Chapter 20 Chapter 19 Before and After the Rectification Movement

After the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee, Zhang Wentian shifted his main work to publicity and education. General education has rules to follow, and it will be carried out step by step.Zhang Wentian was not satisfied with the achievements he had made, but he did not find any particularly serious problems in the party.Mao Zedong was different.He took a long-term view and saw that there were still quite serious differences in the whole party, which were rooted in the serious impurity of ideological style. It is true that the Zunyi Meeting criticized and corrected the "Left" errors in the late period of the Agrarian Revolutionary War, and the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee criticized and corrected the Right errors in the early days of the War of Resistance. To sum up, in the past, the two lines in the history of the party did not clearly distinguish between right and wrong, and it was impossible to conduct a profound summary of the root causes of "Left" and Right deviation errors from the perspective of ideological methods. There will be differences and even confrontations, and it is inevitable to repeat the "Left" or Rightist mistakes in one form or another under another condition, which will bring losses to the revolutionary cause.That is to say, from the Zunyi Conference to the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee, it is very necessary to criticize and correct "Left" and Rightist errors militarily, organizationally, and politically, but it is not enough, and the problem cannot be completely solved. To solve problems ideologically, we must correct our ideological style and ideological line in order to achieve political unity and consistency in action.Especially when the Japanese invaders brutally raided the base areas, the Kuomintang diehards launched an anti-communist upsurge, and the situation of the War of Resistance was extremely difficult, and when a large number of petty bourgeois elements (peasants and young intellectuals) entered the party, if the situation could not be resolved With regard to ideological line and work style, it will be impossible to overcome difficulties and win the War of Resistance Against Japan.

Serious emergencies and sharp intra-party contradictions are before the Chinese Communist Party. In January 1941, Chiang Kai-shek broke his promise and conspired to instigate the Southern Anhui Incident, which almost wiped out the main force of the New Fourth Army in southern Anhui.From the perspective of internal reasons, this is related to the mistakes of the main leaders of the New Fourth Army.Xiang Ying made great achievements in insisting on the three-year guerrilla war in the south and in the formation of the New Fourth Army, but he did not understand the principle of independence in the united front; he did not understand well the Party Central Committee's policy of "developing to the north and behind the enemy's rear" and did not take effective measures; he was hesitant about the transfer of troops ; When moving north, the seriousness of the anti-communist conspiracy of the Kuomintang diehards was underestimated, and the preparations for sudden events were insufficient; when the diehards attacked, they mishandled it.This sudden incident caused serious losses. From a subjective review, it shows that the remnants of Wang Ming's Right opportunism, which had been corrected by the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee, have not been eliminated, and even seriously exist in some areas.

When Wang Ming was in Yan'an, the problem was even more serious.Wang Ming and Bogu were the representatives of the third "Left" leaning line before the Fourth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee and the Zunyi Meeting, and they were the main persons responsible for causing extremely huge losses to the party and the revolution; The main person responsible for the serious losses caused by the implementation of the right-leaning error of the Yangtze River Bureau.However, after he returned to Yan'an from Chongqing at the end of 1938, he not only failed to recognize his mistakes and correct them for more than two years, but insisted on them, and even called them correct, and even went on to attack Mao Zedong's guiding ideology.In fact, it is to use his dogmatic and sectarian positions, viewpoints, and methods to oppose the standpoints, viewpoints, and methods of Marxism represented by Mao Zedong.

In May 1939, Wang Ming wrote "Problems of the Anti-Japanese National United Front", still insisting on the idea of ​​"everything goes through the united front". In June 1939, he republished part of an article published in 1938 under the title "The Communist Party of China in the Past Seventeen Years" and continued to publicize the "Summary of the March Politburo Meeting" he wrote in 1938. The wrong guidelines in et al.What is particularly serious is that in 1940, Wang Ming deliberately put the first edition in July 1931 and the second edition in 1932, "The Struggle for the Bolshevikization of the Communist Party of China" (the first edition was titled "Two Lines") as the third It was published for the first time, and on March 19, 1940, he wrote a special "Third Edition Preface" to sensationalize the public, and regarded his masterpiece of "Left" adventurism as a material for "studying party building and the history of the Communist Party of China". To "thousands and thousands of new cadres and party members" and "schools in Yan'an". In November 1940, he published "On Several Basic Principles of Determining the Tactics of Marxism-Leninism" in the 12th issue of "Communist", talking about the history of the Chinese Communist Party, without self-criticism at all, as if he correctly represented the "international line" Self-proclaimed.On the one hand, Wang Ming insisted on his mistakes in the late period of the Agrarian Revolution and the early period of the Anti-Japanese War, and peddled his own wrong theories; on the other hand, he slandered and attacked Mao Zedong's works.He said that "On New Democracy" contradicted Leninism on all basic issues of the Chinese revolution (such as the assessment of the nature, stages, driving forces, and prospects of the revolution, and issues concerning leadership, etc.). "New Democracy" is actually an anti-Leninist, anti-socialist theory and program of action, and a theory and program of action of the Chinese national bourgeoisie.

Wang Ming's viewpoints and his actions are actually a challenge to the Party Central Committee represented by Mao Zedong. The history of the struggle between the two lines in the early stage of the party, how to guide the new democratic revolution, how to deal with such important issues as Marxism-Leninism.If Wang Ming's "Left" and Right opportunism theories and subjectivism and sectarianism, which poisoned the entire party, are not clarified and overcome, and if these major issues raised by Wang Ming are not clarified and resolved, it will be impossible to guarantee the "unity of the Chinese Communist Party." and unity", it is impossible to "strive for and guarantee the final victory of the War of Resistance Against Japan", and the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China decided to "convene within a relatively short period of time" decided by the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee has no conditions to realize.

Zhang Wentian is in charge of cadre education, following the direction of the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee's "Sinicization of Marxism". Several directives on cadre education issued in the name of the Central Secretariat in 1940 were discussed and approved by the Central Committee and approved by Mao Zedong.However, in the actual work process, there is indeed a problem of disconnection between theory and practice in cadre education.Zhang Wentian implemented the policy of unifying theory and practice in his work at the Marxist-Leninist Institute, and wrote articles specifically advocating this policy. However, judging from the requirements of "seeking truth from facts" and "targeting targets", he still has remnants of dogmatism.Tracing back to the source, the problem of the style of study is the ideological root of all "Left" and Right opportunism.

Facing the situation at that time, Mao Zedong said, “Before the Zunyi Conference, the mistakes of subjectivism and sectarianism caused extremely great losses to the party and the revolution. Although the party’s line after the Zunyi Conference was correct, within the whole party, especially In some special regions and departments, the remnants of subjectivism and sectarianism have not been eliminated, or are still very serious."Therefore, in the spring of 1941, he sharply raised his opposition to subjectivism, and from then on, from top to bottom, he gradually launched a great Marxist ideological education movement in the whole party—Yan'an Rectification Movement.

In March and April 1941, Mao Zedong wrote the "preface" and "postscript" for the publication of his old work "Rural Survey".Reiterate that "you have no right to speak without investigation", advocate "eyes down", express "learn from the masses together with the comrades of the whole party, and continue to be a primary school student", and criticize the kind of discussion that "starts from the moment you get off the bus", The style of "imperial envoys" flying all over the sky. .Then, on May 19, Mao Zedong gave a report on "Reforming Our Learning" in the newly completed Central Auditorium in Yangjialing, criticizing subjectivism in the style of study, and advocating the establishment of a Marxist-Leninist style of study that is "targeted" and "seeking truth from facts."He pointed out: "It is a very bad style of work not to pay attention to the study of the present situation, to the study of history, and to the application of Marxism-Leninism."Among the senior cadres in Yan'an, there was naturally aroused concern over whether the central leadership line since the Fourth Plenary Session was correct, how to treat Marxism-Leninism from a practical point of view rather than a dogmatic point of view, and how to align the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism with the reality of the Chinese revolution. Consider and discuss these issues.

On the one hand, Zhang Wentian accepted Mao Zedong’s criticism, and tried his best to follow the direction instructed by Mao Zedong in his actual work. In June 1941, Zhang Wentian drafted the document “Outline of the Party’s Propaganda and Agitation Work” for the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, which was an effort in this direction; On the other hand, I feel wronged inside.He later described his state of mind from the second half of 1940 to the first half of 1941: At that time, I was a little depressed, and sometimes I complained a little, saying that Chairman Mao seemed "unfair" and looked at people a little "biased."When a person is satisfied with a job, he only sees the good side; if another person is not satisfied with something, everything is bad.The Central Committee adopted a resolution, and then refuted it as it was done (for example, several instructions on the education of cadres were indeed read by the Central Committee, and they were issued in the name of the Central Secretariat), so things were difficult to handle.At the same time, I was also mentally prepared. If I can't do big jobs, I can do small jobs.Other comrades sometimes suggested that I should talk to Chairman Mao face to face, but sometimes I don’t mind if I don’t want to talk about it, but I will prove it later, why should I be so eager for others to understand! .However, Zhang Wentian later "made up his mind to have a face-to-face interview with Chairman Mao."The first time, in June and July of 1941, "I went to Zaoyuan to have a talk with Comrade Mao Zedong. He talked very gently, and he seemed unwilling to criticize me." The second time, Mao made an appointment with Kang Sheng, Chen Yun, Ren Bishi talked with Zhang Wentian together.He severely criticized Zhang Wentian for a while.If you say that Zhang doesn't know anything, you want others to follow, and if you don't follow, you will be beaten; if you say Zhang, you have no regard for the overall situation and have no self-critical spirit.He also gave Zhang Wentian a five-character comment: narrow, high, empty, timid, and private.

Mao Zedong's criticisms did not conform to Zhang Wentian's reality.It is also contradictory to Mao Zedong's comments that he often praised Zhang as a "Ming Jun" in the past, did not fight for power, and had a democratic style.Zhang Wentian felt aggrieved when he heard that.From the late period of the Central Soviet Area, to the Long March, and until the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, he stood on the front line together with Mao, and fought resolutely and sharply with Bogu, Li De, Zhang Guotao, and Wang Ming. !He supported Mao Zedong as the leader of the entire party and the entire army, and he was willing to play a "supporting role" to make Mao's correct policies and ideas unimpeded, and he took the initiative to give up power time and time again. He really has no selfish heart.He followed Mao Zedong, and together with the comrades of the whole party, set foot on the soil of China, realized the transition from the civil war to the war of resistance, and created a new situation in history... Where do you start with these five-character comments?However, Mao's analysis of the "Left" mistakes Zhang made in the Shanghai Provisional Central Committee and the Central Soviet Area after the Fourth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee in his reports and talks, and his criticism of dogmatism were profound.Zhang Wentian obeyed the truth and took the overall situation into consideration. He was "dissatisfied with Mao's excessive criticism" and "resisted", but he did not defend himself, and still admitted his mistakes frankly.

Mao Zedong led the Political Bureau of the Central Committee to discuss the right and wrong of the party's historical line and its ideological roots many times, and successively made the "Decision on Strengthening Party Spirit" (July 1, 1941), "Decision on Investigation and Research" (1941 August 1), and held an enlarged meeting of the Politburo from September 10, 1941 (until October 22), to review the party's history, especially the political line in the latter part of the Second Civil Revolutionary War.Mao Zedong made an important report at the beginning of the meeting on September 10, pointing out that the mistakes made by the leaders of the Party Central Committee before the Fourth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee and the Zunyi Meeting were line mistakes. Longer, the consequences are even worse, and its ideological roots are subjectivism and formalism.He clearly proposed to oppose subjectivism and sectarianism in the whole party. After Zhang Wentian heard Mao Zedong's report, he expressed his support at the meeting that day, saying: "Chairman Mao's report is of great significance to the complete transformation of the party's line." Mistakes before the conference, in favor of and against subjectivism.He said sincerely: "In the past, we did not settle the mistakes of the later period of the Soviet Union. This is an old debt owed, and we must pay it back now." "To oppose subjectivism, we must make a thorough liquidation. Let others see my own diarrhoea." In addition to "repaying debts", that is, "liquidating" historical mistakes, Zhang Wentian also asked for "remedial lessons" on how to fundamentally overcome subjectivism.He said: "In the past, the international government referred a group of cadres who had not done practical work to the central authority. It was a great loss. They did not do practical work in the past and lacked practical experience. Now they have to make up lessons." From the meeting of the Politburo in September, Zhang Wentian stopped his actual work and concentrated on studying many historical documents of the party and all the works of Mao Zedong. From the history of the party, he realized that Mao Zedong's line was the correct line of the Chinese Communist Party. The set that came into play after the Fourth Plenary Session of the Central Committee is completely wrong.The idea that Mao Zedong was not only a politician and military strategist, but also a theorist was established in Zhang Wentian's mind at this time, and Zhang Wentian's feeling of being convinced by Mao Zedong also developed from this time.At the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee on September 29, Zhang Wentian made a systematic speech, confirming that "the line was wrong" in the late period of the Agrarian Revolution, and once again sincerely reviewed the mistakes and clearly assumed responsibility.He said: With regard to the work in the Central Soviet Area, I agree with Chairman Mao's estimate that the line at that time was wrong.The political aspect is "Left" leaning opportunism, and the strategy is blind.The military aspect is adventurism (strike big central cities, pure defense, etc.).The organization is sectarian, does not trust veteran cadres, negates all past experience, overthrows the old leadership, and combines like-minded people, which will inevitably lead to chaotic attacks on cadres.Ideology is subjectivism and dogmatism, and does not study history and specific realities.Beginning with resolutions such as "September 18", the catastrophic floods, breaking through the three "encirclement and suppression campaigns", and the Fourth Plenary Session of the Central Committee, "Left" mistakes have already occurred. suffered serious losses.I am one of the main responsible and should admit the mistake.In particular, I should take more responsibility for promoting wrong policies.If our wrong line does not go bankrupt, Chairman Mao's correct line cannot be revealed.But it should be said that without the support of foreigners who came to China at that time, our mistakes would not have such a powerful development.Regarding the process of the occurrence and development of the third "Left" line represented by Wang Ming and Bo Gu, the whole party has a process of understanding. On October 13, 1941, the Committee for Liquidating the Past History (members were Mao Zedong, Wang Jiaxiang, Ren Bishi, Kang Sheng, and Peng Zhen) drafted under the chairmanship of Mao Zedong the "Draft Conclusions on the Central Leadership Line since the Fourth Plenary Session" stated: Although there are shortcomings and mistakes, it is "basically correct, because it opposes Li Lisan's wrong line and Luo Zhanglong's anti-party behavior".He believes that the resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on May 9, 1931, "The Current Political Situation and the Party's Urgent Tasks," is the "germ or embryo" of the third "Left" line; The Red Army of Workers and Peasants broke through the third "encirclement and suppression" and the party's urgent task arising from the gradual maturity of the revolutionary crisis", which was the "starting point or birth" of the third "Left" leaning line.These views reflect the views of the third "Left" line at the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee from September to October 1941.Zhang Wentian's views on the timing of the third "Left" deviation line in his speech are consistent with those at this meeting. Zhang Wentian was the first member of the "Left" Party Central Leadership Group to be awakened and differentiated.Before the Zunyi Conference, he had serious differences with the "Left" central leadership; at the Zunyi Conference, he made a major contribution to ending the "Left" rule; since the Zunyi Conference, he has adhered to the correct line and made great contributions.Even so, he did not take the blame and cover up historical mistakes.Regarding his mistakes from the beginning of 1931 to the end of 1934, he repeatedly reviewed from the Zunyi Conference to the Wayaobao Conference, the Soviet Area Representative Conference, the Luochuan Conference, and the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee, in order to remember the lessons of history and avoid repeating them.It was only limited by the environment and understanding. Before that, he did not realize that it was a mistake in the political line.As Mao Zedong pointed out at this meeting, Zhang Wentian sincerely admitted that the "Left" mistakes made by the party central leadership in the later period of the Agrarian Revolutionary War were mistakes in line, and fully exposed the mistakes in politics, military, organization, and ideology. , take responsibility for mistakes responsibly, and deeply review the root causes of mistakes.Not only that, Zhang Wentian also stated that he would use practical actions to overcome the problems of subjectivism and dogmatism, and solve the problem of disconnection between theory and practice, and clearly expressed his desire to leave the central government and go to the lower levels to do practical work.Zhang Wentian blames himself so strictly and is so loyal to the party, which is admirable.His spirit of obeying the truth and correcting mistakes made an appearance for comrades who made mistakes during the third "Left" line rule.In his speech at the meeting on October 22, Luo Mai (Li Weihan) talked about his "perception" of Bo Gu and Luo Fu: he "respects and fears" Bo, and "respects and loves" Luo.This indeed expresses Zhang Wentian's impression in the minds of comrades in the party. In order to respond to the call of the Party Central Committee and Mao Zedong's rectification movement with practical actions, Zhang Wentian made up his mind to go to the countryside to investigate and study after attending the enlarged Politburo meeting in September.His request was approved by the Party Central Committee.So nine cadres (including Zhang Wentian's wife Liu Ying) were transferred from several departments of the central government to form the "Yan'an Rural Investigation Team", headed by Zhang Wentian, and set out to investigate. In the early morning of January 26, 1942, in the twilight of the morning light, Zhang Wentian led an investigation team to set off from Yangjialing, and Li Fuchun and Yang Shangkun, the heads of the Central General Office, saw them off to the side of the road. Zhang Wentian's initial investigation and research area was Northwest Shanxi. .A total of 11 records of Zhang Wentian's speeches were included in this material, which is now in the Central Archives.Shanxi Northwest District is the predecessor of Jinsui Border District. In February 1940, the Party Central Committee appointed the Northwest Military and Political Committee of Shanxi; in November, the Northwest Military Region of Shanxi was established. In September 1942, it was renamed "Jin-Sui Military Region".At the same time, the Jinsui Branch of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was established.Zhang Wentian left Northwest Shanxi on September 11, 1942, so this article is called Northwest Shanxi.This area is located in the west of Tongpu Railway, from Zuoyun and Youyu in the north to Fenyang and Lishi in the south. It was the base area opened up during the Anti-Japanese War.There was no land revolution here, and what was implemented was the reduction of rent and interest, the "four major mobilizations" (also known as the "four major calls", that is, mobilizing and calling on landlords, rich peasants, and other peasants to donate money, food, shoes, and expand the army). The rural policy during the Anti-Japanese War is therefore more universal than the old base areas in northern Shaanxi.After the investigation team left Yan'an, they headed for Shanxi. The alias Zhang Wentian used was "Zhang Jinxi". The investigation team arrived in Suide on February 2 via Yanchuan and Qingjian.This is the residence of the 359th Brigade.Brigadier Wang Zhen respected Zhang Wentian very much.At that time, the living conditions were poor, and Wang Zhen gave up the cave dwelling where he lived, but Zhang Wentian insisted on refusing to live in it.After repeated persuasion, he reluctantly agreed, and recited the two poems with a smile, saying that this is really the first sentence of "Only magpies have nests, and only doves live in them." "Book of Songs Zhaonan Magpie Nest".up.Zhang Wentian and his party stayed here for three days.He had heart-to-heart conversations with Wang Zhen, Yuan Renyuan, Su Jin and other comrades.Talking about the mistakes I made in the early 1930s, I didn't hide it, nor did I feel depressed. On February 14, 1942, which was the Lunar New Year's Eve, Zhang Wentian and his party arrived at the ferry of Cailin Village on the bank of the Yellow River.This village can be called "Shangjiang Jiangnan", and it belongs to Shenfu County, which was newly established at that time, located between Shenmu and Fugu counties. Zhang Wentian originally planned to cross the Yellow River from here and enter the northwestern Shanxi region. Since the enemy's winter "mopping up" was still going on at that time, the investigation team had to return to the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border area after the Spring Festival here.Zhang Wentian led the investigation team to Hejiachuan, a large village on the banks of the Kuye River, where the Shenfu Communist Party Committee and the county government are located.This investigation and research work started from here. Zhang Wentian believes that the purpose of investigation and research is to get to know the masses and check the party's policies and decrees.To really achieve this goal, we must go deep into the natural village.Regarding the object and focus of the investigation, Zhang Wentian believes that it should be productivity and production relations, and from there to the superstructure. "Rural Investigation Diary" has an "outline" in the diary on April 19, 1942; there is a detailed record of the speech at the investigators' meeting on the morning of April 22, and the record is included in "Comrade Luo Fu's Speeches in Northwest Shanxi" (record). Zhang Wentian divided the investigation team into 4 groups and investigated 8 natural villages in the townships directly under Shenfu County: Hejiachuan, Mengjiagou, Jiajiagou, Yanjiashan, Shangjiazhuang, Xishanshang, Lujianan, and Cuijiamao.Zhang Wentian personally investigated He Jiachuan.He conducted in-depth investigations, and the statistics were very specific.For example, with regard to productivity, understand the various types of local land and their grades, the amount of sowing, fertilization and constant yield of various crops per unit area of ​​land, the amount of labor, fertilizer production, and lease and borrowing methods of various livestock , economic benefits throughout the year, consumption of various forages, etc., what are the characteristics of cow, donkey, pig, sheep, chicken, and rabbit manure, what soil is suitable for it, what crops are suitable, and why farmers still grow it due to the low yield of sorghum He understands why poor families cannot grow wheat and garlic.Zhang Wentian also led the comrades of the investigation team to a fair in Hejiachuan, and saw a specially bred jackass brought to the market for breeding, and three buckets of black beans were collected for one breeding, and the business of raising jackass was regarded as a "low business". .Zhang Wentian told the comrades in the county that donkeys are almost the only animal power in northern Shaanxi, and they are very useful. We must break the old concept and encourage more male donkeys to be bred. If more people keep breeding donkeys, the fees will naturally be reduced. At the beginning of April, comrades in various groups collected the materials collected through investigations to Zhang Wentian, and Zhang Wentian wrote the investigation report himself after comprehensive research. It was printed on May 18 and sent to Yan'an Mao Zedong, the Secretariat of the Central Committee, and the Party Affairs Research Office of the Central Committee.This is "Survey of Eight Natural Villages in Hejiachuan" and "Survey of Eight Natural Villages in Hejiachuan", published by the Investigation and Research Office of the Northwest Central Bureau of the Communist Party of China in October 1943, signed by the Yan'an Rural Work Investigation Team, and the title of the book is "Shenfu in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Survey of Eight Natural Villages in Townships Directly under the County". In September 1986, the People's Publishing House combined this survey report with "Research on Land Issues in Fourteen Villages in the Second District of Xing County, Northwest Shanxi (Report Outline)" and named it "Survey of Rural Areas in Xing County, Shenfu County". Published (after citing this book, the version will not be indicated), signed by Zhang Wentian.This investigation report was published in October 1943. The full text is about 50,000 words, divided into 41 sections, and 38 statistical tables are attached. (9-19 sections) and production relations (20-34 sections) and various aspects of the superstructure (35-41 sections), on this basis the trend of rural economic development has been estimated. On April 13, 1942, Zhang Wentian led an investigation team to cross the Yellow River to Xing County. Due to the enemy's situation, they were unable to go deep into the hinterland of Northwest Shanxi. Survey the villages within the range.Zhang Wentian lived in Renjiawan opposite Bi Village. Zhang Wentian and his investigation team originally only planned to investigate a few villages.Comrades from the Shanxi Northwest District Party Committee expressed their desire to send some responsible comrades to participate in the investigation, and asked Zhang Wentian for guidance.In this way, the investigation team in Xing County expanded a lot. More than 40 party, government, and mass cadres from Northwest Shanxi participated in the investigation. Moth, Zhongzhuang, Gaojiacun, Xiping, Zhaojiachuankou, Fengjiazhuang, Huayuangou, Liuye Village, Nianzi Village, Gaojiagou.Zhang Wentian personally designed the survey form, agreed on the survey organization, and formulated an implementation plan.The survey in Xing County still takes productivity and production relationship as the theme, and goes deep into natural villages and household surveys as the basic method.Before departure, he convened a meeting of all investigators and made a report on "Shenfu Investigation Experience". Not long after Zhang Wentian went to Xing County to investigate, the enemy launched a large-scale "mopping up" against the anti-Japanese base areas in Northwest Shanxi in May 1942, and went straight to Xing County, the political center of Northwest Shanxi.In the intense anti-"sweeping" war, the investigation team and some personnel of the party and government agencies in Northwest Shanxi changed with the enemy's situation. From mid-May to mid-August, they were evacuated three times to Shenfu County west of the Yellow River.According to Zhang Wentian's "Rural Investigation Diary": On May 16, 1942, because the enemy entered Xing County, he crossed the river in the morning; on the morning of May 21, he crossed the East River and returned to Renjiawan's original residence.This is the first time.The second time, on June 25th, due to the enemy's relationship, he was transferred to Hexi, and arrived at Houyangjiagou at 12:00 pm; on the afternoon of July 20th, he crossed the river and returned to Renjiawan.The third time, when the situation was tense on August 9, I crossed Hexi again; I left on the morning of August 17 and returned to the old site of Renjiawan at 2 pm.In addition, due to toothache, Zhang Wentian traveled to Hexi with Gan Siqi for treatment on the afternoon of July 31, and returned to Hedong on the afternoon of August 4.Although Zhang Wentian traveled back and forth on both sides of the Yellow River, he was not at all slack in his investigation work.Zhang Wentian personally investigated Renjiawan and Bicun, and compiled the investigation report "Investigation of Bicun", focusing on the study of land ownership changes and tenancy relations.Under the guidance of Zhang Wentian, other comrades wrote the investigation materials of each natural village.It is a pity that all these materials have been lost. It is estimated that they were destroyed when the Party Central Committee retreated from Yan'an in March 1947. At the end of June, after finishing the survey materials of 14 natural villages in Xingxian County including "Investigation of Bi Village", Zhang Wentian planned to hold symposiums in July and August to deepen the research work.Issues of class relations (July 8-9, three times), land issues (July 13-14, twice), tenancy relations (July 23-26, four times), village power At the symposium on work issues (from August 18 to 23, six times), Zhang Wentian made many important speeches (seven times with records).In addition, there are two formal report meetings: from July 27th to 30th, a report on "Research on Land Issues", and from August 30th to 31st, a report on "Village Power and Others". Zhang Wentian also wrote "Research on Land Issues in Fourteen Natural Villages in Xing County" during his investigation in Xing County.This article was not published at the time.Included in the book "Survey of Rural Areas in Xingxian County, Shenfu County", and the title was changed to "Research on Land Issues in Fourteen Villages in the Second District of Xingxian County, Northwest Shanxi (Report Outline)".The outline of this research report analyzes the changes in rural class relations, changes in land ownership, and loan and credit relations during the War of Resistance Against Japan in this area that has not had an agrarian revolution. In view of the current situation, he put forward opinions on effectively grasping the new democratic economic policy and developing the rural economy. Four or five days after the second emergency evacuation to Houyangjiagou Village in Shenfu County, it ushered in the 21st birthday of the Communist Party of China.To commemorate the party's birthday, Zhang Wentian called all the members who participated in the investigation in Xingxian County, together with the cadres of the Northwest Shanxi Rear Office stationed in the village, a total of about sixty or seventy people, gathered on the threshing ground on the evening of July 1. He delivered a speech devoted to Mao Zedong's incomparable and great role in the Chinese revolutionary process.That night, the bright moon was in the sky, the cool breeze was blowing, and the scenery of the plateau was magnificent.Zhang Wentian is not an agitator, he speaks in a leisurely manner, speaking eloquently, naturally and freely, from the heart.He briefly described the history of the party since its founding 21 years ago, its victories and setbacks, and the mistakes and harms of Chen Duxiu's capitulationism, Li San's line, and Zhang Guotao's line.It also talked about the serious mistakes and losses in the work in the White and Soviet areas in the late period of the Agrarian Revolution.He repeatedly emphasized that the past history of the Chinese revolution has proved that with the leadership of Comrade Mao Zedong, the revolutionary force will gradually grow stronger, gradually move towards victory, and turn the crisis into peace; The revolution will suffer setbacks, it will turn victory into defeat, and it will go from smooth to difficult.He repeatedly stated that the history of the Chinese revolution in the past 21 years has proved that the Chinese revolution would not be able to win without the correct leadership of Comrade Mao Zedong; Must be able to win.He pointed out very clearly that the greatest harvest and achievement of the Chinese revolution in the past 21 years is the formation of the proven, wise and correct leadership of the party leader Comrade Mao Zedong in the long-term revolutionary struggle. The reliable guarantee of victory is also a major event for the whole party to celebrate when we commemorate the party's birthday. From this speech, we can see how Zhang Wentian sincerely admired and deeply understood Mao Zedong. When Zhang Wentian went to Xingxian County for investigation, the rectification of the whole party had already begun. He paid attention to combining investigation and research with the rectification, and paid attention to rectifying the three styles (that is, opposing subjectivism to rectify the style of study, opposing sectarianism to rectify the party style, and opposing party stereotypes to rectify the style of writing) ) height to observe and analyze problems. On May 7, 1942, Zhang Wentian gave a speech at the meeting of the Shanxi Northwest District Party Committee to rectify the three styles, and analyzed the manifestations of subjectivism, sectarianism, and stereotyped party writing in combination with actual examples.Emphasize that the study of wind adjustment should "learn from practical work. Study 22 documents, understand their spirit, and solve practical problems according to the spirit."He also pointed out that subjectivism and party stereotypes also exist in Northwest Shanxi, and they are very serious.When talking about grassroots leadership work in his report on August 31, Zhang Wentian also pointed out that the serious shortcoming of the leadership style is that the three styles are not correct. Someone once thought that Zhang Wentian went to the countryside to investigate to "shelter the wind".In fact, judging from Zhang Wentian's speech at the enlarged Politburo meeting in September 1941, this statement is pure nonsense.Zhang Wentian once said that after the Politburo meeting in September, "in order not to hinder the implementation of Chairman Mao's rectification policy, and at the same time to make myself more or less in contact with reality, I decided to set out and investigate a period of time"; If I do my research well and actually contact the masses, that is tantamount to rectification.”Zhang Wentian: "Yan'an Rectification Movement Notes in 1943".It can be seen that Zhang Wentian went to the countryside to investigate, not only not to "hide the wind", but also to carry out rectification.He organically combined investigation and research with the rectification movement in Xing County, which is also a good footnote for him to support the rectification movement and participate in the rectification movement with practical actions. However, Zhang Wentian's criticism of the unhealthy local customs caused trouble.Originally, the Xing County investigation led by Zhang Wentian had achieved remarkable results. The comrades who participated in the work of the Shanxi Northwest District Office at that time were all satisfied and excited about this investigation and research.They said that this survey helped them a lot. This time they really got in touch with the countryside and the people, and they knew how unrealistic their past leadership was.Ditto.However, the comrades in charge of Northwest Shanxi District came back from Yan'an at that time, but they didn't take it seriously. They thought that the investigation team's set of things was completely undesirable, and that the investigation could also be subjectivism.Zhang Wentian later said that the shortcomings of working in Northwest Shanxi were mainly "expressing his own opinions honestly and criticizing all kinds of unhealthy phenomena I saw (this phenomenon is very serious in Northwest Shanxi) ), did not have a good estimate of the prestige of the district party committee and its leading comrades".Ditto.Since people did not welcome him, Zhang Wentian decided to end his investigation in Northwest Shanxi.All the personnel participating in the investigation from the Shanxi Northwest District Office requested a summary of the investigation and research work. Zhang Wentian proposed to gather them together to complete the matter, but was also rejected.The Xing County investigation ended in such a bad way. After leaving Xing County, Zhang Wentian wrote a 2,000-word theoretical article on October 7 based on the investigation of Xing County: "Developing New Types of Capitalism."This article was never published by Zhang Wentian before his death. It was first published in the 29th volume of "Data on the History of the Communist Party of China" published in 1989. The editor proposed a different title "A Problem About the Development of the New Democratic Economy in Rural Areas". The phrase "new capitalism" was also used by Mao Zedong in 1944. In 1948, Mao Zedong proposed that this term should not be used in the future, and that the name should be called New Democratic Economy.The article briefly analyzes the class composition of 897 households in 14 natural villages in the second district of Xingxian County, explaining that "the capitalist production element is very weak in the countryside, and the feudal element, that is, the landlord and peasant elements, still dominates."Zhang Wentian pointed out, "The feudal system of exploitation is backward. The capitalist mode of production is relatively progressive at present and can make society evolve." He compared and analyzed the differences between feudal and capitalist modes of operation, and the level of productivity is also quite different. Similarly, it shows that the management of capitalism is "more beneficial to the whole society".张闻天指出：“发展新式资本主义是新民主主义经济的全部方向和内容，也是将来社会主义的前提。”同时他又指出：“我们所提倡的新式资本主义，与欧美的旧资本主义不同。我们有革命政权和革命政策，调节社会各阶级关系。凡可以操纵国民生计的工商业，均握在国家手中。”在文章最后，张闻天不无针对性地得出以下结论： 中国社会将来才是社会主义和共产主义，今天则要实行新民主主义，就是新式资本主义。因为中国太落后，只有走过新式资本主义的第一步，才能走社会主义的第二步。社会主义和共产主义，是我们的理想。发展新式资本主义，是我们现时的任务，也是我们当前的具体工作。若把理想当现实，乱来一阵，会弄糟糕的。 当时，党实行抗日民族统一战线的农村政策。1942年1月中央政治局通过的《中共中央关于抗日根据地土地政策的决定》确定的基本原则之一，是“承认资本主义生产方式是中国现时比较进步的生产方式，而资产阶级、特别是小资产阶级与民族资产阶级，是中国现时比较进步的社会成分与政治力量。富农的生产方式是带有资本主义性质的，富农是农村中的资产阶级，是抗日与生产的一个不可缺少的力量”，所以，“党的政策，不是削弱资本主义与资产阶级，不是削弱富农阶级与富农生产，而是在适当的改善工人生活条件之下，同时奖励资本主义生产与联合资产阶级，奖励富农生产与联合富农”。张闻天在这篇文章中论证的中国农村必须利用资本主义以发展生产力，以创造社会主义的前提，对抗战时期党的农村政策作了很好的阐述和发挥。 张闻天率延安农村调查团离开兴县后转回黄河西岸陕甘宁边区，从9月26日起开始以米脂县杨家沟为中心的农村调查。 米脂县杨家沟是全国罕见的一个地主经济集中的村庄。这里聚居着马姓55户大、中、小地主。最大的一家殷实地主马维新，是当地地主集团实际的代表人物。他家保存着起自清道光二十五年（1845）直到眼下百年的大量买地、典地、收租、放债、雇工、经商和日常生活收支等各种账簿。张闻天知道后，如获至宝，让人前去商借。马维新比较开明，把这些账簿全拿出来任凭张闻天他们研究。账簿真多，一次堆满半间房，还换了几次。张闻天一本一本翻阅，还亲自同调查团的秘书马洪一道核算。马洪打算盘，张闻天则拉计算尺（这把计算尺还是他在美国留学时买的，已随身带了十五六年），刘英帮着抄数据、材料，忙了几十天。张闻天风趣地说：马克思在伦敦大英博物馆里算资本家的“账本子”，写了《资本论》，我们想要弄明白中国的经济，也不能不研究马太爷的“账本子”啊！ 在算账和调查、访问的基础上，张闻天同马洪、刘英等进行了深入的研究，然后由马洪执笔写出调查报告初稿，交给张闻天反复修改写定。这部《杨家沟地主调查》《杨家沟地主调查》于1957年5月以《米脂县杨家沟调查》的书名由三联书店出版，署名延安农村工作调查团。1980年3月由人民出版社重版。细致地解剖了马维新这个地主从18岁代替父亲管理家务起39年的经济活动，详尽地分析了马维新兼并土地的活动，他的租佃关系、借贷关系、雇佣关系，以及商号经营情况，统计出1912—1941年30年来马维新一家的收支情况，还参照其他材料统计出1894年以来近50年杨家沟一带的年成。调查报告以翔实可靠的材料说明，封建地主阶级如何以地租剥削为基础，将地租同高利贷、商业剥削结合在一起，对农民残酷剥削和掠夺土地，以至大地主如何对中小地主进行弱肉强食的土地兼并的情况。这是一个具有很高学术价值的调查报告。这样一种具体充实的同类性质的调查和报告，在中国极为少见。 离开杨家沟之后，张闻天在米脂城内作了短期调查（11月23日至12月2日）。从12月10日起至1943年1月15日，主要在绥德西郊河川地区及双湖峪（今属子洲县）作经济调查，涉及盐滩、煤窑等工业。从1月18日起至2月24日，在绥德市作商业调查。就在这时，张闻天接到要他立即返回延安，参加中央政治局会议的通知。于是，张本人即中断调查，在1943年3月3日回延安。其他同志仍继续调查。但绥德调查搜集的材料，大多没有来得及整理。 通过陕北、晋西北调查，张闻天对于中国农村经济实际进行了具体、深入的研究，得到关于农村生产力与生产关系现状和发展趋势的比较系统的认识，对当时农村政策的执行情况及调整办法也提出了自己的看法。这些真知灼见，有的当时就受到重视，有的后来才为人们所注意。 张闻天指出，陕北、晋西北的土地占有，总的说来是从封建式的土地占有的集中向着农业小生产的分散发展。这里的农业生产主要是原始的小生产，所以这种趋势有利于生产力的提高，是进步的。充足的人力，再加上充足的畜力，就是农业小生产者的崇高理想。土地革命或减租减息，激发了农民的劳动积极性，在没有战事、政策得当的条件下，土地生产力的恢复、提高不需要多长时间。然而，小生产经济无法使用比较进步的生产工具，劳动力的所有与使用存在矛盾，畜力的大量和合理使用受到妨碍，肥料的产量与适当使用也大受影响，因此分散的小生产还是影响生产力的发展，土地生产力总的说来是低下的。这就说明，一方面现有农村经济可以战胜根据地面临的困难，支持长期抗战；另一方面，要重视政策的真正执行与必要调整，以利于农村生产力的发展。 关于农村阶级、阶层的状况及其变化动向，张闻天指出：资本主义生产成分在农村是很微弱的，农村人口的大多数是中农、贫农小资产阶级成分；地主在量上减少，其每户经济削弱，富农在量上增加，其每户经济缩小，贫农一部分上升为中农，一部分则下降，有些最终将成为雇佣劳动者，而中农是农村经济中的主要力量。张闻天认为，应该从中农中分出“富裕中农”一项，因为“中农中的富裕中农，是代表农村中较高生产力的一个阶层”，“以后农村经济的发展，将是中农经济的继续发展。一部分贫农将上升为中农，中农将变为更加富裕的中农。这种大多数农民的向上发展，是新民主主义社会的特点”。毛泽东在1933年《怎样分析农村阶级》一文中已提出过“富裕中农”这一阶层，张闻天则将“富裕中农”这个阶层放到了重要的地位，对它的作用、发展方向作出估计，在这个具体问题上丰富和发展了毛泽东关于农村阶级分析的思想。 张闻天从农村阶级关系变动中看出，农村经济的发展，将是封建势力削弱，个体小生产经济发展，中农向富农发展，地主向富农转化，发展趋势是资本主义经济。 根据这一发展趋势，张闻天以是否有利于生产力发展为根本出发点，提出我们现时的农村经济政策应是“切实掌握新民主主义的经济（政治）政策（三分封建，七分资本主义）”，是“积极推动资本主义经济的发展（三分封建主义七分资本主义）”。张闻天曾将这种在新民主主义下的资本主义称为“新式资本主义”。与此相应，张闻天提出了一系列具体政策建议。他认为，在当时地主向经营地主、富农发展，新政权应该帮助，给地主打通这一出路；限制富农发展是不对的。 . 1941年以来的土地买卖，“带有土地调剂、调整、解决一部分土地问题的进步性质，应让其自由发展”，“以后土地问题的解决，除继续采取'迫'、'挖'的方法外，还应采取'拉'的方法，即转变其生产方式的方法。这即是提倡资本主义式的经济”。对于租佃关系、借贷关系，他主张实行要求地主减租又规定农民部分交租，反对高利贷又要交息还本这样的两重性政策，调整和稳定租佃关系，活跃农村金融，以发展农业生产，提高土地生产力。 张闻天的这些观点与建议是从实际中来的，同党中央当时实行的政策，方向和精神是一致的。中共中央继1942年1月28日作出《关于抗日根据地土地政策的决定》之后，2月4日又发出《中央关于如何执行土地政策决定的指示》，指明：“在经济上，目前我党的政策，以奖励资本主义生产为主，但同时保存地主的若干权利，可以说是一个七分资本、三分封建的政策。”与中央文件对照，张闻天调查研究后得出的主要结论，在某些问题的阐述和论证上有独到、透辟之处，有些政策建议对党中央已经规定的政策有所充实、发展。 张闻天离开绥德赶回延安，是为了参加中共中央政治局会议。这次会议从1943年3月16日至20日举行。会议通过了《关于中央机构调整及精简的决定》，推选毛泽东为政治局主席、书记处主席，决定书记处由毛泽东、刘少奇、任弼时组成。从此，张闻天正式离开了书记处，但他仍然是中央政治局委员，同时担任新设立的政治局和书记处的两个助理机关之一的中央组织委员会的委员。《中共党史大事年表》，人民出版社1987年版，第160页。中央组织委员会由刘少奇、王稼祥、康生、陈云、张闻天、邓发、杨尚昆、任弼时组成，刘少奇兼书记。 对于自己在党内职务的变动，张闻天思想上早有准备，也就安之若素了。 三月中央政治局会议后，张闻天集中精力总结一年多来调查研究的体会，于3月27日写成《出发归来记》《出发归来记》全文收入《张闻天选集》。以下引述均据该书。作为向党中央的报告。 张闻天出发调查的根本目的是为了“补课”，补缺乏基层实际经验这一课。他总结一年多的调查工作，认为最重要的收获在于“冲破了教条的囚笼，到广阔的、生动的、充满了光与热的、自由的天地中去翱翔”，认识到“以后有向着接触实际、联系群众的方向不断努力的必要”。这是张闻天思想发展过程中的又一次飞跃。这次飞跃主要是在哲学世界观方面，因此带有根本性质。从此，他完全、彻底地摒弃了主观主义的学风，自觉地向着理论与实际联系、领导与群众结合的方向不断前进。 张闻天体会到，只有同实际、同群众保持经常的联系，才能把握生动活跃、变化多端的现实生活，正确地决定我们的任务与政策。他说：“一个真正唯物论者的起码态度，就是一切工作必须从客观的实际出发，必须从认识这个客观的实际出发。”“整顿三风，对于一个共产党员是否有实际的效果”，可以拿他是否从实际出发办理一切事情这个标准加以测量。张闻天从自己到陕北、晋西北调查的实践中概括出知识分子出身的党员实现自我改造的途径：首先是彻底击破阻止他们走向实际的思想壁垒，然后是在行动上真正同实际，同群众接触起来。他认为，延安一年来的整风运动已经做了第一步工作，现在必须以第二步的工作来充实。张闻天还进而指出：“接触实际，联系群众，这是一个共产党员的终身事业”，应该“真心诚意向着接触实际、联系群众的方向长期努力下去”。他从哲学的高度阐明，这个方向没有尽头，但只要努力去做，就会有好的结果。“这个无穷的方向，也就这样在我的长期努力所获得的有限的结果中能够被一步一步地体现出来”。反之，“任何共产党员，即使他过去既接触实际，又联系群众，只要他一旦脱离实际、脱离群众，他就会硬化起来，走进老布尔什维克的博物馆，做历史的陈列品”。 张闻天认为，是否真正的唯物论者，不仅在于他口头上是否承认和宣传唯物论的普遍原则，主要看他实际行动是否真能这样做。张闻天的可贵之处正在于此。他一旦把握了真理，就身体力行去实践真理。出发归来后，他又立即投身于对陕甘宁边区工业的调查；抗战胜利后，张闻天即主动要求到东北从事地方工作，都说明他是言行一致的真正的唯物论者。 在《出发归来记》中，张闻天还结合一年多的切身体验，对调查研究的意义、对象、原则、方法作了系统、深刻的论述。 张闻天认为：“调查研究是从实际出发的中心一环”；领导干部同实际、同群众保持联系的一个又简便、又生动、又实际的办法，是抓住一个典型的村或乡或一个市镇进行深入调查研究；而“亲自动手”的主要意义是亲自接触实际、接触群众、接触最下级的干部。关于调查研究的对象，张闻天指出，“'从实际出发'，首先应该是从生产力与生产关系所结合成的社会生产状况出发。所以调查研究的首要对象，也应该是生产力与生产关系。”至于具体的调查对象的确定，张闻天提出“着重典型”的原则，即在同一类事物中选择典型来调查研究。关于调查研究的方法，张闻天具体阐发了毛泽东1941年9月13日在《关于农村调查》一文中对于“对立统一”方法的论述，提出“调查研究工作的主要方法是分析与综合”。他指出：分析与综合是一个对立统一。这就是从模糊的、笼统的具体印象到抽象，再从抽象到明确的、充满丰富内容的具体概念之认识过程。张闻天在实践中对调查研究的具体方法也有丰富和发展。除了开调查会之外，采取了按户调查、个别谈话、问卷分析、实地考察等方式，同时重视书面文献、材料的搜集。张闻天还强调调查与研究相结合，调查材料应经常整理、补充校正；调查初步完成，即应在当地加以研究。 从这里可以看出，张闻天是从理论与实际的结合上接受并且阐发了毛泽东关于调查研究的理论和方法。 张闻天从绥德回到延安后，曾同刘英一起去看过一次还在养病的王明。王明对张闻天说：这次整风，主要是惩我们莫斯科回来的同志的，尤其是你。1940年3月恩来同志从莫斯科治伤后返回延安，传曼努伊尔斯基（共产国际执委主席团委员）的话说，你是我党的理论家。毛主席听了这句话大发脾气说，什么理论家，背了几麻袋教条回来。所以要特别反对你。王明还说，自己太不懂人情世故了，什么话都随便说，所以遭了毛主席的忌。毛主席此人实在太厉害，真是睚眦必报。孟庆树（王明的妻子）也在一旁插嘴帮腔。张闻天听了王明这番话，立即警觉到他是有意挑拨，没有附和。他在后来追述此事经过时写道：“王明讲话，立即提起了我的警觉性，觉得他是有意挑拨，所以我当时讲话很少，态度也冷冷的。我说，我们过去确有很多错误，应该好好反省。”在中共七大大会发言中，张闻天也特别提到，对于利用党总结第三次“左”倾路线错误进行挑拨离间的阴谋，应该好好的警惕与戒备！ 张闻天参加三月政治局会议后，就在延安进行工业调查。这可以说是绥德工商业调查的继续。1943年4月2日，张闻天在陕甘宁边区政府直属各公营工厂会议上就“关于公营工厂的几个问题”发表讲话。他指出，必须明确认识“公营工厂的任务有三，即供给公家的任务，发展边区经济的任务，培养管理工厂干部的任务”。为了办好公营工厂，张闻天提出，必须把统一供给、统一定货及分散制造的原则确定下来，以解决供、产、销的矛盾；必须改变工厂是行政机关供给部门的性质，实行“经济核算制”，计算成本与利润，定出各种指标，使产品“不但数量多，而且价廉物美”；必须贯彻工厂管理一元化的方针，在厂长集中领导下，团结一致为完成生产任务奋斗，反对同厂方对立的经济主义、平均主义、无政府主义的偏向。他特别指出，工厂内党和工会的工作要有一个“彻底的转变”，“必须以完成工厂的生产任务为其基本内容”，党和工会的教育与活动必须“对提高工人的劳动热忱与劳动纪律有帮助”，否则应该停止。5月9日，张闻天还给难民工厂写信，号召参加向模范工人赵占魁学习的“赵占魁运动”。张闻天的讲话和信先后发表在1943年5月1日和5月19日的《解放日报》上，对边区公营工业贯彻整风精神，纠正官僚主义、自由主义倾向，对公营工厂的改革与建设，对边区职工运动的发展，具有指导意义。就在公开发表张闻天讲话的同一天，中共中央发布了《关于目前各抗日根据地职工运动的决定》。张闻天的讲话同中央决定的精神是完全一致的。 从1943年秋天起到1945年4月中共七大召开，张闻天参加中央政治局和高级干部党史上两条路线问题的学习讨论，参加历史问题决议的起草和中共六届七中全会（下节叙述）。 1944年春，中央政治研究室改组，成立中央政治材料室，张闻天兼任主任。这时，他迁居枣园，工作任务不重，生活轻松愉快，闲来下下围棋，还种点草莓、西红柿之类。 1944年6月以后，筹备出版《参考资料》。张闻天亲任主编，他的秘书邓力群、徐达深做助手。他亲自动手，搞了一本大事记。每两个星期，材料室的几个同志到他住处商讨一次，议论形势，商量选题。选题商定以后，他总是亲自承担一两个题目，从收集、整理材料到起草和誊写，都自己动手；写成后都送给大家征求意见，然后亲自改定，孜孜矻矻，一丝不苟。他确定将研究美国（特别是美国经济）和研究国民党分别作为国际问题和国内问题的重点。在这个铅印的内部刊物上，他以“记者”名义发表了《最近美国对华动向》、《十二中全会后国民党的动态》等九篇详尽的国内外重大问题的评论文章，为党中央和党内高级干部及时提供了对于国内外形势与动向的有分析的具体材料。对于其他承担选题的同志，张闻天总是叮嘱首先占有大量确凿的材料，要学会用马克思主义的立场、观点、方法整理、分析材料，从中引出科学的结论，有多少材料说多少话，切忌主观臆测、凭空推断，切忌看到一点皮毛就妄加引申。政治材料室的同志写出文稿以后，张闻天总是和作者一道反复讨论、修改，直到定稿。经过他的言传身教，政治材料室的同志提高了各自的研究水平，在研究工作的实践中逐渐树立起正确的学风。邓力群在四十多年后回忆这段经历时写道：“我自己从事实际问题研究的第一课，是从这时开始的。第一课的老师，就是张闻天同志。由于他的教导和示范，使我开始懂得，做研究工作，走什么样路，才能取得应有的效果。这样的教导和示范，使我终生难忘。”