is someone who makes a wrong line a non-revolutionary, anti-party and anti-socialist? You can't say that, there is no such definition." "A classmate who went to Shanghai asked me if I had called the Shanghai Municipal Committee and said, 'Shanghai Municipal Committee is revolutionary'. I have indeed said so. Because today we do not have sufficient materials to prove that the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee is a gangster and is not revolutionary."

In late September, when Zhou Enlai met with representatives of the three Red Guard organizations from the Harbin Military Engineering Institute who came to Beijing, he once again refuted the "black gang" and "black line", pointing out: This is not Mao Zedong Thought, not the scientific language of Marxism-Leninism. In this way, in September alone, Zhou Enlai met with Red Guards in Beijing and other places more than 20 times (sessions). Overseas Chinese, foreign affairs and other policy issues.In order to maximize the use of publicity venues, Zhou Enlai's tireless figure was left in some large and small auditoriums and stadiums in Beijing.

Regarding the various policy and legal matters that frequently occurred in various places, Zhou Enlai did not push or procrastinate, and personally resolved them. On September 19, he revised the Central Committee's reply to the Jilin Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China's "Report on the Wages of Criticized and Struggle Objects." and the living expenses of the family members who need to be supported by him" is changed to: "Even if it has been determined, it will not change for the time being. If I receive less wages, or donate part of my wages as party dues, I will let them voluntarily, but they are not forced, and they are not allowed to reduce. Sickness due to expense".In the report, the sentence "Where the nature is not determined, the wages can be temporarily paid" is changed to: "Where the nature is not determined, the wages will remain the same."

At the end of September, Zhou Enlai and Tao Zhu jointly wrote a letter to Mao Zedong and Lin Biao, reflecting the continuous violation of policies by the Red Guards in some areas.Regarding the Shanghai issue, the letter on the 24th announced: "The most serious and urgent thing is that they will hold a parade with one or two hundred capitalists in the streets tomorrow (25th), and the municipal party committee's dissuasion is ineffective."For this reason, the central government decided to issue urgent instructions to the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee and the Red Guards from Beijing to Shanghai to stop it. The letter on the 26th stated: “In view of the fact that many hospital leaders in various places are paralyzed, and the red guards in the hospital are too aggressive against experts and doctors, everyone unanimously supports the opinions of the East China Bureau, and believes that it is better for the red guards in the hospital to be automatically cancelled. "

In order to prevent some extreme actions of the Red Guards and avoid chain reactions caused by them, Zhou Enlai also drafted a telegram in the name of the central government, instructing the East China Bureau and the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee to tell the "Southern Corps of the Capital Red Guards" and other Beijing Red Guards in Shanghai. Organization, immediately end its activities in Shanghai and return to Beijing. Although Zhou Enlai's ignorant and fanatical actions made Zhou Enlai heavier and worked day and night, he still did not lose his extreme responsibility and sincere love for his offspring. On September 9, he had a phone call with a student representative of Northwestern Polytechnical University (Xi’an) on hunger strike: "I've been waiting for you all the time! How can I sleep if you haven't eaten or treated your illness? The issues you raise are easy to discuss, and you have the right to make demands. Some can be done immediately, and some need to be discussed by the central government. I can't Answer immediately. If you don’t eat, we feel uneasy. In Chairman Mao’s new China, how can we go on a hunger strike? We don’t blame you, but persuade you. With this enthusiasm alone, you will get the consequences you don’t want. The issue was brought up to Chairman Mao and asked him to consider it. You look at it from one side, but he has to look at the overall situation; you look at it at one time, while Chairman Mao and the Party Central Committee look at it from the perspective of the entire history. Many issues are not as you think It's as simple as that. I'll take your request, but I can't answer it right away. These 24 students have opinions, and they can send representatives to Beijing for interviews. I can send a plane to send you here. You should get medical treatment quickly, and if you don't eat anymore, our hearts I'm uneasy." Within half a month from the next day, Zhou Enlai met with representatives of hunger strike students in Xi'an four times in a row, patiently persuading them. Zhou Enlai not only took the lead in educating young people, but also asked the main leading cadres of the party and government at all levels to discard the word "fear", let go of their burdens, and go to the masses to personally publicize and explain the party's policies and discourage extreme actions that violate policies and laws. Embody the party's leadership over the movement.At the same time, the meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee presided over by Zhou Enlai also agreed that, in order to study relevant social policy issues as soon as possible, the responsible persons of various relevant parties should first organize the collection of materials, conduct research, raise questions and preliminary handling opinions, and then report to Mao Zedong and the Party Central Committee for approval. Zhou Enlai personally preached and explained the party's policies to the Red Guards, which aroused great repercussions throughout the country. "It is agreed that many ideological and policy problems have been solved."Among the speeches of central leaders copied and reprinted by Red Guard organizations in Beijing and various places, Zhou Enlai's speeches accounted for a large proportion.Because of Zhou Enlai's status and prestige, especially his sympathetic, persuasive, and equal speech style, as well as his extensive knowledge and broad mind, many young people were deeply educated and inspired.Under the influence of Zhou Enlai and other revolutionaries of the older generation, some student organizations represented by the Red Guard Picket Team in Xicheng District of Beijing (later formed the "Capital Red Guard Joint Action Committee" with the Red Guard Picket Team in Dongcheng District and Haidian District) gradually Awareness, began to doubt or resist some words and deeds of anarchism, and dissatisfaction with the Central Cultural Revolution Group.