Chapter 11 Chapter 10 Opening up a New Situation

In order to achieve the goals and deployments proposed by the Wayaobao Conference, Zhang Wentian worked closely with Mao Zedong, united the central leadership, overcame internal contradictions and external difficulties, and opened up a new situation in a short period of time.It laid the foundation for defeating Zhang Guotao's right-wing split, realizing the joining forces of the three main forces of the Red Army, and successfully ending the Long March.At the same time, he made unremitting and fruitful efforts to change the strategy against Chiang and establish a broad anti-Japanese national united front centered on the second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.

The Wayaobao meeting determined that the main direction of the Red Army's actions was to "put Shanxi in the east and Suiyuan in the north and other provinces", which was determined after a period of deliberation and discussion. When the Central Red Army first settled in northern Shaanxi, Zhang Wentian proposed the task of consolidating and expanding the northern Shaanxi base, and linked it with the policy of "opening up the Soviet Union."This basic policy was unanimously endorsed by Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and other central leading comrades.After the Central Red Army established a foothold in northern Shaanxi, everyone further realized that northern Shaanxi was too poor, the economy was backward, and the population was limited. Supplementing troops and solving the problem of supplies were all problems. They became more determined to attack outside and open up the anti-Japanese line for development. .However, views on the direction and timing of outward development are not consistent.

In his letters to Mao Zedong on November 20 and 25, 1935, Zhang Wentian proposed a plan to go north to Ningxia and then east to Suiyuan Anti-Japanese Frontier.Mao Zedong disapproved, thinking that Shanxi should be conquered eastward, and then go north to Suiyuan.Mao Zedong said in his reply to Zhang Wentian on December 1: "What I disagree with is the issue of time and route. First, the Red Army must increase by 10,000 people. Within four months we must use unprecedented efforts to achieve this in accordance with the Northern Shaanxi Soviet Area. Purpose. Second, it is best to take the road of Shanxi and Suiyuan. This is to approach Outer Mongolia with the policy of war, development, and whether to separate the Soviet area in northern Shaanxi from us."

When discussing military issues at the Wayaobao Conference on December 23, Mao Zedong expounded in his report his plan to cross the Yellow River eastward, march into Shanxi, and open up five counties or more in western Shanxi as the initial Soviet area.Zhang Wentian realized that Mao Zedong's proposition that the development direction of the Red Army should correspond to the direction of Japan's advance was very reasonable, and he firmly supported it.He made it clear that he would change his original plan of developing to Ningxia, "agreed to the direction of Shanxi", and emphasized that "the central work of the party is in Shanxi".The "Resolution on Military Strategic Issues" passed at the Wayaobao Conference decided: in January 1936, "expand the red" by 5,000, redify Yichuan and Luochuan, and complete the preparations for crossing the river; It was established as the initial base area; then the camera went north to Suiyuan and fought directly against Japan.

Before discussing military issues at the Wayaobao meeting, Lin Biao called the central government and suggested that the strategic focus should be on southern Shaanxi.Zhang Wentian and Mao Zedong replied in the joint name of Luo and Mao on December 21 to deny it.The telegram said: "I received a call from Lin. Under the situation of Japan's occupation of North China, the guerrilla warfare in southern Shaanxi cannot put him in a more important position than the guerrilla warfare in northern Shaanxi and other places. In fact, the latter is more important." Telegram Peng Dehuai to Lin Biao.Because North China was the focus of Japanese aggression at that time, and the upsurge of anti-Japanese and national salvation continued to be set off in Pingjin area, North China has become the place where all contradictions are concentrated, and it is the first area where the national revolutionary war broke out; and Yan Xishan opposed Chiang and did not resist Japan at that time. The policy of "anti-communist" has designated more than 20 counties along the Yellow River in Shanxi as "anti-communist areas".Therefore, the Red Army's conquest of Yan in the east was to hold high the anti-Japanese banner and directly point at the Japanese invaders, which was beneficial politically and militarily.If it develops to the south, it will inevitably conflict with the Northeast Army and the Northwest Army, which are negotiating with the Red Army to jointly resist Japan, and Chiang Kai-shek's direct troops can take the opportunity to enter the Northwest, which is obviously disadvantageous.

After the Wayaobao Conference, there were also different views on how to properly handle the relationship between consolidation and development (expansion) of the base area; some people were also confused about the decision to march eastward.Someone raised a question: At present, the Red Army has just arrived in northern Shaanxi and has just established itself. Should it be consolidated for a period of time before moving forward, or should it develop immediately?Some people are afraid that they will not be able to cross, and some people are afraid that they will not be able to withdraw after crossing.Zhang Wentian firmly supported Mao Zedong's strategic guiding ideology of "seeking consolidation while developing".He believes that we should learn from the failure of the fifth anti-"encirclement and suppression" campaign. Confining to one area cannot be consolidated.The Red Army's actions should be broader and more flexible.Expansion and Consolidation. Special emphasis should now be placed on expansion.Some people don't understand Zhang Wentian's support for the Eastern Expedition decision, saying that he shouldn't always follow Mao Zedong.When Zhang Wentian heard such discussions, he always said frankly: "Whoever holds the truth, go with him."

In terms of action, Zhang Wentian grasped it very tightly.After the Politburo Standing Committee decided on the operational policy of crossing the river on January 10, on January 17, Zhang Wentian announced on behalf of the Central Committee Standing Committee at the Politburo meeting: "The central leadership will follow the main force and go to the Red Army." Expressed Unswerving determination to carry out the Eastern Expedition.At this meeting, he also announced the division of labor among the members of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee: Mao Zedong, Peng Dehuai, Zhang Wentian, Zhang Hao, and Kai Feng followed the army; Attend meetings after recovery.In addition, a local working committee was established, composed of 11 people including Luo Mai, Zhang Hao, Wang Guanlan, and Liu Xiao, to do the work of expanding popularity, raising funds, mobilizing the masses, and opening up base areas with the development of military operations.

In early February 1936, Zhang Wentian arrived at the front line on the west bank of the Yellow River and immediately met with Peng Dehuai.He explained to Peng the strategic significance of the Eastern Expedition to Shanxi, and told Peng that Peng's opinion had been adopted in the combat plan, which could ensure that the main force crossing the river would not be separated from the Shaanxi-Gansu base area, and could safely withdraw to the west bank of the Yellow River if necessary.Prior to this, Luo and Mao jointly sent a message to Peng that the expedition across the east of the river should "leap forward and penetrate deep into the enemy's rear", and it should be done only when "there is no danger of partition. At the same time, it is guaranteed that the second batch of ships crossing the river will be returned."

In early and mid-February, the Eastern Expeditionary Force set out from Zichang County and advanced to Gaojie Village, Qingjian County, on the west bank of the Yellow River, to rest and prepare for crossing the Eastern Expedition.Mao Zedong moved with the army and lived in Yuanjiagou. He scouted the ferry in this area and urged preparations for crossing the river.At this time, Mao Zedong's Eastern Expedition decision was explained and discussed, and was approved and supported by Zhang Wentian, Peng Dehuai, etc., and it was about to be implemented. In early February, there was a heavy snowfall here. Mao Zedong wrote a song "Qinyuanchun·Snow". From the snow scene in northern Shaanxi, he thought of the thousands of years of Chinese feudal dynasty history and the historical mission and mission of the Communist Party and the Red Army today. The achievements to be made express the inner ambition and pride.word cloud:

At 20 o'clock on the night of February 20, 1936, the First Red Army launched the Eastern Expedition under the leadership and command of Mao Zedong and Peng Dehuai in the name of "Chinese People's Red Army Anti-Japanese Vanguard".Along the west bank of the Yellow River, the First Red Army and the Fifth Red Army crossed the Yellow River eastward at several crossings in the 200-mile wide section from the mouth of Suide in the north to the mouth of Qingjian in the south. Drive straight in, unstoppable.Then, they repelled the attack of the Jin army, controlled the vast area between Shilou, Zhongyang, Xiaoyi, and Xixian in Luliang Mountain, and established a temporary rear base.

After Zhang Wentian's vanguard broke through the river defense, he crossed the Yellow River from the mouth of the Wuding River and reached the east bank.Meet Mao Zedong in a small village in Shilou.At that time, the military situation was developing rapidly, and Mao Zedong was eager to go to the front, so he entrusted He Zizhen to the care of Zhang Wentian and Liu Ying. On the way with the army, Liu Changsheng, who had just returned from the Soviet Union, brought documents from the Seventh Congress of the Communist International.Zhang Wentian was very happy, and immediately read and studied it carefully.At that time, the Red Army was progressing smoothly. The main force occupied the vast areas of southwestern and northwestern Shanxi on the north and south lines.The four brigades of the Jin army that had entered northern Shaanxi to "encircle and suppress" the Red Army were forced to withdraw to Hedong for rescue, and the situation in the northern Shaanxi base area improved accordingly.Zhang Wentian then informed the Politburo members Zhou Enlai, Bogu, Deng Fa, Wang Jiaxiang, and Lin Boqu who were staying behind Wayaobao to come to the front for a meeting. In mid-March, Zhang Wentian, Mao Zedong and other Politburo comrades were in the Damai suburb of Xixian County, Shanxi (now Jiaokou County), and successively listened to Wang Shiying, the head of the Liaison Office of the Northern Bureau, and the Shanghai Underground Party. Zhang Zihua from the information, and Li Kenong, who had just held talks with Zhang Xueliang in Luochuan, reported the situation. On March 20, Zhang Wentian presided over a meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee in Shangyiqian Village near Damai Township.Then, move from here to the direction of the stone building.From March 23rd to 27th, meetings continued along the way in Shikou, Luocun, Sijiangcun, and Shilou, known as the "West Shanxi Meeting" in history.The meeting focused on the resolutions of the Seventh National Congress of the Communist International, the issue of the united front and the issue of strategic guidelines. At the meeting, Zhang Wentian made a report on the resolution of the "Seventh National Congress" of the Communist International and the policy of our party's anti-Japanese united front. On April 1, Mao Zedong, chairman of the Northwest Revolutionary Military Commission, and vice-chairmen Zhou Enlai and Peng Dehuai issued an order on the reorganization of the Red Front Army. The scope of operations, in the first stage, the basic policy is to create a base for operations against Japan in Shanxi."The instruction reaffirmed the policy of "strengthening through development" and required the Vanguard Army to complete and arm 50,000 people within seven months, with red expansion as the first task of the general policy. Zhang Wentian accepted the opinions of some comrades and decided that the Party Central Committee would no longer act with the army after the meeting. After the meeting on March 27, Zhang Wentian, Zhou Enlai, Bogu and others left the stone building on the 28th, crossed the river with Yiyi, and returned to Wayaobao in early April. At this time, in order to prevent the Red Army from advancing eastward to resist Japan and rescue Yan Xishan, Chiang Kai-shek appointed Chen Cheng as the commander-in-chief of the "communist suppression" army in Shanxi, and mobilized 10 divisions, claiming 200,000 people, to enter Shanxi in two routes; The Kuomintang army cooperated with it in an attempt to block the Yellow River, wipe out the Red Army, and destroy the Shaanxi-Gansu base areas.Under such circumstances, the Shanxi Conference decided to operate Shanxi in the first phase, to make campaign jumps to the three provinces of Hebei, Henan, and Suiyuan, and to "concentrate the Red Army and all anti-Japanese troops in North China" strategic intentions, which could not be realized. In order to avoid civil war, preserve the anti-Japanese forces, and promote the anti-Japanese united front work, on April 28, Mao Zedong and Peng Dehuai decided to withdraw the Red Army to Hexi.Zhang Wentian agreed with this decision, and went to the Yanchang area in early May to meet the Red Army returning from Shanxi to northern Shaanxi.Mao Zedong, Peng Dehuai and others commanded the main force of the Red Front Army to cross the Yellow River in batches through Qingshui Pass and Tieluo Pass from the evening of May 2. By May 5, all crossings were completed, and they entered the Yanchang, Yanchuan, and Yongping areas of Shaanxi. rest. Although the Eastern Expedition to Shanxi failed to fully achieve the expected goal due to changes in the military situation, it achieved great victories both in military and political terms.Zhang Wentian said that the Red Army's Eastern Expedition "fullly shows that they are the vanguard of the Anti-Japanese War."Quoted from "Selected Works of Zhang Wentian", People's Publishing House, 1985 edition, p. 88.Mao Zedong summed it up in four sentences: "We won the battle, aroused the people, expanded the Red Army, and raised supplies." The Eastern Expedition lasted 75 days, wiped out 7 regiments of the Kuomintang Army, and captured the enemy (including Yan Xishan's regiment leader Guo Dengying) More than 4,000 people, surrendered more than 4,000 guns, and more than 20 cannons; gained experience in river warfare and improved combat effectiveness; forced the Shanxi-Sui Army that originally invaded northern Shaanxi to withdraw to Shanxi, and consolidated the eastern part of the northern Shaanxi base; the Red Army expanded its recruits by more than 8,000, Raised more than 300,000 yuan to develop and strengthen the strength of the Red Army and base areas; carried out mass work in more than 20 counties in Shanxi, publicized the anti-Japanese proposition of the Communist Party of China, established some anti-Japanese guerrillas and guerrilla areas, and laid the foundation for the opening of anti-Japanese base areas in the future foundation. On May 5, Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Central Government of the People's Republic of China, and Zhu De, Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Commission of the Chinese People's Red Army, sent a message to the Military Commission of the Nanjing Government, the national navy, army and air force, all parties, organizations, newspapers, and all compatriots who do not want to be subjugated slaves. , issued the "Armistice Discussion and Unified Anti-Japanese Telegram" (commonly known as "May 5th Telegram"), calling for "to stop the civil war nationwide, first in Shanxi, Gansu and Shanxi, and to send representatives to each other to discuss specific methods for resisting Japan and saving the nation." The Red Army's eastward expedition and the publication of "May 5th Electricity" to return to the west had a huge impact on the whole country, and played a role in mobilizing all walks of life across the country to fight against Japan and save the nation.Many anti-Japanese groups in Shanghai, Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Soong Ching Ling, Qin Zhen and other famous people wrote to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to express their support for the idea of ​​"stop the civil war and unite in the resistance against Japan".Li Jishen also expressed support for electrification.Feng Yuxiang advocated resisting Japan and not fighting the Red Army.According to the telegram sent by Lin Yuying, Zhang Wentian, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, etc. to Zhu De, Zhang Guotao, etc. on May 20, 1936, see "Selected Documents of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Anti-Japanese National United Front" (middle), Archives Publishing House, 1985 edition, p. 148 .Lu Xun and Mao Dun said in their letters celebrating the victory of the Red Army's Eastern Expedition: "Heroic Red Army generals and soldiers, your heroic struggle and your great victory are the most glorious page in the history of the liberation of the Chinese nation! I wish you greater victories." "On you rest the glorious and happy future of mankind." In order to sum up the experience of the Eastern Expedition to Shanxi and determine the direction of future action, Zhang Wentian presided over an enlarged meeting of the Politburo at Taixiang Temple in Yanchangjiaokou from May 8th to 9th. Members of the Politburo and heads of various corps attended. At the meeting, Mao Zedong made a report on "The Current Situation and Future Strategic Guidelines".Mao Zedong pointed out: The Eastern Expedition mobilized the whole country.Now the anti-Japanese and anti-fascist movement is in a storm.Under such circumstances, both parties were very tense and fierce in their struggle for the masses.On the one hand is the revolutionary aspect, led by the Communist Party.To mobilize the people with the new policy of stopping the civil war and unanimously resisting Japan, Lu Xun, Mao Dun and others openly supported it, and it is said that Li Jishen also supported it.It can be said that the masses of the party's new policy have already accepted it.Workers, peasants, businessmen, soldiers, and all walks of life must fight against Japan and save the nation.They don't want to be subjugated slaves, they want to resist and fight.On the other hand, the enemy, led by Japan, proposed a united front against the Communist Party in an attempt to break down the people's united front of our party.Our task in general is to build a united front of the people of the whole country to defeat Japanese imperialism and Chiang Kai-shek.The specific political task is currently to establish a Northwest National Defense Government.The slogan is to strive to fight directly against Japan. With the Red Army as the vanguard, it can be transferred to work with the Northeast Army.The attitude towards Nanjing, on our part, is to issue a declaration of returning to the division, advocating an armistice and peace talks.The Red Army marched eastward to resist Japan, but Jiang Yan stopped it. Now the Red Army automatically ceased fighting and demanded a peace negotiation.If you disagree, then you are a traitor, and we will fight the traitor. Regarding the direction of action, Mao Zedong made an analysis. He said that judging from our current strength, it is still difficult or impossible to gain a foothold in Shanxi. "The road to the east must be taken in the future, and it is the direction of strategic offensive in the long term." The next move is to "choose one of the four" in southern Shaanxi, Gansu, northern Shaanxi, and Ningxia.He made comparisons in terms of politics, economy, and military affairs: in northern Shaanxi, there is no food, and the area is small, so it is impossible to go; in Ningxia, the south bank of the Yellow River is not big. Ma Hongkui may fight for or defend neutrality, but militarily this place cannot be defended, and so is Suiyuan; southern Shaanxi is an important strategic area, and there is a Red Army, but we must be careful, or it may be easy to go and difficult to return, or the Kuomintang army is between Xi'an and Xiangyang. To build a fortress, you can't go out to the east; "Gansu is the only way for the above-mentioned roads. Although the place is not good, it is of great significance. Let it be located on the three sides and in the north of Gansu. The land is vast and sparsely populated, and it will be difficult for the enemy to attack in the future. This is the task of this period." He said: "The best way is to get artillery and go south. Otherwise, we can only transfer Chiang to Gansu and take advantage of his fatigue. When we have food, we can go east." In Zhang Wentian's final speech, he agreed with the analysis of the situation and the summary of the Eastern Expedition in Mao Zedong's report and discussions at the meeting, pointing out that the current situation is a polarization between resistance to Japan and betrayal of the country. In front of them, the room for maneuver in the middle is getting smaller and smaller.Now the masses are actually not afraid of the hat of the Communist Party.The masses know from personal experience that the Communist Party is anti-Japanese.Some people have already seen: "When the Communist Party gains power, it is the day of the independence of the Chinese nation." The most important thing now is to make the Chinese Communist Party the Chinese people's own party. The party you support is half the success of the revolution." Therefore, in terms of strategy, we must stick to the united front and not be swayed by "left" and right sentiments.He pointed out: The basic slogan of the party is still "strive to fight against Japan quickly";Zhang Wentian agreed with Mao Zedong's opinion on the strategic policy after returning from the Eastern Expedition. Now the Northwest National Defense Government should be the main link. To go east". The enlarged meeting of the Politburo of Taixiang Temple made a decision to carry out the Western Expedition. On May 18, the Western Field Army with Peng Dehuai as commander and political commissar was formed. From late May to early June, troops from all walks of life embarked on a journey one after another, marching towards areas where the KMT's military strength was weak on the borders of Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia provinces.By the end of July, the Western Expedition had achieved major victories, occupying the four cities of Dingbian, Yanchi, Yuwang, and Huanxian, and opened up a new base area of ​​more than 800 miles in length and width, which was connected with the old Soviet area of ​​Shaanxi, Gansu and Gansu. The Second and Fourth Front Army of the Red Army attacked from north to south, seized the Shaanxi-Gansu Avenue and the area to the north, and made preparations for the three main divisions of the Red Army. After the Taixiang Temple meeting, Zhang Wentian returned to Wayaobao.At this time, American journalist Edgar Snow wanted to go to the Shaanxi-Gansu base for an interview.He made a list of questions and asked someone to bring them to Wayaobao.The list listed more than a dozen issues, involving China's general policy toward capitalist countries, as well as its estimation and policies toward Japan, Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union, all of which were major issues of international concern.The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China welcomes foreign journalists to come to interview.By answering these questions from Snow, the Chinese Communist Party can publicly declare its domestic and foreign policies to the world, promote the development of friendly relations between the Chinese people and the people of other countries and the establishment of a broad anti-Japanese united front.In the history of the Communist Party of China, this is the first time that a foreign reporter is interviewed in a revolutionary base. Zhang Wentian attached great importance to this matter and held a special meeting on May 15, 1936 to discuss it.Attending this meeting were Mao Zedong, Bogu, Wang Jiaxiang, Yang Shangkun, Wu Liangping, Lu Dingyi and others.Zhang Wentian expressed his opinion on the guiding ideology of answering questions: "We advocate the united front against Japan", "We stand on the anti-Japanese united front, so the direction of the answer is on Japan, so we need to take into account other imperialist countries and their people interests, we must link these interests with the interests of the Chinese people.”Zhang Wentian stated that our general policy is to use a broad united front strategy in international relations, to establish friendly relations with all imperialist countries that do not oppose China's freedom, independence, and territorial integrity, and to focus the struggle on Japanese imperialism that is trying to destroy China. .He also pointed out that the key to establishing an international anti-Japanese united front is to make the British and American countries realize that they have common interests with China, and China must properly handle the interests of the British and American countries.That is to say clearly to foreign journalists that Japan’s aggression against China harms and threatens China’s interests, and at the same time harms and threatens the interests of the United Kingdom and the United States, peace in the Pacific and world peace; The interests in China of countries that support China against Japanese aggression must be taken into account.Regarding "whether foreign capital is welcome to invest in China", Zhang Wentian said that as long as it does not invade China, we welcome it.Regarding the question of "what do you want from the U.S. government and the masses?" Zhang Wentian said: The U.S. is against Japan, and we welcome it.But the United States is currently negative.Some Americans think that Japanese aggression has little impact on the United States, which is a wrong view.We hope that the United States will be more active against Japan and should unite the countries.Regarding relations with Britain, Zhang Wentian pointed out: British diplomacy is now on a wrong path.It is impossible for Britain to carve up China and oppose the Soviet Union after a joint compromise with Japan.Japan's invasion of China affected British rule in the East, which was not good for Britain.Britain should change policy. Snow set off from Beiping in June, passed through Xi'an, and entered the Shaanxi-Gansu base in early July 1936. Arrived in Baijiaping, Ansai on July 9, and officially visited Zhou Enlai the next day.Around July 13, Snow arrived at the security guard at the location of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.Bogu is in charge of the "Ministry of Foreign Affairs" and is responsible for the reception.After he received a telegram from Zhou Enlai that Snow was about to arrive at the security guard, he prepared accommodation for the guests in the "Ministry of Foreign Affairs" next door to the cave dwelling where he lived.At that time, living in this row of cave dwellings were Mao Zedong, Zhang Wentian and their confidential section, writing and printing group, Lin Boqu and his Central Bank.This row of cave dwellings is located at the foot of a mountain in the southeast of Baoan City.In order to welcome Snow, a lively party was held, in which both Mao Zedong and Zhang Wentian attended.In addition to performances at the party, everyone also invited three female Red Army soldiers Cai Chang, Liu Ying, and Liu Qunxian (Mrs. Bogu) to sing.They sang "Yuguang Song", which started with Deng Yingchao's final tone.Snow happily took pictures of them. The first conversation Snow had with the leaders of the central government after he arrived in Baoan was Mao Zedong answering the questions raised on the list of questions he had sent earlier.Mao Zedong responded in accordance with the spirit of the discussion at the Central Meeting on May 15.Snow recorded the conversation between Mao Zedong and him.Snow explained: "The conversation was first written in English, and then re-translated into Chinese at Mao's request, and then approved by him." 》) were particularly important to the situation at the time, and were more concerned by the audience. Snow published them first (finalized in Beiping on November 5, 1936, and published in Shanghai's "Miller's Review" (The Weekly Review) on November 11. , is appropriate. After another long talk between Snow and Mao Zedong (July 16, mainly on the issue of the national liberation war against Japanese imperialism), he interviewed Zhang Wentian on July 19. Zhang Wentian had a long conversation with Snow Talk. Snow wrote that Loft "talked to me in English without anyone else present" and that "Love told me his autobiography" (the autobiography was later published in Nim Wells' Inside Red China Published in a book), and "answered the questions I raised". Snow also had "several brief meetings" with Zhang Wentian during the security period. The content of the conversation on July 19 was extensive and profound, involving the nature of the Chinese revolution , characteristics, road, about the history of the party, the building of the party, and the anti-Japanese united front, etc. Snow wrote in his famous book "Red Stars Shine on China" (that is, "Red Stars on the West") in "In Bao'an: The Basic Policy of the Communist Party" In one section, in order to allow readers to understand "the nature of the long-term struggle between the Communist Party and Nanjing" and to understand "the basic policy of the Chinese Communists today", a considerable amount of space is used to "repeat Luo Fu's words". Later, Zhang Wentian The content of the conversation with him was written as a separate article (the twelfth article) under the title "Luo Fu's Discussion on the Party" and included in his "Red Chinese Notes". Zhang Wentian explained the May 4th Movement to Snow The history of the development of the Chinese revolution since then shows that "the main difference between the present and the past is that the policies of the Red Army and the Soviets have been adjusted to meet the needs of taking national liberation as a prerequisite for class liberation." Zhang Wentian discussed the establishment of international anti-Japanese unity by the Communist Party of China Front strategy, pointed out: "The biggest direct threat to China's economy and even to China's political sovereignty is Japanese imperialism. What we are concerned about at this stage is to suppress the interests of Japanese imperialism [in China], so we We advocate the immediate confiscation of such enterprises and the deprivation of their right to operate for the benefit of the Chinese people who are struggling for national liberation. We are willing to take a moderate approach to other foreign imperialism and purchase their major interests in accordance with Soviet law to help us fight against Japan. Special consideration is given to the powers that are at war or with whom we cooperate." After Snow left the northern Shaanxi base area in October 1936, he widely reported the true situation of "Red China" and the Red Army, actively promoted the anti-Japanese proposition of the Chinese Communist Party, and became the first work to establish friendly relations necessary for the United Front paving the way.This comment on Snow comes from Mao Zedong. One of the main tasks Zhang Wentian took on after the Wayaobao Conference was to lead the work of the united front. Various methods were used to propagate the party's anti-Japanese ideas to the upper echelons of the Kuomintang and the army.The work of the united front formed two key points at that time: the work in the white area and the work of uniting the Northeast Army.Zhang Wentian and Mao Zedong cooperated and carried out these two difficult tasks effectively. As soon as the Wayaobao meeting was over, Zhang Wentian put on the agenda the strategy of strengthening the leadership of the work in the white areas and transforming the work in the white areas.At the Politburo meeting on December 29, 1935, the work of the Northern Bureau was discussed in detail.Zhang Wentian put forward leading opinions on the work policy and leadership of the Northern Bureau.He pointed out that the Northern Bureau’s “management scope is very large, and it has relations with Manchuria, Taiyuan, Rehe, and Chahar. In order to strengthen the leadership of the Northern Bureau, it is necessary to send capable comrades there.”For the quotations here and below in this paragraph, see the transcript of Zhang Wentian’s speech at the Politburo meeting on December 29, 1935.Who should be sent to the forefront of the anti-Japanese struggle in North China to take on this important task?Zhang Wentian chose Liu Shaoqi.He and Liu Shaoqi began to work together during the Shanghai Provisional Central Committee.He praised Liu for being good at proceeding from reality, having independent opinions, and daring to stick to principles.Few of the senior leading cadres in the party are as familiar with the work in the White Areas as Liu Shaoqi, and have rich experience in struggle.Practice has proved that in the early 1930s, the Provisional Central Committee criticized Liu Shaoqi's correct proposition as opportunism and imposed organizational sanctions, which was completely a mistake of the "Left" line.Since then, Liu Shaoqi's role in the party has not been fully utilized.Zhang Wentian saw that now is the right time to use Liu Shaoqi.Before the meeting, he talked with Liu Shaoqi individually and asked him to shoulder this important task, and Liu accepted it.At the meeting, Zhang Wentian explained that he had "discussed" with Shaoqi and "had obtained Shaoqi's consent", and solemnly proposed that Liu Shaoqi be sent to "represent the leadership of the Party Central Committee" in the name of "Representative of the Central Bureau in the North". .He also pointed out that "the establishment of the central representative office needs more socialization."Regarding the working policy of the Northern Bureau, Zhang Wentian pointed out: "It is mainly the concrete application of the party's new line in the actual environment."The Politburo meeting agreed with Zhang Wentian's proposal and made a decision on the work of the Northern Bureau.Since then, Zhang Wentian has been in charge of the work of the Northern Bureau. On April 5, 1936, the Standing Committee of the Central Committee discussed the division of labor and clarified that "Northern Bureau is in charge". Liu Shaoqi (alias Hu Fu) went to Tianjin in the spring of 1936 to serve as the representative of the Central Committee (later Secretary of the Northern Bureau).He implemented the work policy of the Northern Bureau proposed by Zhang Wentian and decided at the meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee. He practically understood the environment and the situation, and practically arranged, planned and guided the work.He published articles such as "Eliminate the Remnants of the Lisan Line—Closed-Door Adventurism" and "Eliminate the Leadership Style of Empty Talk", expounding on the strategic thinking of establishing a broad national united front, combining inner-party education and practical work to effectively correct Closed doors and adventurism.In just three or four months, the work in the north "has undergone a fundamental change."In terms of party organization construction, it not only strengthened the work of the Beiping and Tianjin Municipal Committees, "helped establish party organizations around Hebei provinces, but also took into account the party establishment in Shanghai, Southwest, Wuhan, etc." In July 1936, Liu Shaoqi sent Comrade Wang to Baoan with a long letter to Zhang Wentian reporting the work of the Northern Bureau.Both Zhang Wentian and the central leadership attached great importance to the new experience created by the Northern Bureau. On August 5, the Central Committee issued a "Letter of Instructions" to the Northern Bureau and the Hebei Provincial Party Committee. On August 9, Zhang Wentian replied a letter to Liu Shaoqi.Provide specific guidance on the work of the Northern Bureau.Zhang Wentian pointed out that for Chiang Kai-shek factions, our party should "expose" its "deception" and use its "promise"; "The united front with other parties should also be carried out concretely." It also clearly pointed out that "Chen Mingshu's faction should cooperate well with it"; It should be carried out with the greatest strength", and "especially the work of officials must be grasped", so as to change the wrong practice of only doing the work of soldiers and not the work of officials in the past.For various mass movements, Zhang Wentian also put forward guiding opinions one by one: the labor movement, "should start from the bottom", "not strive for openness, but use openness", that is, "use legally", "all comrades should go to yellow trade unions, activities in the Kuomintang trade unions”; to set up a student committee, select student leaders, and let them carry out specific work under the guidance of the party’s student movement policy; to lead mass groups such as the National Salvation Council through joint consultations; for comrades in cultural work, “ More flexible and mobile leadership should be adopted”, “Small leftist federations, social associations and other organizations should be abolished”; “youth should be organized under various public names”, “cP should be abolished” ; openly admitted student leaders, leaders of mass organizations, and white army chiefs, etc., should be secret party members, "special party members", and they should be "buried inside", using their public identities in a manner appropriate to their circumstances. Activity.In short, we must overcome "all the old traditions of closed-doorism" and "quickly change the way of struggle."Regarding the status quo of the work of the Northern Bureau, Zhang Wentian instructed: "Your department should now avoid the leadership of multiple leaders, and focus on the establishment and development of the work in North China." Zhang Wentian worked closely with Liu Shaoqi, and soon established two secret communication lines between the Party Central Committee and the Northern Bureau, and set up a secret radio station.Through radio codes, Zhang and Liu have frequent contacts.Zhang Wentian attached great importance to Liu Shaoqi's requests for instructions, inquiries and suggestions, and always responded promptly.Zhang Wentian notified, arranged, and instructed Liu Shaoqi in a timely manner, from general strategic guidelines, major events to specific funding and personnel situations.In this regard, Zhang Wentian said frankly in the materials he wrote during the "Cultural Revolution": In 1936, he "concurrently managed the work in the White Areas of the Northern Bureau", wrote "materials on the strategic issues of the work in the White Areas", Call from the office and write some replies." After the Red Army marched across the river, the Party Central Committee received letters from Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Song Qingling, etc.; in mid-March, Zhang Zihua, who came to northern Shaanxi again from Shanghai, reported the situation of the underground party in Shanghai; Negotiations have just begun and liaison is also required.Therefore, Zhang Wentian timely grasped the work of establishing contact with the Shanghai party organization and launching the united front, and decided to send Feng Xuefeng to Shanghai as the special commissioner of the Central Committee.The underground party in Shanghai survived several major destructions. The situation was complicated and it lost contact with the Party Central Committee for a long time.Feng Xuefeng was sent there first because he had been active in Shanghai for a long time in the past, and he was familiar with Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Hu Yuzhi, etc., so he could first find out the situation through Lu Xun and others, and then start work.Zhang Wentian and Feng Xuefeng knew each other very well.As early as the early 1920s, Zhang Wentian knew about this "lakeside" poet who was studying in the First Division of Hangzhou. In Shanghai in the early 1930s, Feng presided over the work of the Central Cultural Committee under the leadership of Zhang Wentian. In November 1932, Zhang wrote an article under the pseudonym "Goth" to correct the closed door doctrine on the literary and art front, and Feng made a timely change and implemented it effectively.After arriving in the Central Soviet Area, Feng served as the teaching director of the Marxist Communist School where Zhang was also the principal, and later participated in the Long March.During the Eastern Expedition to Shanxi, Feng was one of the 11 members of the local working committee.Feng led the guerrillas to carry out guerrilla warfare in the Luliang Mountains, very sensual.Zhou Enlai praised him at a meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee.With Feng Xuefeng's loyalty, vigilance and ability, he is the right person to go to Shanghai. Zhang Wentian personally explained the tasks to Feng Xuefeng: the first is "diplomacy", contacting Nanjing to promote the joint resistance against Japan; the second is to establish relationships with leaders of the national salvation movement from all walks of life in Shanghai (Shen Junru, etc.) Expand the organization of the united front; third, restore the connection between the Party Central Committee and the underground party in Shanghai, establish the work of the Shanghai Party, and develop the work that already existed in Shanghai; fourth, take care of the literature and art circles.Zhou Enlai personally gave Feng Xuefeng the task of "establishing a radio station" so that he could report the situation to the central government in time and contact the central government.Before leaving, Zhang Wentian invited Feng Xuefeng to have dinner in his cave dwelling as a farewell farewell for him.张闻天叮嘱雪峰：“到上海后，务必先找鲁迅、茅盾等，了解一下情况后再找党员和地下组织。” 冯雪峰化名李允生，于4月中旬同返回上海的张子华一起从保安出发，经肤施（延安）、洛川于21日抵西安。从这里立即登上东去的列车赴南京。他在南京稍事逗留后即到上海，在一家小客栈里住下，第二天就去见了鲁迅。冯雪峰按张闻天的指示开展工作，统一战线和党的工作都有进展。5月31日，全国各界救国联合会在上海成立，制订《抗日救国初步政策》，宣言响应中国共产党“停止内战，一致抗日”的主张。冯雪峰在其间参与做了工作。他还及时了解了情况，联系了留在上海分散坚持活动的一些已经知道是可靠的党员，同2月成立的江苏省临委江苏省临委是中共江苏省临时工作委员会的简称。1936年2月由左翼文化总同盟（简称“文总”）党团决定成立。书记为邓洁，委员为胡乔木、王翰、王新元、丁华。接上关系，实施领导，并开始重建党的组织的工作。冯雪峰与从莫斯科回国和国民党方面接洽谈判国共合作问题的潘汉年、胡愈之也接上了头，并互相配合开展工作。 1936年7月6日，张闻天和周恩来在安塞联名复信给冯雪峰，指示他进一步发展上层统一战线和群众抗日救亡运动，进一步克服关门主义，推动“停止内战，一致抗日”。信中还表示了对鲁迅和茅盾深切的思念之情，对他们“为抗日救国的努力”很钦佩，要冯雪峰向他们“转致我们的敬意”。7月下旬，张闻天主持召开中央政治局会议，“上海工作”是此次会议讨论的问题之一。会议肯定冯雪峰去后上海工作“正在展开”，“是有进步的”。同时又看到冯雪峰的“工作范围太复杂，在外交方面、政治方面都要他负责，事实上是做不来的”。会议认为上海工作很重要，需要派人去加强领导，并酝酿“派政治局的常委去，或者派较强的干部去”。对今后上海工作的发展，张闻天指出，主要是扩大统一战线。现在，对黄色工会的策略转变还不够；文化界的团体，救国会，组织上都比较狭隘；对南京各方面的活动也要扩大。会后，张闻天给冯写信，指示他对统一战线更加扩大起来，要他重点抓建立上海党的工作，注意划分公开工作与秘密工作。上海方面的白区工作一直由张闻天分管。1936年9月政治局会议后中央又派潘汉年任中共谈判代表赴上海，后来又任命潘为中共驻沪办事处主任，冯为副主任。随着统一战线工作的发展，上海地下党发挥了越来越重要的作用。 为了推动白区工作的转变，1936年秋在保安办了一个白区工作训练班，专门培训干部。张闻天亲自为学员讲授《关于白区工作中的一些问题》。讲稿还印成小册子广为发行。 1936年10月19日，鲁迅在上海逝世。中央发表了“表示最深沉痛切的哀悼”的三个文件：《为追悼鲁迅先生告全国同胞和全世界人士书》、《致许广平女士的唁电》、《为追悼与纪念鲁迅先生致中国国民党中央委员会与南京国民党政府电》。同时，张闻天即电示刘少奇：“鲁迅的死对于中国民族是巨大的损失，必须立即进行公开追悼鲁迅的动员。”电报详告党中央向南京方面提出的“鲁迅先生遗体举行国葬”等八点要求以及整个根据地举行追悼大会等六项纪念活动，并告诉刘中央悼念鲁迅的三个文件自10月28日起由C32全文广播（文字）的时间，“请接收”。C32，红色中华新闻社即红中社的英文缩略语。在国民党统治区，悼念鲁迅的活动同发扬民族精神、进行抗日救亡直接联系起来，成为“一二·九”运动以后又一次大规模的群众抗日救亡运动。直接组织这次活动的，在平津是刘少奇，在上海是潘汉年、冯雪峰和救国会领袖胡愈之，而代表中共中央进行具体指导的，是在保安的张闻天。 中央红军到达陕北以后，党中央就十分重视联合东北军的工作。 1935年10月22日，张闻天在吴起镇中央政治局会议提出将保卫苏区的斗争变为直接的民族革命战争的同时就指出，要加强白军工作。据1936年10月22日政治局会议记录。下文对东北军的分析亦据此。当时，陕甘苏区周围敌人共173个团，其中东北军60个团，第十七路军（通称西北军）20个团。据1936年1月1日毛泽东致朱德电。会议认为，在陕甘苏区周围的敌军中，东北军是“围剿”陕甘苏区的主力。然而他们流亡关内，怀念故土，厌烦内战，要求抗日，对他们进行联合工作是可能的、有利的。 到达瓦窑堡后，张闻天于1935年11月13日主持发布《关于开展抗日反蒋运动工作的决定》，其中确定白军工作“首先应该是东北军”，重申苏维埃政府与红军愿在共同抗日三条件下同一切抗日反蒋的武装部队订立作战协定。11月28日的《抗日救国宣言》宣告愿意更进一步同他们组织抗日联军与国防政府，呼吁“立刻互派代表协商具体进行办法”。 这时，毛泽东、彭德怀指挥红军在南线取得了直罗镇战役（11月20日至24日）的胜利。张闻天于11月26日致电毛泽东，提出对所俘东北军军官给予优待的政策。电文说：“为了扩大我们抗日反蒋的影响与同盟者，此次所俘东北军军官（师长亦在内）应给以优待，晓以抗日反蒋大义后大都释放。同时表示，红军不但不杀白军士兵，而且也不杀军官，以进一步瓦解白军上层。”这是将上层统一战线策略具体落实到东北军工作中的一个重要政策。毛泽东在这一天致函东北军五十七军代军长董英斌，告以优待政策，表示东北军部队凡愿抗日反蒋者，红军愿与之订立条约，互不侵犯，一同打日本打蒋介石。 1936年1月中共中央同东北军统帅张学良直接联系的建立，就是对被俘军官实行优待政策的结果。在1935年10月25日榆林桥战役中，红十五军团俘虏了东北军六十七军六一九团团长高福源。高毕业于日本士官学校，与张学良、王以哲（六十七军军长）关系密切。红军给他治伤，将他留在红军军事学校工作。通过参观学习和在红军中的生活，高接受了共产党“停止内战，一致抗日”的主张，主动提出愿意回去劝说张学良、王以哲同红军联合抗日。 高福源于1936年1月初离开瓦窑堡，到洛川向王以哲、张学良当面汇报了他在苏区的见闻和红军联合一切抗日力量、停止内战、共同抗日的主张。 张学良在九一八事变中执行蒋介石的密令，不战而退，将东北三省拱手让给日本，遭到国人唾骂，被斥为“不抵抗将军”，内心非常苦闷。东北军流落关内，全军上下要求抗日，一心想“打回老家去”，蒋介石却调他们打红军，先在鄂豫皖，后又到陕甘苦寒地区，受尽冷遇；而在“剿共”战争中又迭遭败绩，损兵折将，军心涣散。张学良正彷徨歧路。他同日本帝国主义是家仇国难，不共戴天。他总是想凭借东北军的实力光复东北，不愿打红军消耗兵力。他意识到长此下去不是办法，希望找一条新的道路。1935年10月下旬，他到上海，同因“新生事件”而被关在狱中的爱国领袖杜重远密谈。杜批评张过去执行不抵抗政策以及执行“攘外必先安内”政策的错误，提出西北大联合的建议，要他联共抗日。12月中旬，张又在上海秘密会见东北义勇军将领李杜。李杜同杜重远的意见一致。所以，在高福源同张学良长谈之前，张思想上已经准备联俄联共抗日了。听高详谈共产党和红军的主张和情况后，张学良要高福源速回苏区联络，请红军方面派正式代表前来商谈。 高福源于1936年1月16日返回甘泉红军驻地，要求红军派代表去谈判。张闻天、毛泽东、周恩来等即同前线的彭德怀商定，派中共中央联络局局长李克农赴洛川。李1月19日晚先同王以哲晤谈。20日会见张学良，会谈了3个小时。21日，党中央收到李克农自洛川来电报告：张学良表示愿意为成立国防政府奔走。东北军中同情中共抗日主张者不乏其人，他们对“剿共”态度消沉，表示愿意目前各守原防，恢复通商。 李克农返回瓦窑堡汇报后，张闻天、毛泽东、周恩来等商量，决定立即采取主动行动，推进同东北军的联合和促成国防政府和抗日联军的建立。1936年1月25日，中共中央公开发表的《红军为愿意同东北军联合抗日致东北军全体将士书》提出，在“誓死不当亡国奴”的口号下，红军愿意首先同东北军联合起来，为全中国人民抗日的先锋，来共同实现组织国防政府与抗日联军的主张，去同日本帝国主义作战。 2月初，党中央决定再次派李克农前往洛川，同六十七军军长王以哲谈判。 2月上旬，王以哲同我方交换了密码本，以便建立通讯联系。张闻天即将“与王通报之密本呼号”着人送交周恩来。1936年1月15日毛泽东致彭德怀电谈与张学良、王以哲谈判应提出的条件，其中之一就是“立即交换密码”。当时六十七军军部驻在洛川，肤施、甘泉、鄜县都是它的防区，在南部与东部对陕甘苏区形成包围之势，所以，张闻天十分重视同六十七军的关系。2月16日致周恩来的电报中特别交代，提议召集全国抗日救国代表大会的通电“单独给王以哲拍发一次。” 2月21日，以中华苏维埃人民共和国中央政府的名义，就红军渡河东征，向全国发表通电，提出“召集全国抗日救国代表大会，正式组织国防政府与抗日联军”的主张。这个电报是张闻天同周恩来、博古等反复商量，几经修改（如：将“抗日讨蒋”改为“抗日讨逆”）写成的。 2月21日，张闻天、毛泽东、彭德怀从东征前线向留守瓦窑堡的中央局就同东北军谈判事发去中共中央和中央军委给李克农的训令。指出，张学良同意抗日，愿意同中共订立互不侵犯协定，但不同意打蒋；不反对国防政府、抗日联军口号，但不同意马上实行这个口号。因此，我们的策略是：“处处把张学良和蒋介石分开”；“求得互不侵犯协定的订立”；“坚持抗日救国代表大会”，“坚持抗日同讨伐卖国贼不可分离”；“要求停止内战，不拦阻全国红军集中河北，不反对红军充任抗日先遣队”；“原则不让步，交涉不破裂”；等等。 李克农等2月25日到达洛川。先同王以哲谈判，达成红军与六十七军共同抗日的口头协定。确定互不侵犯，各守原防的原则，商定恢复公路上的交通运输及经济通商，六十七军可向当地苏区群众采购粮秣，恢复红白区之间通商等事项。这就保证了红军主力东征以后陕甘根据地的巩固，后方的安全。 3月4日，张学良架飞机抵达洛川，5日凌晨即同李克农谈判，气氛融洽、坦诚。张学良提出，为什么共产党的抗日民族统一战线不包括蒋介石？他认为现在中国的国家力量几乎全部掌握在蒋手里，蒋也有抗日的可能，因此要抗日必须联蒋。李克农说明了不把蒋列入抗日民族阵线中的理由，并说，如果蒋放弃反共、反人民、不抵抗日本的反动政策，我们是可以考虑的。会谈最后，张学良提出，请中共在毛、彭、周、博中选一位来肤施，与他共商抗日大计，时间由中共方面确定。关于张学良提出请中共派一负责人同他再次会谈一事，没有异议。但对他提的名单，诸说不一。张学良致蒋介石回忆西安事变的长函中说是在毛、周中选一人。张闻天等3月5日当天即收到李克农关于会谈情况的报告，随即复电慰勉，并要李克农等到山西石楼前线当面汇报。 3月16日，洛、毛、周、彭等在山西石楼前线听取了李克农洛川会谈详细经过的汇报，认真研究了张学良的意见和要求，即决定派周恩来为全权代表，到肤施同张学良谈判。因张学良生病，谈判推迟进行。 在周恩来与张学良会谈之前，张闻天于4月5日在瓦窑堡召集了一次常委会，商讨同东北军联合抗日等问题。针对当时蒋介石下令张学良进攻陕甘根据地的新情况，张闻天指出，同东北军、张学良联合的方针不变。他说，张学良若向苏区前进，我们还是要加强对他的联合工作。同时加强我们的武装力量，规定恰当的宣传口号，开展争取东北军下层士兵的活动。 4月7日，周恩来由李克农陪同从瓦窑堡启程前往肤施。原定谈判于8日晚8时开始举行，因肤施地区大雨、大雪而推迟。4月9日肤施地区天气晴朗，张学良自驾飞机前来。陪同者有六十七军军长王以哲和上海中共党组织派去的代表刘鼎。周恩来等晚8时入城，当即与张学良、王以哲在城内天主堂作彻夜长谈，直到第二天凌晨才结束。张学良完全同意“停止内战，一致抗日”；认识到要抗日只有以国防政府、抗日联军为出路，他愿酝酿此事；对十大政纲，表示待研究后再提出意见；对蒋，张认为蒋是在歧路上，部下有分化，但他“反蒋做不到”，在公开抗日之先不能不受蒋令进占苏区，再不进兵无以回答蒋；希望共产党方面派有政治头脑而色彩不浓的人到他那里做事、活动。周恩来后来谈起这次会晤的感触，说：我从那次接触中，感到汉卿是一个痛快汉子，敢于作自我批评。那次汉卿还给我们部队送了三万法币。 4月10日，张闻天就收到周恩来发来的关于会谈情况的电报。4月13日，周恩来回到瓦窑堡。张闻天立即召开常委会议，听取周恩来关于肤施会谈的详细报告。会议决定派一批干部加强对东北军的工作，派刘鼎到张学良处继续谈判，“做事活动”；派白坚驻张学良处任联络员；命李克农与王以哲保持密切关系；等等。还决定在肤施、宜川、洛川、茶店子、西安建立中共与白区的交通机关。鉴于张学良不能不执行蒋进犯苏区的命令，会议决定在关中加强军事力量，作出相应部署，并加紧抗日宣传，争取东北军不打红军。 张闻天根据这次常委会精神，具体指导了陕甘省委和白区工作部对东北军的工作。张闻天分析了张学良与蒋介石嫡系之间的矛盾，看到：东北军若向苏区推进，蒋的嫡系部队就可趁机跟随进入东北军的防区，且将东北军同红军一起圈在里面。张闻天电示朱理治、萧劲光抓住这一矛盾，向张学良方面“要切实的善意的解释，东北军如果现在不反对蒋介石的命令，向苏区推进，构筑封锁线，对于东北军是极不利的”。1936年4月26日张闻天致朱理治、萧劲光电。以此削弱与阻扼他们向苏区的进攻。再者，当时我方对东北军的做法是“暗中协商，明则敌对”。其结果是同上级军官“和”，同下级军官与士兵“打”。对东北军上级军官有利而对我方则不利。张闻天又及时电示张浩、朱理治：“现在所要改变的即是把这种协商的方法一直推行到中下级军官、士兵中去”。1936年4月26日张闻天致朱理治转张浩电。 4月底，东征红军决定回师。当时的环境推动了红军同东北军的联合，中共对东北军的工作也已经有了相当的开展，张闻天又提出进一步发展对东北军统一战线工作的指导意见。5月1日，张闻天主持召开政治局常委会。他在总结发言中指出，对东北军的方针“基本上是政治争取使其走上抗日。我们争取的方法有两种：一种是武装力量争取，一种是政治争取。”对东北军工作的重点，过去主要是在王以哲的六十七军，这是正确的。现在应该加紧争取五十七军（当时军长为董英斌，后为缪徵流）。争取的方法，六十七军与五十七军应有区别。有两种方法，一是“武装力量争取”，一是“政治争取”。对六十七军，基本上是政治争取。对五十七军，要“军事、政治双方进行，须以相当武装对付”，同上级的谈判和对下级的工作要同时展开。他提出派李克农前往五十七军做工作。对于争取东北军的策略，张闻天明确提出“我们现在还不是叫东北军立即变为红军”。 5月23日，常委会再次讨论东北军工作。周恩来同意张闻天5月1日提出的“争取”方针和不把东北军变为红军的策略，说：“我们现在不是瓦解它，而是巩固它。”毛泽东赞成张闻天关于东北军工作重心的意见，说：“工作中心摆在五十七军。”张闻天作总结性发言，进一步指明：“我们现在是要巩固、壮大东北军。”针对东北军工作中提出的问题，张闻天阐述了许多重要意见。指出：要促进“东北军与蒋之分裂”，要在反日问题上“猛烈的攻击蒋介石”；“对政训处也要反对”，还要“分裂它的内部”；对东北军的工作“主要是从外面去影响他，派人去要真正起作用”；在东北军中，“中国人不打中国人”是好的口号，“枪口朝天放”可做一运动；“抗日组织要加紧扩大，党的组织要谨慎，突击不相宜”；对苏区群众要好好解释我们对东北军所采取的策略，告诉他们东北军“是抗日部队”。 5月份中共中央还有几次会议也讨论了东北军工作。通过多次讨论，决定将统一战线工作的中心放在局部的抗日统一战线的建立上，使东北军、十七路军、红军结成“三位一体”，争取首先建立“西北国防政府”，实现“西北抗日大联合”。这就把东北军工作放到了影响全局的关键位置。 为进一步加强领导，在5月17日的常委扩大会上决定成立东北军工作委员会，周恩来为书记。6月20日，中共中央发布了《中央关于东北军工作的指导原则》。这个文件就是按照四五月间多次政治局会议和常委会会议的意见形成的。当时表面上看来东北军王以哲部是在进剿红军，实际上双方的联合进入了一个新的阶段。6月21日，国民党军高双城部袭击瓦窑堡，红军组织力量将它包围，让东北军于23日进驻瓦窑保，党中央机关迁到保安。这事就是中共与东北军事先达成了谅解的。1936年6月14日，中共中央政治局会议就作出了撤离瓦窑堡的决定。6月19日，周恩来电告王以哲：如果中央军将占领瓦窑堡我们必事先通知你们，由东北军占领。 其时，两广事变1936年6月1日，广东的陈济棠和广西的李宗仁、白崇禧组织集会，正式要求南京政府对日宣战。接着粤军与桂军以“北上抗日”名义联合出兵湖南。蒋介石则调兵拦阻。6月12日，中华苏维埃人民共和国中央政府、中国人民红军革命军事委员会发表《为两广出师北上抗日宣言》。爆发，毛、洛认为“西北国防政府有了迅速组织