Chapter 6 Section five

Tsinghua School was called the "Monument of National Humiliation" at that time.In addition to the original Chinese-style halls, the United States laid out its will in the school at the beginning of its establishment. Therefore, most of Tsinghua's earliest auditoriums, libraries, science and technology centers, gymnasiums and teaching buildings were built in American style. When Russell visited Tsinghua, he said: "Tsinghua University is just like a big school transplanted from the United States to China." The appearance is so, but the inside is even more westernized.At that time, the mainstream consciousness in the school emphasized that the students cultivated by Tsinghua University should be "people who are not Chinese, African and Western" who "feel the deepest beautification" and "before going abroad".

We can infer the mainstream position of Western culture from Tsinghua’s various constraints and measures back then: 1. During the entrance examination, except for Chinese and Chinese history and geography, all answers shall be answered in English. 2. After admission, the Western subjects taught directly in English at all grades are arranged in the morning; while the Chinese subjects taught in Chinese are all arranged in the afternoon. 3. The grades and credits of Western Literature are subject to compulsory and elective courses; Chinese subjects are not compulsory and are not counted as credits when evaluating grades.

4. Graduation grades are all based on the subject of Western Languages, regardless of the pros and cons of Chinese subjects. Not only is the course work so "Westernized", but the professor's salary is also seriously "leaning towards the West". According to the distribution standard of Tsinghua School's annual salary in 1918, it has the following four characteristics: 1. The minimum salary of American teachers is higher than the highest salary of Chinese teachers. 2. The monthly salary of the principal is lower than that of American lecture professors, and the monthly salary of the vice president is lower than that of 6 American teachers.

3. Among the Chinese teachers, the one with the highest monthly salary in the Western Department is 40 yuan more than the highest in the Chinese Department... 4. The average salary of American teachers is 3.1 times that of Chinese teachers. In addition, they also enjoy preferential treatment in foreign exchange... Before 1921, the school only paid attention to the construction of teaching and research buildings, regardless of the accommodation of teachers, resulting in the following disparities in the living environment of Tsinghua faculty and staff: 1. American teachers can live in beautiful, spacious and modern bungalows equipped with modern sanitary equipment for free.

2. Only the principal and vice-principal are given new housing by the school. 3. Among the dozens of Chinese teaching staff, only a few are assigned to Chinese-style residences. 4. Fifteen teachers and their family members rent houses in Chengfu villagers, and another six or seven families live in huts. 5. Among those who have a dormitory, some have to pay rent, and the amount of rent varies from person to person; some get furniture, while others don't. 6. After the American teachers moved into their new residences, the old houses vacated could only be rented to a few Chinese teachers who were teaching Western languages.

(For the above information, see "From Tsinghua Academy to Tsinghua University", written by Su Yunfeng, Joint Publishing, 2001 edition, pages 148-155) For the school's xenophobia, the students are more indignant.A classmate wrote in his diary: ... This afternoon, the American envoy came to visit the school, accompanied by the general office and supervisor.First of all, last night, the managers prepared everything, swept the floor, cleaned up the clouds, in order to be clean and spectacular, and they were so busy.Temporarily warned the students: all dormitories and self-study rooms must be tidy and clean, even the teachers should correct their posture and refrain from spitting.When you go to the United States in the future, everything should be like this, and the US Minister must follow an example today.Alas, Chinese schools are not afraid of inspections from outsiders and academic departments, but are afraid of visits by US ministers.Do you really want to embellish the appearance to enhance the appearance, suppress the corruption of national power, and build schools with compensation, so that everything must be interfered by outsiders?

Ye Qisun, on the other hand, used an attitude of cultural resistance to deal with the surging "West" flow. He adopted a super-absorbing learning method of the essence of middle school to resist the intrusion of Western strong culture. Looking through Ye Qisun's diary in his early years, we can see traces of his extensive reading. From 1915 to 1916, he studied in depth, "Zuo Zhuan", "Historical Records", "Book of Rites", "Shangshu" and other books, and made a lot of excerpts and reading experience—— January 8, 1915 After reading the volume of "Tongjian Jishi Benmo Hantong Xiyi", the summary is as follows:

Proposers: Tang Meng, Sima Xiangru, Zhu Maichen, Zhang Qian. Opponents: Gongsun Hong, Huainan Wang An. Builders: Guo Chang, Wei Guang. Yelang is the largest among the Yi in the southwest; Yunnan is the largest in the west of Yelang; and Andu is the largest in the north of Yunnan. Also read the fourteenth volume of "Tongjian Jishi Benmo" (Tongxiyu). Abstract: The first time Zhang Qian traveled along the Beishan Mountain, it was acquired by the Huns, and then returned due to civil strife.A total of seventeen years of going out.Qian met Shubu in Daxia, and asked the people of his country. It is said that the poison came from himself, and the poison went thousands of miles to the southeast of Daxia. From this, Qian knew that the poison of the body was connected with Shu, and the poison of the body was connected with the body of Daxia, so it could come from Shu The body is poisonous, and its own poison can reach Daxia.This country of Shu connects the Western Regions to Cheng Ye.Later, King Hunxie of the Xiongnu returned to Han, and all the people moved eastward. The Han wanted to move Wusun to the old place of King Hunxie in order to cut off the right arm of the Huns. Even to the countries.All the kings and the Wusun king sent their officials to come to Han from Qian, and Han and the Western Regions were thus connected.

Reading "Zuo Zhuan" Excerpt Chronicle Hidden public: The first year: In May, Duke Zhuang of Zheng conquered Duan Yuyan.Duan Bengong, Duan Zigong and Sun Hua ran to Wei, and the Wei people attacked Zheng for it, and the Zheng people attacked Wei with the king's teacher and the Lu people. Two years: The people of Zheng attacked the guards and fought against the chaos of Gongsun Hua. Three years: In March, Zhou Ping Wang collapsed (Huan Wangli).In April, Zheng Jizu led his troops to fetch Wen Zhimai.In autumn, it was taken as Zhou Zhihe.Zhou Zheng turned against each other.In August, Duke Mu of Song Dynasty died, and Duke Shang ascended the throne.The son Feng fled to Zheng.

Four years: In the spring, Weizhou called on Duke Huan to be established (Wei Shiran).In summer, Zhou called on Zheng to be defeated by the division of Song Wei Chen Cai.In September, the guards killed Zhou Yu and Shi Hou.In December, Duke Xuan (Prince Jin) came to the throne. Five years: Quwo Zhuangbo (Cheng Shizi) attacked Yi with Zheng people and Xing people, and the king sent Yin's and Wu's to help him. (Reading "Zuo Zhuan" commented) From the son Peng Sheng who killed Duke Huan of Lu to the son Wuzhi who killed Duke Xiang of Lu.All poems have a very important relationship with "Zuo Zhuan", such as the Quwo Rebellion in Jin Dynasty and the Xuanjiang Rebellion in Wei Dynasty.See Nanshan's poem about Lu Wenjiang and Qi Xiang.

(Read "Zuo Zhuan: The Beginning and End of Duke Huan's Entry into Qi Dynasty", record it) The Battle of Changshao, the Battle of Chengqiu, Song Nangong Chang Wan Shimin Gong, Qi Huan Gong Wangshi and the divisions of the princes allied in Song Dynasty.Duke Zheng Li's restoration of the country and Chu's extermination of Cai and other events. In his diary also emerges the minutiae that he began studying at the end of the summer vacation in 1916.During the two months from September to October, he kept his hands on the paper every day, and collected all 305 songs. Ye Qisun uses his mother tongue to cultivate and organize his inner poetry.Those verdant and watery emotions always live in the soft place, and they can only be soothed by reading and tasting.The cadenced verses composed of Chinese language are always densely scattered like snowflakes floating in the sky, filling his heart, filling his heart, making people suffocatingly beautiful and painfully beautiful.When the aftertaste melts away bit by bit, the mind that has been expanded by beauty will appear empty and distant.Only the language of the motherland can have such a magnificent landscape.Ye Qisun can speak four languages. The languages ​​of the world are like clouds flying in the sky. Only the Chinese language is a cloud that is colorful and beautiful... During this period of time, Ye Qisun created many old-style poems, or verses, or quatrains, which appeared to be poetic, but under the specific current situation and environment, it should be his love for the motherland's culture. and cherished. On September 3, 1915, Ye Qisun returned to Beijing from Shanghai. At that time, he had just finished his summer vacation. The 17-year-old Pian Pian was at the age of feeling sad. He created many old-style poems on the way and recorded them in his diary. middle-- There are many historic sites along the way, which is enough to talk about.For example, Chuzhou is the place where Ou Wenzhong lived in exile, and the two pavilions of drunken old man and Fengle are still there.The Erting stele was written by Ou Gong, and Su Wenzhong thought it was not good, so he took his own book and changed it (there are two lithographs in the official bookstore).The ancients walked straight, which can be seen here.It is also heard that bamboo is bounded by Chuzhou, and there is no bamboo in the north of the state.Chuzhou is a scenic spot in the Southern Tang Dynasty, and there are many autographs and chants, but Wang Yuyang's four quatrains are the most touching.Yu Youshi said: The car goes around Chuzhou, and the clouds are particularly worrying. It is rumored that it is ripe this year, and the family brews fine wine. The Crane Release Pavilion is located in Xuzhou today, where the people of Song Yunlongshan released the crane.Su Shi has a record.Yu Youshi said: In the Song Dynasty, there were abnormal people who released cranes to entertain the gods. The human crane is gone now, only one pavilion remains. Xuzhou is the birthplace of the ancient Liu Bang's army.There is Taoyuan County under the government.He also wrote a poem because of the Crane Pavilion Code.If you are happy, you don't ask for work.The poem says: In the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang started Sizhou, and in the Song Dynasty, Yunlong carried a crane to travel. According to the picture, there is a peach garden in the northeast, but it is not known whether Yuanming went there or not. Dezhou and Cangzhou were the lands of the two kingdoms during the Xia Zhongxing period.At that time, the painstaking efforts of the survivors to revive and revive, every time in the car was the way.Because of the poems I cherish: Han Yun killed the king and Xia Daoxiu, who knows that Xingfu is in Sizhou. Master and apprentice travel together and rejuvenate the country, Mo Xiaowen Wang Bailihou. Fu Liji was where Song Zhang Jun was defeated.Jun has the ambition to recover, his nature is stubborn but his talents are sparse. In the battle of Shaanxi, due to slight provocations, Quduan was punished, and he lost thousands of miles.Defeated Gui fought with the Jinren in Fuli, and was defeated again.It is rumored that Zhang Jun is magnanimous, but after hearing of his defeat, he is still lying in the clouds.Yu Shi said: To restore gratitude to the emperor, the general will fight alone. However, on the day of the defeat of the army, I can still hear the sound of snoring. (Note: This poem uses inverted sentences in succession, so it is healthy) Crossing the iron bridge of the Yellow River on the morning of the 5th, opening the window and staring at it, I can't help but feel the past and present, because the poem says: The morning sun rises over Qingzhou, and the river flows day and night. Hanging beams and flying iron frames in the air, who remembers the ancient ferry. In addition to getting information about Ye Qisun's reading in the diary, we can also see his ancient prose skills from his articles. In the two years from 1915 to 1916, he wrote "The Weak and the Strong Can't Be Against the Strong", "Theory of Zhongyi", "Theory of Saving Use and Love", "Fan Xuanzi's Theory of Counting Horses", "Confucius's Words" in ancient Chinese style. Benevolence and Mencius' Words and Meanings", "After Reading "Historical Records Biography of Zhang Yi", "Franklin's Youth", "Astronomy in Ancient China", "Refuting Lu Xiangjue Qin", "Cixi Biography" and so on. It is amazing that a young man who is only 17 years old can write such words. From December 1915, he began to read the works of Bacon and Huxley, and studied them in the form of his unique reading method, that is, making notes and writing notes: December 27: Read Bacon's "On Falsehood", "On the Relationship between Parents and Children", "On the Benefits and Disadvantages of Unmarried", "On Jealousy". December 28: Read Bacon's "On Love", saying that he loves everything and the weakness of sex; if it is expanded into fraternity, then the ancient sages are not exaggerated; The country is served by fame and work; "on bravery", it is said that if you get rid of ignorance, you will be wise, and you must be brave. Mountains cannot be moved, but people must follow them. Those who yearn for good must have courage. December 29: Read Bacon's "On the Good".It is said that there is no greater kindness than loving others. The virtue of loving others can match the heavens, but human nature is different. Those who are dear to each other will love them, those who are respectable will respect them, and the rest will love them all. This kind of love is also for those who choose carefully; It is said that nobles are enough to reduce the flames of tyrants.However, the republic is based on professionalism, and it is expensive to use it safely. January 6: Read Huxley's "The History of Chalk". The purpose of Huxley's speech is to prove that chalk (that is, lime carbonate) is composed of ancient shell organisms in the sea. January 7: Read Hearst.Sentence cloud: The structure of heaven and earth is even more strange than that of Greek mythology.The competition for the survival of living things is even more dramatic than the war between Haixiding and Haixiding.The history of Confucianism is only five or six thousand years old. If we study it from the bottom of the sea, we can know the history of millions of years. January 10: Read Huxley's "Fermentation Theory", which says that there must be great effort to change sugar liquid into wine.Who knows that the person who exerts this great power is a tiny living thing, which cannot be seen without a microscope, and cannot be seen without the wisdom of Bastuan? January 11: Read Huxley's "Fermentation Theory" and said that modern scholars like to say that "all things originate from one".If you don't know the complexity of things, you can never look at them with philosophical insights and think they have the same origin.In the affairs of our party, we should experiment to see the similarities and differences. The similarities are gratifying, and the differences are natural.How can the original quality be the same! January 18: Read Huxley's "Zooology" and said that all creatures in the world are the same when they are large, but they are different when they are small... On March 7, 1915, Ye Qisun and his classmates Zheng Sicong and Hong Shen had a student-like discussion in the dormitory, and they seemed to have realized something, so they wrote this quite philosophical diary—— Today Yu Yuzheng Jun Sicong said that people who work hard must have few lusts. Because of lust and other things, the function of the brain is not the function of the body. Ordinary people do things, and the heart and power cannot be used together.When working hard, the mind is always quiet; when working hard, the mind is always lazy.Now that you are working hard, your worries will go away; if your worries go away, your lust will go away.Today's schools are prevalent in sports, although the main effect is to train a strong body to be suitable for the competition of survival, but it may also have an indirect effect in eliminating lust in moral education.This is what the prison system in modern times makes prisoners work harder.Yu also said that when life is boring, every time you think about it, it is related to lust; if you look at people who can't sleep at night and wake up and can't get up, their minds must be full of worries, and most of them are related to lust.Therefore, hygienists seek fast sleep after going to bed, and get up immediately after waking up to cover their intentions, so as not to make the body lazy and involved in evil thoughts.When I spoke, Mr. Hong Shen was right next to me, and he suddenly said: "How can you know what other people are thinking? The one who wants to sleep at night and when he wakes up but does not get up, does he not think about it?" Yu replied: "Hey! This statement is true. So how can you know my thoughts? If it is false but not true, then I can distinguish myself? I don't know what you think, and you don't know what I think. When you live in this world, That's all, that's all, that's all!" Just imagine an ignorant teenager who has such a calm and profound thought when he is young. We cannot but be deeply impressed by Ye Qisun's unique and profound comprehension.On the other hand, we can see his learning effect from his discourse of rational analysis and rigorous logical thinking.From the case of Ye Qisun, we have also interpreted another important message, which is the Tsinghua spirit of connecting Chinese and Western cultures advocated at the beginning of the school’s founding. There is a line in the old school song of Tsinghua University, "Eastern and Eastern cultures come together in one place". Even if you look at it from the current perspective, it is an academic concept with quite modern significance. From the very beginning, Tsinghua School pursued "whole personality" education, which is a bit like the educational idea of ​​moral, intellectual, and physical development advocated nowadays.However, the "whole personality" mentioned by Tsinghua University was built on the basis of the school's pursuit of "three connections - the combination of Chinese and Western, the integration of ancient and modern times, and the combination of arts and sciences", and it is determined by its internal structure.It is by no means a slogan. Among the "three links", the integration of Chinese and western cultures bears the brunt, and it has the ability to outline and outline the key points.To achieve this, we must work hard on what people call hardware and software, such as teaching staff, teaching facilities, and curriculum settings.Tsinghua has done exactly that.In terms of teaching facilities, it took less than 10 years from the date of establishment of the school to build a new campus that was second to none in China at that time, with many laboratories, science halls, libraries, gymnasiums, auditoriums, etc., which can be described as Everything is perfect.In terms of teachers, the Chinese Department has Ma Jili, Rao Luqiao, Qian Jibo, Qian Xuantong, Wu Zai, etc. Ye Qisun’s father Ye Jingyun was also hired to teach Chinese at this time. Confucian scholars in the Qing Dynasty can be described as an important academic center at that time.The teachers who taught Western learning included Ma Guoji, Lin Yutang, Meng Xiancheng, Chao Kunlin, and American teachers miss bader, miss clemens, mr.smith, etc. As far as China was concerned, they should be the strongest lineup of western language teaching at that time.As far as the curriculum is concerned, taking the advanced (experimental) course as an example, in addition to the 22 compulsory courses that have been taken in the previous 4 years (medium subjects), in the 4 years of the advanced subjects, they also need to study self-cultivation, Chinese, English, Rhetorical composition, German, French, general history, ancient history, medieval and modern history, American history, geography, physiology, physics, advanced physics, chemistry, advanced chemistry, advanced arithmetic, plane geometry, trigonometry, solid geometry, advanced algebra, economics, politics , handicrafts, traditional Chinese painting, gymnastics and other 24 compulsory courses.Comparing the above links with our university education today, even the top universities in China cannot guarantee that they are much more advanced or "modern" than the Tsinghua School a century ago in terms of "combining Chinese and Western education" How many. Wang Guowei wrote in the preface of "Guoxue Series" when he talked about the relationship between Chinese learning and Western learning: "When it is prosperous, both are prosperous, and when they are declining, both are declining." The few characters are quite advanced.In the elegiac couplet sent by Liang Qichao after Wang Guowei's sinking, there is a sentence "his learning is based on knowing the way and knowing the class", and "knowing the way and knowing the class" is the whole secret of Mr. Wang Guowei's academic excellence.Its spirit has both the meaning of being able to communicate and the spirit of dialogue. Liu Bannong and Ye Qisun were roughly of the same age. Although Liu was six or seven years older than Ye, it was also during the Revolution of 1911 when Liu was studying with Qian Mu in Changzhou Fuzhong School. From this historical data, it can be inferred that the general atmosphere of their education at that time was identical.After Liu Bannong's death, his calligraphy works were sold in the market.One day, when his student Zhang Zhongxing went shopping, he found the teacher's calligraphy with the word "Zhonghe" written on it at a small stall. Zhang Zhongxing felt that it was of little significance, so he missed it.In fact, this should be Mr. Zhang's miscalculation.Zhang Zhongxing began to listen to Mr. Liu Bannong's class at Peking University in 1933. Judging from his age, he was born a decade or two later than Liu and Ye, so he didn't know much about the main atmosphere of the teachers when they were teaching, so he It is inevitable that Mr. Liu Bannong is indifferent to why the word "neutralization" is so attached to his heart that he never forgets it.In fact, the word "neutralization" was the "main theme" of the era of Ye Qisun and Liu Bannong, and in a sense, it was also the strongest voice in the hearts of intellectuals of that era. The word "huitong" was first seen in "Book of Changes Xici 1": "The sage has the ability to see the movement of the world, and to observe its meeting, to perform its ceremony, and to judge its good or bad by collating speeches, so it is called the line. .” The so-called “huitong” means “meeting and adapting”.At the beginning of the 20th century, the intellectuals in Tsinghua University put forward the slogan "combining East and West", not on a whim, but based on the philosophy of "Doctrine of the Mean". We are all familiar with Bakhtin's dialogue theory today.His special contribution lies in providing a theoretical explanation for the current era of dialogue: he discovered the cultural subject that exists in the form of dialogue, not only emphasizing human subjectivity, but also focusing on "intersubjectivity".This kind of identity and role identification that is both me and him can easily remind us of the word "neutralization". Before Bakhtin, the Western Hegelian philosophical system emphasized the negation and struggle between opposites, and promoted or realized the transformation of things through the negation of negation.However, Bakhtin saw the flaws in Hegel's dialectics, just like everyone has flaws, people actually exist according to others, a person is like this, and so is a country.Just as Mr. Wang Guowei said when talking about the relationship between China and the West, "both prosper when they are prosperous, and both decline when they decline." What is being talked about here is more about the sameness and unity, not just confrontation and struggle.What Huitong talks about is the "sameness" and "communication" between opposites.Mr. Xu Baogeng said: "From a methodological point of view, being able to communicate means that you need to take into account all aspects of things and find out the internal connections between all aspects." And the various tensions between the "intersubjectivity" mentioned by Bakhtin Gu Pan is so similar to Neil!We can see the modernity and advancedness of "Communication of East and West" from the wide international recognition of Bakhtin's dialogue theory. "Huitong" emphasizes "neutralization", and "The Doctrine of the Mean" says: "The joy, anger, sorrow, and joy are not expressed, which is called the middle; when they are all in the middle, it is called harmony, and the status of heaven." It can be seen that "neutralization" is both A methodology, but also a philosophical view, not only a harmonious state, but also an ideal goal.It can be said that "neutralization" in China at the beginning of the 20th century carried and entrusted the expectations and aspirations of Chinese intellectuals, and it should have become the most important word of that era. Since "neutralization" is a method, just as Zhang Qiyun said in "China and the Middle Way", the Chinese "behave in the world and keep things in the middle but not over the extreme", then in this state, we must abide by the combination of Chinese and Western, ancient and modern. The concept of integration and mastery of arts and sciences will produce the "full personality" talents expected by that era.