Chapter 19 third quarter

Brothers Sa Bendong and Sa Bentie stood on both sides of Ye Qisun, and the background was Ye Qisun's residence, No. 7 in the North Courtyard.This is a group photo mainly of people. No. 7 of the North Courtyard only has partial glass windows and a cluster of oleanders.On the right side of Sa Bendong are Jin Yuelin, Shi Jiayang, and Chen Daisun, and on the left is Xiao Yun.On Sa Bentie's left is Zhou Peiyuan.Most of them are in suits and leather shoes, and all of them are heroic.The photo was taken around 1929.Due to its excellent quality, this photo of life revives a group of very individual characters. Like the seven sages in the bamboo grove who traveled in the mountains and fields, they all have vivid expressions and spirit in every gesture.

The author focuses on Sa Bendong. Sa Bendong is wearing a blue suit, a white shirt, a gray vest, and a tie with a geometric pattern. The silver chain of an old-fashioned pocket watch hangs from the first button of the vest.The leather shoes are shiny, and the back hair is combed meticulously, which makes people know that this is a person who pays special attention to details.What's different is that everyone else is looking forward, but he is the only one looking down, with a smile on his modest face. This is the clearest photo of Sa Bendong himself that the author has seen, and it also clearly conveys the unique personal information of this historical figure.

Sa Bendong is from Minhou, Fujian, 4 years younger than Ye Qisun. Graduated from Tsinghua School in 1921, studied in the United States in 1922, studied electrical engineering and physics at Stanford University and Worcester Polytechnic Institute, and received a doctorate in science in 1927.After finishing his studies, he first worked as a researcher in an American electrical machinery company for one year. In the autumn of the second year, he was invited by Ye Qisun to come to the Department of Physics of Tsinghua University. Compared with other teachers, Sa Bendong is more suitable to live on the three-foot podium.Due to his long-term experience in the north, his Hakka dialect has melted into the northern tone, and sometimes it is a good decoration if it does not hinder communication.He is good at words, expresses vividly, and with a solid foundation, the topic is always like a river. No matter where the students are in the classroom, Sa Bendong's knowledge flow will continue to flow in, until the big rivers and small rivers are full and the ditches are full. .He likes to attend classes, write on the blackboard, like to have a thin layer of white chalk on his body, like to ask students questions, like to set up suspense for students in class, and then open it layer by layer to create an abrupt surprise, Like to speak loudly, full of confidence, full and enthusiastic.His liking is related to his career choice, his belief in life, and also related to Ye Qisun's importance and reliance on him.

After some "liking" days, Ye Qisun talked to him and criticized him. The specific details of the conversation have not been verified, but the core points have been handed down by the Tsinghua population, which is to suggest that he shorten the class time and produce more scientific research results.Because for him, who is so talented, too much indulging in front of the desk is a waste of the country.China needed education at that time, but it also needed breakthroughs in scientific research, cutting-edge science, and the voice of China in the field of scientific research.And Sa Bendong is the person with the most creative potential in Tsinghua University. Ye Qisun does not want him to divide the troops equally, thus losing what is most important to the country.

In order to allow Sa Bendong to have more time for scientific research, Ye Qisun took part of his courses and lightened his burden, allowing Sa Bendong to get out of the trivialities and return to the laboratory. Sa Bendong obeyed Ye Qisun's words and quickly established his academic status. When Ye Qisun recalled the days when Sa Bendong was in the Physics Department of Tsinghua University, he wrote: Mr. Sa's work after returning to China can be described in three periods.The first period was from the autumn of 1928 to the summer of 1937.During these nine years, he served as a professor of physics at Tsinghua University. The main courses he taught were general physics, electromagnetism and radio principles.When he taught general physics, he was well-prepared, his voice was loud, and he tried his best to perform. There were many and strict exams, and he usually gave students plenty of opportunities to ask questions.Based on his teaching experience, he wrote "General Physics" (Volume 1 and 2, published by the Commercial Press in 1933), and another "General Physics Experiment" (published by the Commercial Press in 1935). The book is very popular in China, and 15 of them were written during this period.He studied two types of problems, the first type is the dual-vector (dyadic) method to solve circuit problems (10 papers), and the second type is about the properties and effectiveness of various vacuum tubes (4 papers). In 1935, Mr. Sa Bendong took the opportunity of vacation to give lectures in the Department of Electrical Engineering of Ohio State University in the United States. The materials he talked about were the first type of problems.Later, he collected the research results on the first type of problems, systematized them, and wrote a monograph in English, which was published in the United States in 1939.Mr. Sa established his academic status in the first period of work; he left a good impression on teachers and students; he created memorable achievements in the Department of Physics of Tsinghua University.After he left Tsinghua University, he was always concerned about the important events of this university until his deathbed. ("A Brief Story of Mr. Sa Bendong", "Journal of Physics" Vol. 7 No. 5, 1950, p. 301)

In 1937, with the support of Ye Qisun, the "feathered" Sa Bendong peacock flew southeast and went to Xiamen University to serve as the president.President Sa Bendong has brought the academic atmosphere of Tsinghua University there for 7 years and turned Xiamen University into a famous university that attracts worldwide attention.Ye Qisun commented on his work during this period: In June 1937, the Nanjing government appointed Mr. Sa Bendong as the president of the National Xiamen University.His enthusiasm and achievements in teaching and research undoubtedly made the Ministry of Education determine the most suitable candidate.On the fifth day after the July 7th Incident, he left Peiping to take up his new post.His second period (summer 1937 to summer 1945) began with tension.He served as the president of Xiamen University for eight years, and actually stayed at the school for seven years. He just encountered a very difficult period of migration. He did his best for Xiamen University, solved many difficulties, and managed to hire several good people. teacher.However, there are not enough teachers in Xiamen University, so he needs to be a class of first-grade calculus himself.Because of the lack of textbooks, he also compiled a kind of calculus lecture notes. Later, he compiled the lecture notes into a book, which was "Practical Calculus" published by the Commercial Press in 1948.Mr. Sa was exhausted physically and mentally for Xiamen University, which seriously affected his health.Although Xiamen University did not develop a lot during the Anti-Japanese War, it made important improvements and established a good school spirit. In the autumn of 1949, Mr. Sa's ashes were buried in the campus of Xiamen University, and it is most appropriate to keep a memorial in the place where he devoted his heart and soul. ("Brief Story of Mr. Sa Bendong", p. 301)

Sa Bendong's third period was spent in Chongqing. In the early summer of 1945, after giving lectures in the United States, Sa Bendong did not return to Xiamen, but went to Chongqing first.At this time, Ye Qisun was still the director-general of the Academia Sinica, and the two old friends gathered in the deserted Chongqing. I don’t know whether they had a discussion or a coincidence. During this period, Ye Qisun resigned as the director-general. It was Sa Bendong who took his place.In the article "Mr. Sa Bendong's Story" written by Ye Qisun, regarding this point, Ye Qisun only said: "At that time, the Academia Sinica in Chongqing was just about to select a director-general, and scientists inside and outside the academy thought that Mr. Sa was a He was a very suitable candidate, so he accepted the appointment of the Academia Sinica and started his third period of work." With Ye Qisun's meticulousness and rigor, the important position of the director-general of the Academia Sinica was passed on to Jiu Yugu like a relay. In the fight, it is obviously not accidental.Many years later, Feng Youlan's "revealing" material also proved from the side that all this was the result of Ye's hard work.

When Sa Bendong took office, he encountered a major event. The big event that Sa Bendong encountered started in an extremely ordinary way. One day, Sa Bendong received a call from a department chief of the Ministry of National Defense. The man was probably from Fujian. He heard that the new director-general of Academia Sinica was the outgoing president of Xiamen University. Take the initiative to call to "worship" the pier.Sa Bendong himself is also a very enthusiastic person, and the two chatted very happily.During the pleasantries, when talking about the war situation, the officer inadvertently revealed a piece of news that the United States will soon shock the world with the appearance of lethal weapons, and the location of the exercise is in the waters near Bikini Island in the United States.The United States has sent invitation letters to the four allied countries, Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and China. However, after research, the Ministry of National Defense believes that this move by the United States is really showing off and will not benefit the war.

When Sa Bendong heard it, it sounded like an electric shock. Is the so-called lethal weapon the legendary atomic bomb? He had just stayed in the United States for a few months. Although it was difficult to know the details of the "Manhattan Project" in the United States, as a physical scientist, he knew that the United States, Germany and other countries were developing atomic bombs.Since Ye Qisun asked Shi Shiyuan to buy radium from Mrs. Curie, this kindling has been burning in the hearts of every teacher in the physics department.Shi Shiyuan is also a student of Sa Bendong.Although Shi Shiyuan was about to graduate when Sa Bendong came to teach in the Department of Physics, the communication between teachers and students has never stopped.He knew that Shi Shiyuan's student Wu Jianxiong was mysteriously participating in a highly confidential research work in the United States at this time. At the welcome meeting held for him by the American Student Association, the possibility of the atomic bomb was the main topic discussed by the participants. The topic, naturally someone kept bringing up Wu Jianxiong.Because an American newspaper once reported: "In a laboratory that conducts scientific research on atomic bomb impact, a petite Chinese girl works side by side with some of the highest-level scientists in the United States." The report also described this young and beautiful Chinese girl. When many great physicists described the recent development of atomic bomb nuclear fission in front of them, they were "written backwards and forwards" when they deduced the formula on the blackboard, which is amazing.Sa Bendong did not meet the legendary Wu Jianxiong in the United States, but knowing that there were Chinese people involved in this matter, and that this young Chinese girl was actually a student of his student, he couldn't help but feel a sense of accomplishment in his heart.Wu Jianxiong's case proves that we Chinese are already capable of "talking about the core" if conditions permit.

Therefore, this inconspicuous information from the official perspective is deafening to Sa Bendong.He immediately sent a report to the Ministry of National Defense, applying to send personnel to track the new weapon "explosion experiment" that the United States will conduct in the Pacific Ocean.Sure enough, the news was confirmed that the United States would conduct an atomic bomb test one month later, on June 30, 1945. Sa Bendong wrote the name of Zhao Zhongyao, an expert in nuclear physics, in the report on his application for assignment. After several rounds of lobbying, Sa Bendong finally got the invitation letter that was left unused in the confidential room of the Ministry of National Defense.

Zhao Zhongyao was the director of the Physics Department of Central University at this time.Suddenly receiving a call from his old friend Sa Bendong, Zhao Zhongyao yelled with excitement. If Mr. Ye bought radium from Mrs. Curie back then to borrow fire, then this trip to the United States is to see how the fire burns into the sun.But his more important task is to observe the formation process of this soaring giant flame with the eyes of a nuclear physicist, observe its details, and calculate various data.Therefore, this is not a viewing in the general sense, but more like completing a scientific research project.When Zhao Zhongyao and Sa Bendong met at Chongqing Central University, before Sa Bendong explained the meaning of his trip to the United States, Zhao Zhongyao had already fully explained his intentions.The hero saw the same thing, and the two held hands tightly together. In holding each other, they all felt an abnormal weight. They all thought of Mr. Ye Qisun at the same time.Although Mr. Ye was not there, they could all feel that Mr. Ye was watching them affectionately. If it was Mr. Ye, what would he do?It was this simple question that became their guide to action.They, who have a close relationship with Ye Qisun, know how much Mr. Ye expects of them.It's like a scene of drama is being staged, picking up the flowers in the morning and clearing the bottles in the evening, countless scenes have been changed, countless characters have passed by, and now it's finally their turn to play.In the seemingly ordinary dialogue and short drama, only a few people know how huge the weight it carries. And they all know that this seemingly directorless performance, although the scenes are scattered across thousands of rivers and mountains, time and space have been changed for several years, the protagonists of each scene are constantly changing, and the style and form of singing are constantly updated, but at certain times, it is like The tide recedes to the sea, the leaves float into the forest, and the rain falls into the river. These performers will return to the original point, the place where they started, to taste and think about the theme of the year, and to review the responsibilities entrusted to them by history.At this moment of origin, they will really think of a person, a person who never said that he is a director, and it is this person who pulls the invisible red thread in the dark, just like the latitude and longitude of historical evolution, The overall remote control of a section of cadenza... This person is Ye Qisun. Talking about Ye Qisun's behavior style, someone once asked Shi Shiyuan face to face, saying that the first three people from the Department of Physics to go to Europe and the United States, you went to Madame Curie's laboratory, Wang Ganchang went to Germany to study under Professor Mettler, Zhou Tongqing Going to the United States to study with Compton's brother, these tutors are all top figures in the world of physics. Is your choice the arrangement of Mr. Ye himself?Shi Shiyuan replied that Mr. Ye never directly arranged for the students, and he left the students the right to choose freely.However, during the selected time period, he will introduce you to different foreign tutors according to the situation of the students.Therefore, his style of acting is persuasive and democratic, but extremely charismatic.For example, before I went to France, Mr. Ye often told us the story of Madame Curie. He also borrowed the biography of Madame Curie for me, and asked me to learn from Madame Curie, such as her patriotism, her science Spirit, her noble sentiments, Mr. Ye remembers all the details of her.In fact, Mr. Ye has already made a major life choice for me, and this choice is a combination of personal destiny and the destiny of the motherland. It is a far-sighted consideration, with profound inner strength and strong logical force... However, Mr. Ye He never speaks out, he just lays these things out in front of you and lets you speak for yourself.When you say the choice he wants in his heart, he will nod silently, look at you with a smile in his eyes, express his approval, appreciation and compliments to you, and he is completely grateful.In this sense, our choice of studying abroad has a great relationship with Mr. Ye, and it can also be said to be his specific arrangement... Now, like Shi Shiyuan said, Sa Bendong and Zhao Zhongyao were thinking more about how the head of the physics department would deal with the current incident when Ye Qisun was not present.According to his habits, he may still not express his opinion, but he will definitely hint with a solemn expression: This is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, you two should cherish it... If the old director is here, according to his style of conduct, he will definitely treat this spectatorship as an action like Prometheus in Western mythology, because this is the real fire of Zeus, and whoever owns it will have the fire of the gods. If you are angry, you will dominate the forest of nations in the world... Thus, a bold plan was conceived in the hearts of Sa Bendong and Zhao Zhongyao... On June 30, 1945, Zhao Zhongyao and the visitors from the Allied countries boarded the destroyer USS "Pan Minna" from the American mainland, secretly sailed to the sea area of ​​11°N and 165°E at the northern end of the Marshall Islands in the Pacific Ocean, and stopped at about 15 nautical miles from Bikini Island. on the sea. With professional sensitivity, Zhao Zhongyao can conclude that most of the people who come to visit are experts and scholars in the field of nuclear physics research. Compared with them, he is a junior.When the warship was about to depart, several military helicopters roared in, and some important military and political figures from the United States filed out of it.A British scientist standing beside Zhao Zhongyao pointed to a man wearing sunglasses and said, well, that guy who always greets the sun is Oppenheimer! The trip to Bikini Island has become full of excitement because of Oppenheimer's participation, at least for Zhao Zhongyao.Oppenheimer's name was little known to the outside world at the time, but in the field of nuclear physics research, the myth of this man was being established.Afterwards, many materials confirmed that it was Oppenheimer who initiated the plan to watch the atomic bomb test in Bikini Island this time. When the spring of 1945 came, on a desolate highland called Los Alamos in New Mexico, the American scientists who had been dormant for a long time, under the leadership of Oppenheimer, laid three "golden eggs" in a row like a brooding hen. Egg".From planning to completion of the atomic bomb, the U.S. government mobilized more than 500,000 people (including 150,000 scientific researchers), costing 2.2 billion U.S. dollars and occupying nearly 1/3 of the country's electricity.Among them, for the separation of pure uranium, the Americans adopted three methods: electromagnetic separation method, gas diffusion method and thermal diffusion method. Each method built a large-scale factory.The construction cost of the electromagnetic separation plant alone is more than 300 million yuan, with as many as 20,000 people.Such a huge research and development program has become a classic example of scientific cooperation in the 20th century.But just when the atomic bomb was successfully developed and three atomic bombs were released, the Germans announced their surrender in May 1945. This news made the US government feel unwilling.With such a huge expenditure of manpower and material resources, there is no opponent before seeing the power of the atomic bomb. It is like the victory of a country with a powerful weapon that has not been shown to others. It seems that some heroes have no place to use them.However, some scientists realized that once atomic weapons were in the hands of politicians, it would be difficult for scientists to change the fate of their use.Oppenheimer was a curmudgeon, as famous for his bad temper as for his genius, and even President Truman had to give him three points.Oppenheimer advocated deterring the enemy, which can show the world its power.However, when the situation of victory and defeat was already very clear, he personally opposed the use of atomic bombs against enemy countries.Probably in order to accommodate Oppenheimer's bad temper, or to avoid Oppenheimer's scolding for using the atomic bomb in Japan in the future, the US government agreed to Oppenheimer's atomic bomb explosion in the waters near Bikini Island first. The plan of the experiment.After this, President Truman is said to have sworn never to see the arrogant fellow again.Because Oppenheimer once said to him: "Mr. President, I have blood on my hands." The exercise begins. The first stage shows the "white mice" prepared for the experimental effect—— What caught Zhao Zhongyao's eyes was a huge naval formation.They are 5 aircraft carriers, 4 cruisers, 8 destroyers, 8 submarines, and more than 70 merchant ships. They are like a steel city coming across the sea, rolling up and down in Zhao Zhongyao's vision, presenting an era of a powerful country idiosyncratic. At this moment, a heavy bomber flew from a distance like a moving cloud.Not long after, a black growing wind blew over, and quickly enveloped the entire fleet.Against its dark background, a spot of light brighter than the sun appeared above the steel city.Suddenly, this mighty and powerful fleet was hit like a human being, it trembled violently, and began to collapse and deform..."Within 270 meters from the center of the explosion, a merchant ship sank within 1 minute, 690 meters A destroyer caught fire and sank within 8 minutes, and a Japanese cruiser Sagawa sank the next morning. At 920 meters the light aircraft carrier Independence was badly damaged, with a fire on deck..."( "The Cornerstone of Chinese Science and Technology", p. 159) Zhao Zhongyao quickly calculated all kinds of information revealed by the atomic bomb at the scene, and put them into his mind one by one.Because it involves state secrets, the Americans are extra vigilant, especially for the scientific researchers sent by the Allies. They seem to have a clear division of labor, just like the excellent players on the field are always guarded by their opponents, and they are almost inseparable.However, Zhao Zhongyao still avoided their eyes and stored many details in his brain one by one.In his diary that day, Zhao Zhongyao wrote: "The radius of the atomic bomb's destructive power on warships on the sea is far smaller than that on land on buildings. This is because warships themselves have strong resistance to shock waves... " Based on years of research on nuclear physics, he deduced that the atomic bomb had an equivalent of 20,000 tons.Many years later, the core secrets of that year were deciphered, and the released relevant information showed that it was not different from Zhao Zhongyao's calculations back then. What is even more surprising is that the Soviet Union, Britain, France, and China, which were fortunate enough to observe the atomic bomb explosion of the US government, have produced their own atomic bombs one after another a few years later. Whether this is all related to this observation, people don't know. But for China, history will solemnly declare that it is definitely related to this trip to Bikini Island, and it is related to Zhao Zhongyao. After the exercise, representatives from various countries left the United States one after another. However, the Chinese scientist named Zhao Zhongyao was not found on the Limei list. Zhao Zhongyao disappeared. Just when the Americans were looking for Zhao Zhongyao, Zhao Zhongyao had already embarked on a journey of Prometheus to steal fire. He is carrying out the task entrusted by Sabendong.Taking advantage of this trip to the United States, Sa Bendong secretly remitted 120,000 US dollars to Zhao Zhongyao, asking him to purchase instruments and equipment for the Academia Sinica to study atomic energy.This was a real "fire stealing" trip, because the US government strictly prohibited the export of high-tech equipment at that time, so everything had to be done in absolute secrecy. The lowest price for ordering a 2 million electric volt electrostatic accelerator that year was $400,000.The $120,000 that Sa Bendong remitted was a drop in the bucket.However, if the entire equipment is purchased, the US side will prohibit its export. According to this situation, Zhao Zhongyao decided to use the method of breaking up the whole equipment to buy only the key parts, and other parts can be selected by himself after returning to China.In this way, it can not only deceive people, but also greatly save costs. However, even for key components, $120,000 is not enough.In order to make enough money to buy spare parts, this dignified Chinese nuclear physics expert even asked someone to introduce him to work in several famous universities. With his meager income, he accumulated little by little and bought parts one by one. .In ancient times, there was a story about Su Wu shepherding sheep without humiliating his mission. Today, there is a story about Zhao Zhongyao, a Su Wu-style character at sea. Mr. Lawrence, the Nobel laureate of the University of California and the inventor of the cyclotron, worked with Compton and Urey to make the plutonium used in the first atomic bomb.When Mr. Lawrence knew the actual situation of Zhao Zhongyao, his eyes became moist.He liked this little scientist who loved his motherland, and immediately hired him as a staff member of the radiation laboratory with a monthly salary of 500 US dollars.This amount of money was not a small amount at the time.The reason why Lawrence did this was that in addition to financial support, he could also learn new knowledge about accelerators so that he could serve the country after returning home. Soon, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission learned of this and immediately ordered any foreign scientists not to work in nuclear physics laboratories, otherwise they would be prosecuted for "endangering U.S. interests." This paper decision changed Zhao Zhongyao's fate.Zhao Zhongyao must complete his mission as an ordinary worker. He had to wander around, just like the Chinese laborers back then, wandering all over the United States.He works more than 16 hours a day, eats bread and pickles for three meals a day, and often lives without a fixed place, and even his life safety is difficult to guarantee.At that time, Mr. Bi Dexian from Tsinghua Radio Research Institute finished his studies in the United States and was about to return to China. For the accelerator, he deliberately postponed it for half a year to help Zhao Zhongyao.In this way, until the fifth year, Zhao Zhongyao finally installed the required parts on the "President Wilson" passenger ship.The FBI officials who heard the news sniffed all the boxes like police dogs, but they still couldn't understand the mystery, and finally had to let them go.Occupational sensitivities told them that such a pile of broken copper and iron was transported to the east thousands of miles away for money, and it must not be recycled as garbage.With deep doubts, they passed the task of monitoring Zhao Zhongyao to the next stop - the US military stationed in Yokohama, Japan. Zhao Zhongyao went to Hong Kong in the name of traveling to Europe, Asia and other countries, and Yokohama was the only way to go on the tourist line.As soon as Zhao Zhongyao arrived in Yokohama, he was detained by the US military and put in a secret prison.After the news of Zhao Zhongyao's detention came out, some scientists in China and the United States immediately complained and condemned the atrocities committed by the US military.Under the pressure of international public opinion, the U.S. military stationed in Japan had to release Zhao Zhongyao and send him to the seagoing ship to Hong Kong. So far, the Prometheus journey of Sa Bendong and Zhao Zhongyao has finally ended successfully. I don’t know whether it’s a mutual understanding or a long-standing plan. When Sa Bendong and Zhao Zhongyao were planning for the accelerator, at the other end, Ye Qisun and Mei Yiqi were also discussing the establishment of the Institute of Nuclear Physics at Tsinghua University.Ye Qisun personally wrote a letter to Qian Sanqiang, a student engaged in nuclear physics research in France, mobilizing him to return to China and later Tsinghua University to prepare for the establishment of the Institute of Nuclear Physics.This incident was mentioned in Ye Qisun's diary on April 11, 1947: Yuehan (Mei Yiqi), the top three electrician, agreed to allocate US$50,000 for nuclear physics equipment. In his diary on June 7, he wrote: Together with Peiyuan and Chongheng, they went to the city to visit Shuren, and talked about the possibility of cooperation between Peking University, Tsinghua University and Beiyan on the equipment of nuclear physics laboratories.It is found that there is a gap between Shuren, Mu Guang and Runzhang, and it may not be easy for the three agencies to cooperate. In the summer of 1948, Qian Sanqiang and his wife He Zehui returned to China after studying together. On the one hand, they taught in the Department of Physics of Tsinghua University, and on the other hand, with the funds provided by Tsinghua University, they worked with He Zehui to establish the Institute of Atomics at the Peking Research Institute.They live in the home of Mr. Ye Qisun. In order to strengthen the strength of nuclear physics theory, Ye Qisun recruited Peng Huanwu from Yunnan University, who had returned from his studies, to teach quantum mechanics in the Department of Physics of Tsinghua University and lead graduate students. Huang Zuqia, a graduate of the 1948 class, and Zhou Guangzhao, a graduate of the 1951 class, became his graduate students successively. After the founding of New China, in January 1950, China's first nuclear science research institution, the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, was established, with Wu Youxun as its first director.Ye Qisun fully supported the cause of nuclear physics research in the motherland, and sent the main force to help Wu Youxun. At that time, Peng Huanwu and Qian Sanqiang were all under Wu's command.Soon after, Wang Ganchang arrived from Zhejiang after hearing the news.This new China Atomic Energy Research Institute, which is dominated by the old team of the Department of Physics of Tsinghua University, has already accompanied the first ray of dawn in the dawn of New China, singing the poem "Heaven will dawn, Mo Daojun will go early", and began to move towards nuclear power. The peak impact of weapons research and development... A few years later, when China began to implement the "596 Project", Peng Dehuai, then Minister of National Defense, asked Peng Huanwu if China was isolated from the outside world and blocked by the United States and the Soviet Union on scientific and technological information, would it be safe to develop an atomic bomb by itself?Peng Huanwu replied: Yes. This is a solemn promise of a scientist.The reason why he has such confidence is that the research on nucleogens in China actually started from the day when the Tsinghua Department of Physics was established, and there are many talents and a strong lineup.Not one person, but a group of people.It has deep historical roots... In 1955, the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences used the parts brought back by Zhao Zhongyao to assemble the first accelerator in my country, which was a substantial step towards the development of the atomic bomb. At this time, Mr. Sa Bendong, the initiator of this project, had passed away for 6 years. On January 31, 1949, Mr. Sa Bendong died of illness at the University of California Hospital in San Francisco, USA. Mr. Zhou Peiyuan came to the Department of Physics of Tsinghua University in 1929.He was the same age as Bendong Sa, and was the youngest professor at Tsinghua University at that time. Zhou Peiyuan's growth path seems to be different. At the age of 17, he was expelled from school for participating in the May 4th Movement in Shanghai.If it hadn't been for Tsinghua School to recruit students from the south during this period, he might have embarked on the road of a professional revolutionist. In the autumn of 1919, Zhou Peiyuan, who was blessed by misfortune, was admitted to the secondary department of Tsinghua School.As the saying goes, trees are moved to death and people are moved to live. It is likely that Zhou Peiyuan's spirituality was accidentally developed due to the atmosphere of Tsinghua University. In the United States, Zhou Peiyuan continued his own mythology. He completed his bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees in only three and a half years.His doctoral dissertation received Caltech's highest honor award.Afterwards, Zhou Peiyuan came to Europe again and studied as a postdoctoral fellow in Germany and Switzerland under the tutelage of Professors Heisenberg and Pauli. Heisenberg is only one year older than Zhou Peiyuan. In 1925, at the age of 24, he published a paper entitled "Reinterpretation of the Quantum Theory of Kinematics and Mechanics Relations", creating a matrix method to solve quantum wave theory.Quantum mechanics originated from the study of atomic structure.The radioactivity of elements and the discovery of electrons prompted people to explore the internal structure of atoms, just like today's snow mountain expeditions.Because the explorers took different paths and saw very different scenery along the way, when they returned from the visit, their descriptions were also very different.At that time, there were many models of atomic structure in the physics world, the famous pudding model, that is, electrons are like grape grains mixed in bread.But this theoretical assumption was quickly pointed out by some experimenters that it did not match the observed state. In 1911, Rutherford proposed the nucleated model of the atom. After a series of experiments, his theoretical prediction was fully confirmed. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 for this.Rutherford was quite unwilling to receive this award. He always believed that his discovery should be an achievement in physics. According to Rutherford's assumption, the mass of the atom is basically concentrated on the nucleus, and the negative charge of the electrons revolving around the nucleus is exactly equal to the positive charge of the nucleus, and the atom shows electrical neutrality.According to the classical electromagnetic theory, the rotating electrons will emit electromagnetic waves so that the electrons will eventually fall into the nucleus and lose energy.Therefore, the model provided by Rutherford is an unstable model. The Danish physicist Bohr later proposed a quantized atomic structure theory.He believes that electrons only orbit the nucleus in certain specific circular orbits.No energy is emitted while orbiting in these specific circular orbits.But it only emits radiation when it transitions from a higher-energy orbit to a lower-energy orbit, and in turn absorbs radiant energy.This theory not only solves the stability problem of atoms based on the Rutherford model, but also fully agrees with the experimental results obtained by spectral analysis when applied to hydrogen atoms. In 1923, French physicist Louis de Broglie proposed the theory of matter waves, which took quantum theory to a new level.He realized that Einstein's light quantum theory should be extended to all material atoms, especially electrons.Later he put forward the theory that electron is also a kind of wave.Later, the Austrian physicist Schrödinger continued to advance along the concept of matter waves and created wave mechanics. Just like a large-scale and long-lasting relay race, physicists have shown their skills and created wonderful wonders around the activities of exploring the interior of the atomic structure.When Zhou Peiyuan's mentor, Heisenberg, came to play, the competition was approaching its climax.Heisenberg completely abandoned the ancient concepts of electron orbit and cycle in classical quantum theory, and replaced them with brand-new thinking methods and observation angles.Later, his teacher Born cooperated with Jordan Jordan, another physicist, to develop Heisenberg's thought into a systematic theory of matrix mechanics. Standing on the shoulders of many giants and studying under the tutelage of Heisenberg, Zhou Peiyuan came into contact with the most cutting-edge theoretical achievements in physical science in the 20th century, which provided him with a broad and far-reaching vision for his future teaching and research. In the Department of Physics, Zhou Peiyuan has always been a representative of the school's new talents.If we say that the entire physics department is like a ship in the ocean of physics, Ye Qisun is the captain of the ship, and Zhou Peiyuan is the lookout post on the ship. He can always keenly capture new scientific and technological information in the physical world, and point out the direction of academic advancement for everyone. . Zhou Peiyuan once participated in the relativity seminar founded by Einstein, and had the honor to have close contact with Einstein and discuss the theory of relativity face to face.In this seminar, he also got acquainted with famous scientists such as Infeld Hoffman, and became friends with them, and maintained friendship with them throughout his life.This seminar benefited Zhou Peiyuan a lot and had a significant and far-reaching impact on his later research.When Mr. He Zuoxiu was in middle school, he heard from his physics teacher that only half of the scholars in the world could really understand Einstein's theory of relativity, and that person was Zhou Peiyuan. "In September 1947, I transferred to the second year of the Department of Physics of Tsinghua University with admiration for the democratic atmosphere and academic atmosphere. The first class I took at Tsinghua University was called "half understand the theory of relativity". The theoretical mechanics developed by Zhou Peiyuan." ("Tsinghua Century" p. 206) From this, we can imagine that Zhou Peiyuan's research on the theory of relativity had spread far and wide half a century ago. In 1943, Zhou Peiyuan took the opportunity of his annual leave to go to the California Institute of Technology again to start his second major, the research on the theory of turbulent flow patterns.这项研究始于西南联大期间，当时正值炮火连天兵荒马乱的岁月，但周培源从未停止过他的探索步伐。利用母校的科研条件，他在该项研究中取得了重大突破，成为当时世界公认的湍流模式理论奠基人。 周培源虽然是中国近代理论物理学的鼻祖，但他却常常对学生说：“要和实验物理学家密切配合起来，指导实验工作的发展。”而作为实验室里的大师，吴有训则常常对学生说要重视理论物理学的学习。清华大学物理系的老师们犹如古老的太极图式，阴阳相依，天地交合，你中有我，我中有你，优势互补，生生不息，培养出一代又一代杰出的科学人才，像林家翘、胡宁、钱伟长、王竹溪、钱三强、彭桓武、段学复、于光远、郭永怀等等都师从过周培源。 然而，那个用看不见的手绘制这张太极图的人，就是物理系的老主任叶企孙先生。周培源与叶企孙保持了终生的朋友关系。年轻时，他是叶企孙七号饭团的主要成员。我们从他和萨本栋他们与叶企孙在北院七号房前的合影中可以看到他当年的模样，那时的他是那样年轻、英俊，可以说是风流倜傥。 自叶企孙就任清华大学物理系首任主任以来，他聘请的4位教授就像4根擎天巨柱，为中国的物理科学撑起了一片天空。4位大师虽说之后大都离开了清华，但他们都把清华大学物理系当作他们精神的渊薮，灵魂相依的去处。因为这里曾有一个人让他们牵挂。清华大学物理系因为有他而圣洁，因为有他而成为中国科技界的中流砥柱。 他就是叶企孙先生。 前苏联著名科学家卡皮尔查先生说：“大科学家是由大科学家挑选和培养出来的。”借用他的这句名言，我们似乎可以这样评价叶企孙和他当年聘请的物理系教授们：“大师是由大师挑选和培养出来的。” 1934年6月1日，叶企孙亲自撰写《物理学系概况》一文，为开创阶段的清华大学物理系进行了评定—— 物理学系概况 本系成立于民国十五年，十七年秋吴正之、萨本栋两教授先后到校，十八年秋周培源教授到校。数年来赖全系教师及研究院诸生努力于研究工作，本系幸成为全国学术中心之一。 在教课方面，本系只授学生以基本知识，使能于毕业后，或从事于研究，或从事于应用，或从事于中等教育，各得门径，以求上进。科目之分配，则理论与实践并重，重质而不重量。每班专修物理学者，其人数务求限制之，使不超过约十四人，其用意在不使青年徒废其光阴于彼所不能学者。此重质不重量之方针，数年来颇著成效。民国十八年本系毕业生施士元先生现任国立中央大学物理学系主任，周同庆先生现任国立北京大学物理学系教授，王淦昌先生现任国立山东大学物理学系教授。数年来国内物理学之渐臻于隆盛，实与本系对于青年所施之训育，有密切关系。 在研究方面，则有吴正之先生担任x放射，赵忠尧先生担任伽马（y）放射，萨本栋先生担任无线电，周培源先生担任理论物理学，叶企孙先生担任磁学及光学。 本系所有仪器，约值国币十一万元，书籍及杂志足敷参考之用。本系设有工厂，可自制精密仪器。 主任叶企孙 教授吴有训（本学年休假）萨本栋周培源赵忠尧 讲师周同庆 教员沙玉彦 助教余瑞璜朱应铣王谟显张景廉 助理韩弗烈章玉林 仪器管理员阎裕昌 （原载《清华周刊》1934年6月1日向导专号，第41页）