Chapter 42 April 1 Recalls Premier Zhou's Outstanding Contribution to the Establishment of International Relations of Peaceful Coexistence

On the occasion of commemorating Premier Zhou Enlai's 90th birthday, we can't help but look back on the great achievements he has made to the cause of the Chinese people throughout his life!At the same time, I also think of the years when this outstanding proletarian diplomat dominated the international arena, and think of his outstanding contributions to the establishment of international relations of peaceful coexistence.As some international figures have pointed out, Zhou Enlai’s strategic thinking on diplomacy is ultimately focused on the interests of the people of the world. Criteria has given its hard work, wisdom and talent, and is respected by people all over the world.Therefore, Zhou Enlai is not only a great man in China, but also a generation of heroes belonging to the world.

As diplomats in New China, we were fortunate to have done some specific work under the leadership of Premier Zhou, received his persuasive education, personally experienced his unparalleled diplomatic talent, and realized the wisdom and correctness of his diplomatic thinking.Here, we only review Premier Zhou's great contribution to the establishment of international relations of peaceful coexistence, to commemorate this great man in the history of the Chinese nation, and to inspire ourselves to forge ahead with new knowledge. After the Second World War, the international situation presented a confrontation between the capitalist camp headed by the United States and the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union.Between these two camps there is a vast middle ground, mainly the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.Although some of these long-oppressed nations have gained independence through arduous struggles, they have not completely shaken off the shackles of imperialism politically and economically, and even have imperialist military bases on the territory of some countries; In the struggle for independence, the nation is fiercely resisting all kinds of oppression and exploitation by imperialism.

The imperialists are still doing everything possible to use conspiracy methods such as interference, subversion, infiltration, etc. to the countries that have gained independence in the vast middle areas, in an attempt to restore their lost rule there or establish their neo-colonial control.They also cunningly create conflicts between countries with different systems, often using anti-communism as a slogan to incite.Even countries with the same system and ideology use the existing entanglements to sow discord in order to achieve their own goals of defeating each other. In the entire international situation at that time, a remarkable change was that the Chinese people finally stood up after a long-term revolutionary struggle against imperialism and feudalism!A new China with a quarter of the world's population standing in the east will greatly strengthen the world's progressive forces, and at the same time, it will inevitably have a huge encouraging effect on the national movements for independence in the vast middle areas.This terrified imperialism.Therefore, on the one hand, the U.S. imperialists used the war of aggression against North Korea to try to use North Korea as a springboard to direct the flames of war to our country and directly overthrow New China. , in an attempt to strangle New China politically and economically.At the same time, they used various public opinion tools and channels to rampantly viciously attack and slander New China.Use deceitful propaganda to deceive the people of various countries in the middle ground who do not know the truth.A very small number of people with ulterior motives also took the opportunity to stir up trouble.However, the majority of righteous public opinion expressed deep sympathy and support for the upright propositions and actions of New China, and exposed and criticized the sinister intentions of imperialism.

Facing the complicated international situation at that time, Premier Zhou Enlai, a great Marxist-Leninist and outstanding proletarian diplomat, judged the situation and made foresight. Based on Lenin's thesis on the coexistence of the two systems and combining the above-mentioned characteristics of the actual international situation, peace was brewed. Coexistence of five principles of foreign policy.Its main contents are: mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence.This purposeful summarization into five principles aims to promote the development of the international situation in a direction that is beneficial to the people.

Zhou Enlai embodied the requirements of peaceful coexistence into five principles, which is a creative development of Marxism-Leninism. On December 31, 1953, Premier Zhou proposed the basic content of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence in his talk with the Indian government delegation; later it was formally written into the "Commerce and Communication between China's Tibet Region and India". in the preamble to the Agreement. In late June 1954, Premier Zhou was invited to visit India and Myanmar. In the joint statement of the China-India and China-Myanmar talks, China, India and China jointly advocated the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.Since then, the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence have been shining brightly like the rising sun!It has won the praise of international public opinion and has become an important criterion guiding state-to-state relations.

The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence reflect the requirement that the vast middle ground be completely freed from the shackles of colonialism, and also express the peace-loving good wishes of the people of all countries in the world, so it is inevitable that they will win the hearts of the people.My embassies abroad have received many letters, expressing my sincere admiration and respect to Premier Zhou, the feelings are very touching!Only those colonialists and imperialists who want to continue riding on the necks of other countries attack the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence as a "communist conspiracy" and try to destroy them.

Since China, India, and China and Myanmar jointly initiated the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, the international prestige of New China has been significantly improved. Many countries have successively established diplomatic relations with my country, and the influence of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence is constantly expanding. Although my country is not the initiator of the Bandung Conference, it has friendly relations with the initiators—the five countries of the Colombo Conference (India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Ceylon, and Pakistan). my country is actively involved in the conception and preparation of the Bandung Conference. Support and sponsorship, especially with the host country Indonesia on the theme of the meeting should embody the spirit of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, Premier Zhou, President Sukarno, and Prime Minister Ali Shastro Amizoyo had a relatively full exchange of ideas through diplomatic channels Opinion.

The Bandung Conference was the first event in history that only heads of state from Asia and Africa attended. It excluded heads of state from the West, and its nature was extraordinary.This aroused the panic of the imperialists and their pawns, who tried to make trouble and sabotage.The bombing of the "Kashmir Princess" created by Taiwan's secret agents once caused a burst of confusion and made people feel dark clouds.At this critical moment, in order to carry forward the spirit of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and promote the unity of Asian and African countries, dear Premier Zhou, regardless of personal safety, resolutely decided to attend the meeting in Bandung on time according to the original schedule.

After Premier Zhou made the decision, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs instructed our ambassador to Myanmar, Yao Zhongming, by urgent telegram at 12:00 midnight to discuss with the Myanmar side. Premier Zhou went to Jakarta via Yangon the next day, and stayed in Yangon for a while, asking for assistance from the Myanmar side.Zhong Ming met Prime Minister U Nu overnight.After explaining his purpose, Prime Minister U Nu kindly dissuaded him out of concern for Premier Zhou's safety.Zhong Ming explained that Premier Zhou must arrive on time to attend the meeting considering the importance of the Bandung Conference.Prime Minister U Nu said happily: "Premier Zhou's noble mind is really touching! We must hurry up and prepare to welcome Premier Zhou to Indonesia via Yangon." Afterwards, we learned that in order to ensure Premier Zhou's safety, the Myanmar government took the prime minister's plane to fly to Indonesia. After entering Myanmar's airspace, the Myanmar Air Force did its best to complete the escort mission.

After Premier Zhou arrived in Yangon, he held a small meeting with the leaders of the six countries with Burmese Prime Minister U Nu, Indian Prime Minister Nehru, Egyptian President Nasser, Afghan Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Naeem, and Vietnamese Prime Minister Pham Van Dong.At the meeting, Premier Zhou focused on the favorable factors for holding the Asian-African Conference in response to some discouragement in the international discussions at that time.He pointed out that the demonstrative sabotage of the conference by imperialism does not mean that they are strong, but rather that they are weak; most Asian and African countries have suffered exploitation and oppression by imperialism and colonialism in the past. Now we are all faced with the task of building our own country. As long as we give full play to the huge promotion and guiding role of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, we will definitely be able to defeat the provocations of the imperialists, smash their plots to sabotage, and strengthen the country. The unity of Asian and African countries made the conference a complete success.Most of the participants agreed with Premier Zhou's views, and believed that as long as we adhere to the spirit of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, we will get the support of all peace-loving forces in the world, and its impact will be far-reaching. We should be determined to promote the successful convening of the Asian-African Conference Be prepared to pay the price.Facts have proved that this small meeting was a constructive step taken by Premier Zhou in the prelude to the Asian-African Conference.

Premier Zhou left Yangon by plane and encountered a thunderstorm when he flew over Jakarta, and the plane could not land.Premier Zhou adopted the suggestion of the flight crew to go to neighboring Singapore to land and refuel, and wait for the weather to improve.At that time, my country and Singapore did not have diplomatic relations.Unexpectedly, the British High Commissioner to Singapore, His Excellency Macdonald, welcomed Premier Zhou at the airport and hosted a luncheon.Premier Zhou briefly described the importance of peaceful coexistence of countries with different systems.Macdonald has since become a good friend of Premier Zhou and Vice Premier Chen Yi. Before the start of the Bandung Conference, Premier Zhou pointed out many times to the comrades of our delegation and embassy: This conference should be a new starting point for the Asian and African anti-colonial forces to unite and strive to achieve peaceful coexistence in history, and it must not To live up to this sacred mission, we must do a good job of investigation and research, and strive to hold the meeting well.At the beginning of the meeting, Premier Zhou had a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the situation, so as to be able to grasp the policy steadily and do a good job.At the meeting, listen carefully to the speeches of the representatives of various countries, and pay attention to their leading opinions and implicit strings.After the meeting, take the initiative to conduct visits, contact and talk with the other party modestly and frankly, find out the issues that the other party cares about and exchange opinions. After such careful investigation and research, Premier Zhou realized that the complex attitudes of Asian and African countries were mainly caused by the colonial rule of imperialism.In response to this situation, he pointed out to us: The relevant situation shows that it is necessary to carry out extensive and in-depth contacts, and it is very necessary to untie some knots in understanding and eliminate barriers in the exchange of opinions.When the representatives of certain countries, either because they were influenced by imperialist distorted information, or because they were prejudiced against New China, or because they did not know the truth, they made some public and insinuated low-level accusations against our country in their speeches. At that time, with the broad mind of a proletarian diplomat, he made a wonderful speech with great foresight.He first stated: "The Chinese delegation is here to seek unity and not to quarrel." Then he clarified openly that we Communists never deny that we believe in communism and that the socialist system is good.However, there is no need to promote individual ideologies and political systems of various countries at this conference. "The Chinese delegation is here to seek common ground rather than create differences." He pointed out that we should find a common basis from the relief of the pain and disasters of colonialism, so that we can easily understand and respect each other, sympathize with and support each other, instead of being suspicious of each other and fear, mutual exclusion and opposition.He also said that the Chinese government could have brought up the Taiwan issue and the UN's unfair treatment of China's legitimate seat at the meeting, but in order not to provoke controversy, we do not intend to do so.He also talked about issues such as different ideologies and social systems, as well as freedom of religious belief, emphasizing that nothing should hinder our seeking common ground and unity.With a calm attitude, he told the iron-clad facts with reason and reason, and answered those unreasonable attacks.The whole speech shines with the brilliance of truth, is filled with sincere feelings, and shows the power of justice.As soon as the words fell, the audience burst into thunderous applause and cheers. Many representatives left their seats to shake hands and hug the Prime Minister. Even some representatives who had attacked our country at the meeting also came to shake hands, and some even expressed deep remorse and apology. . During the course of the meeting, concerns were expressed that China would use the overseas Chinese and the same ethnic minorities as its neighbors for subversive activities.In response to such doubts, Premier Zhou immediately exchanged in-depth views with representatives of relevant countries.On the one hand, it is pointed out that the existence of the phenomenon of dual nationality of overseas Chinese is left over from history, and it should not affect the peaceful coexistence relationship between the two sides. The Chinese government is always ready to negotiate with the governments of relevant countries to resolve such issues.During the Asian-African Conference, on behalf of the Chinese government, Premier Zhou signed the "Treaty on Dual Nationality of Overseas Chinese" with Indonesia without delay. This action greatly relieved the doubts of the countries concerned.Some people say that this proves that China's words and deeds are consistent and its determination to solve the problem is credible.This is another heavy blow to the provocation of imperialism. At the end of the meeting, some representatives raised the issue of various forms of colonialism, and pointed their finger at a certain socialist country, which once again aroused heated debate.Some reporters summed it up as follows: countries participating in Western treaty organizations are on one side, and countries that advocate maintaining neutrality are on the other side.When the development of this debate almost reached a stalemate, Premier Zhou stepped forward again and delivered a speech leading the meeting to victory on the issues facing the entire meeting.He said: I believe that everyone who participated in the meeting wanted peace. Although the ideology of belief and the international obligations they assumed were different, the common goal should be to seek a certain common basis for world peace and cooperation.Premier Zhou pointed out that some people do not like to use the word "peaceful coexistence", he proposed to use the word "peaceful coexistence" in the Charter of the United Nations!He said: We do not insist on using the wording of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, and we agree to add or subtract to the Five Principles.He then proposed a seven-point peace declaration for your reference.This speech turned the meeting around.Some reporters said that Mr. Zhou Enlai's speech "brought a climax to the meeting again".Since then, everyone was impressed by Zhou Enlai's reconciliation spirit and persuasive attitude, so they worked together to refine the terms and text of the communiqué, striving to express common wishes and viewpoints acceptable to all parties.Finally, a declaration of ten principles including all the contents of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence was formulated.It marks that the Bandung Conference has opened up bright prospects for Asian-African unity against imperialism and colonialism, and for striving for and safeguarding the independence of all countries, and has achieved an extremely unusual victory. During the Bandung Conference, Premier Zhou's painstaking efforts to achieve international relations of peaceful coexistence won praise from international public opinion and progressives.A prime minister of a country said in public that to congratulate the success of the Bandung Conference, he should first bow to Zhou Enlai.A well-known American reporter said: Zhou Enlai’s diplomatic talent “has reached the pinnacle” and “almost reached the point of perfection and invulnerability!” He did not win anyone to believe in communism at the Bandung Conference, nor did he mobilize anyone at the meeting He supported the propaganda of the Communist Party, and did not encourage others to make statements that were fiercely anti-American and anti-Western to take the lead in establishing a treaty organization, but he convinced many representatives that he was a well-meaning, reasonable and sincere person who believed in the international peaceful coexistence proposed by China. Relational norms are fair and reasonable and promising. In the early 1960s, the national independence movements in Asia and Africa were surging, and many countries broke free from the shackles of colonialism and gained the right to independence.The most popular slogan at the time was, "Where there is oppression, there is resistance."Countries that have gained independence one after another are all keen to pursue international relations based on the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.This trend and will reflect the bright side of the international situation.But the imperialists have not given up using all kinds of plots to sabotage.In order to consolidate and develop international relations of peaceful coexistence, Premier Zhou took timely and targeted measures from a strategic height.That is, through a series of major diplomatic activities of our country, the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence will be deepened to solve some related practical problems, and expanded to a wider area and field, so as to lead the situation to a direction that is beneficial to the people of all countries develop. Based on the principle of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, it is in the common interests of the people of our country and the people of other countries to negotiate and resolve border issues with neighboring countries in a step-by-step, fair and reasonable manner. Myanmar is our friendly neighbor.However, the China-Myanmar border issue left over from history is extremely complicated.There are both demarcated and undemarcated borders between the two countries; both the customary line formed over the years and the one-sided lies spread by imperialism in order to realize its expansion policy; arable land.Premier Zhou and Prime Minister Ne Win of Myanmar at the time agreed that the two sides would form a committee to resolve the border issue, conduct a survey of the entire border between China and Myanmar, and then negotiate and negotiate a demarcation plan based on the actual situation.Premier Zhou resoundingly put forward the spirit of "mutual accommodation and mutual understanding" as a guide, taking into account the specific difficulties and actual needs of both sides, and making necessary adjustments from the perspective of the whole line, so as to achieve a balance of gains and losses for each.This guiding ideology embodies the principles of equality, mutual benefit, and mutual respect, and is the key to solving many difficult problems. It has enabled the smooth and rapid settlement of the China-Myanmar border. At that time, Yao Zhongming served as the chief representative of the Chinese side of the China-Myanmar Joint Committee on the Resolution of the China-Myanmar Boundary. He personally participated in the whole process and deeply appreciated Premier Zhou's deliberation, thoughtfulness and meticulousness in resolving the China-Myanmar Boundary Issue.Not only did he give timely inspiration and instructions to every major link, but he even gave clear instructions to every specific detail that could have consequences.For example, the establishment of boundary pillars and the description of the direction of the boundary line must be expressed in scientific and accurate language in order to avoid different understandings afterwards.Premier Zhou often asked our border surveyors to report the situation to him face to face and give him detailed instructions.Instructions by telegram and telephone are more frequent.At a later stage, Premier Zhou pointed out that in order to facilitate the implementation of the spirit of peaceful coexistence, two major issues must be taken into account. First, the content of the treaty must strive to reflect that the two governments have ended the border troubles left by imperialism in a spirit of cooperation.Based on the principle of respecting territorial integrity, equality and mutual benefit, the new border was demarcated fairly and reasonably; secondly, before and after the signing of the treaty by the two governments, as much as possible, the border residents were organized to have a party, give each other souvenirs, and carry out educational activities for the border residents to live in harmony.Both of these have been more satisfactorily achieved.Both sides are very happy that the Sino-Myanmar border issue has been resolved in this way. This is undoubtedly a counterattack against the imperialists using the border issue to sow relations. Following the settlement of the China-Myanmar border, under the leadership of Premier Zhou, my country successively resolved the border issues with Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Mongolia, and North Korea through consultations and negotiations one by one, greatly promoting the spirit of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, and further Increased the prestige of our country in the world. Premier Zhou has always attached great importance to the policy towards overseas Chinese, not only emphasizing the protection of the legitimate rights and interests of overseas Chinese, but also encouraging overseas Chinese to live in harmony with the people of the country of residence and respect the laws and customs of each other.Every time he visits Southeast Asian countries, he always squeezes out time to meet representatives of overseas Chinese from all walks of life. He has repeatedly urged that there must be no big-country chauvinism, and that the overseas Chinese and the people of the country of residence should cherish the glory of sharing hardships in the struggle against imperialism. History, we must carry forward the fine tradition of working side by side with the people of the host country in economic and cultural development, and sharing joys and sorrows together. This is an important positive factor for the development of friendly relations of peaceful coexistence between the two countries.These statements of Premier Zhou once moved and admired the leaders of the countries concerned. Originally, during the Bandung Conference, Premier Zhou and the Indonesian government reached an agreement to properly resolve the dual nationality issue of overseas Chinese, which has been announced to the world.However, in order to conspire to sabotage the development of peaceful coexistence, the imperialists incited people who did not know the truth, followed a few people with ulterior motives, set off a vicious wave of exclusion of China, and caused certain incidents in which loved ones hurt their enemies.The people of the country where the overseas Chinese live express their abhorrence for this, and they suffer from the difficulties of the situation, so it is inconvenient to speak out for justice.In order to guide the situation to develop in a better direction, Premier Zhou insisted on exposing the makers of the conspiracy and protesting against such despicable acts, while negotiating with the governments of the host countries, based on the agreement reached between us and Indonesia at the Bandung Conference. , After further negotiation between the two parties, it is hoped that the implementation steps related to the settlement of the dual nationality treaty of overseas Chinese will be signed as soon as possible, so as to facilitate harmonious coexistence.First, according to the principle of voluntary choice of nationality, those who choose the nationality of the host country should enjoy the rights and legal protection due to the citizens of the host country, that is, they no longer have the status of overseas Chinese; second, those who wish to maintain Chinese nationality , should abide by the laws and customs of the host country, get along well with the local people, and enjoy the Chinese government's protection of the legitimate rights and interests of overseas Chinese; third, those who do not want to continue to stay in the host country can move back to China. Ship can be sent to pick up. These measures were first implemented in Indonesia, and then in Myanmar and other countries, according to the actual situation, corresponding steps were also taken.After a period of hard work, the original tense atmosphere gradually subsided, the obstacles created by the troublemakers were smashed, and our peaceful coexistence with these countries further developed. Premier Zhou once emphasized that cultural and economic exchanges are the two wings of diplomacy.He once explained from his initial experience after the founding of the People's Republic of China that cultural exchange is one of the best ways to eliminate barriers and enhance mutual understanding.Because art troupes, sports troupes and other visits are easily accepted by the other party and welcomed by the masses; for countries that have not yet established diplomatic relations with us, they can play a pioneering role, and for countries that have established diplomatic relations with us, they can serve as enriching and friendly friends. The role of content.Thanks to Premier Zhou's strong advocacy and specific instructions, our cultural envoys have gradually made more frequent friendly visits to Asian and African countries, and have also sent some medical teams successively according to the wishes of the other countries.There were as many as 105 medical teams sent to Africa at that time.In addition, some acrobatics and table tennis coaches were sent, and some overseas students from Asian and African countries were accepted.There are also cultural envoys from many countries visiting China.This series of friendly exchanges has indeed enhanced mutual understanding and promoted the development of peaceful coexistence between the two countries. Before the Bandung Conference, Premier Zhou expounded his views on economic exchanges at a banquet in Yangon, to the effect that if a country does not have economic independence, it is difficult to guarantee its political independence.This requires economic exchanges between long-term oppressed and turned nations and friendly countries, the establishment of mutual support, and the development of a relationship of solidarity under the principle of equality and mutual benefit.This discourse has won high praise. In the early 1950s, the imperialists dumped a large amount of surplus rubber in the international market, making it impossible to sell Ceylon rubber.If it is sold at a lower price, it will cause the bankruptcy of its rubber plantations, and a large number of rubber workers will face unemployment. If they cannot sell rubber, they will have no foreign exchange to buy rice, which will not solve the food problem for the people.At that time, Ceylon had not yet established diplomatic relations with my country.Fang Xijia, Ceylon's minister in Myanmar, tested the Chinese ambassador, hoping that China could buy Ceylon's rubber and provide Ceylon with much-needed rice.The Minister also stated that the Ceylon government will pay attention to the will of the Ceylon people and their cry for survival no matter how strict other people's regulations on China's embargo are.My embassy in Myanmar immediately sent a telegram to China for instructions.Premier Zhou quickly called back and agreed that the Ceylon government would send people directly to Beijing for negotiations.The result of the negotiation is: my country imports Ceylon rubber at a price slightly higher than the international market, and provides rice to the other party at a price slightly lower than the international market.This not only saved the rubber industry in Ceylon, solved the urgent needs of the people of Ceylon, but also broke the blockade and embargo imposed by US imperialism on our country.Soon Ceylon established diplomatic relations with my country, and has maintained a deep friendship.The mutual help at the critical moment has always been a good story among the people of the two countries.Premier Zhou once said that the success of this mutual assistance between China and tin shows the development of the situation, and also shows that it is very necessary to implement peaceful coexistence and unite against imperialism and colonialism. Another example is that Myanmar is a cotton-producing country, but the textile mills built by the United States for Myanmar cannot use Myanmar cotton.Every year, a large amount of foreign exchange is needed to import American cotton, which greatly increases financial difficulties.In addition, whenever the machine breaks down, it must be shut down and wait for the technicians sent by the United States to repair it.This is a great constraint on the development of Myanmar's national economy.In order to get rid of this situation, they hope that my country will build another textile factory for Myanmar, and put it on the same site as the factory aided by the United States to form a confrontation for comparison and comparison.Premier Zhou attached great importance to this matter and instructed relevant departments to use two tons of Burmese cotton for trial spinning in our country's textile mills, and to design textile machinery for them according to the characteristics of Burmese cotton.It has been proved by my country's trial spinning that Myanmar cotton can be spun into more than 20 yarns.The Myanmar side was very happy to hear the news, and believed that there was a way out and hope.Once the factory is completed, it will not only increase the use and value of Myanmar cotton, but also save a lot of foreign exchange.The Myanmar government is very grateful to Premier Zhou for his thoughtful care.While building this textile factory, we also trained a group of technicians for them. They can not only operate the machines skillfully, but also carry out maintenance by themselves.In this regard, Burmese workers and relevant government officials agreed that this was a selfless aid to them. In December 1963, when Premier Zhou visited ten African countries, he proposed eight principles for my country's foreign economic assistance.These principles are not only welcomed by African countries, but also have aroused strong repercussions in many developing countries and are warmly welcomed. According to Premier Zhou's instructions, we overcame many difficulties and undertook the task of aiding the construction of the Tazara Railway, and trained railway transportation managers and technicians for them.It has assisted African countries to build 18 stadiums and 12 gymnasiums, which have been praised by the people of African countries.These sincere cooperation and mutual support fully embody the spirit of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, and have greatly consolidated and developed the friendship between my country and African countries. In order to carry forward the spirit of the Bandung Conference and promote the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence to a wider international field, Premier Zhou once conceived of the Asia-Africa-Latin Conference.To this end, he exchanged views with leaders of some countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, and received positive responses.In order to promote this trend, Premier Zhou has carried out a lot of meaningful work step by step. In the early 1960s, some countries requested to hold the second Asian-African Conference, and some countries wanted to hold a conference of non-aligned countries in India.Under such circumstances, some people proposed to hold the second Asian-African Conference first, to support the national movements in Asia and Africa, to study and solve the practical difficulties encountered in the construction of Asian-African countries, and to seek Premier Zhou's opinion.Starting from the overall situation of developing international relations of peaceful coexistence and promoting the broad unity of the people of all countries, Premier Zhou brilliantly analyzed the relationship between the two conferences.He pointed out that the two conferences basically had the same positive purpose, but with regional and non-regional distinctions.The two can cooperate with each other, promote each other, make up for each other, and complement each other, with advantages and no disadvantages.If non-cooperative measures are taken, it will be easy to be used by imperialism and take the opportunity to sow discord.He believes that he should actively participate in the Non-Aligned Conference and clarify his progressive ideas and lofty ideals, which must be supported by the majority of participants.At the same time, he also proposed that the second Asian-African Conference has not yet been properly prepared. In order to meet the needs of the development of the objective situation, President Sukarno may be asked to consider whether it is possible to hold a celebration of the tenth anniversary of the Bandung Conference in Indonesia before holding the Non-Aligned Conference. Heads of state from Asia and Africa are invited to participate in the event, and people from Latin America may also be invited to participate as appropriate.At that time, if President Sukarno is invited to deliver a persuasive speech on the problems in the situation, it may receive good results in many aspects.Later, President Sukarno quite agreed with Premier Zhou's idea, and praised Premier Zhou as "a great strategist well-known to the world, which really matches his name and reality."He said that Premier Zhou must be invited to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the Bandung Conference in person. If the Second Asian-African Conference were still held in Bandung, there would have been a complete set of conference facilities there, so it would be easy to prepare, so some people advocated holding it in Bandung.Taking into account the development momentum of the situation in Africa, Premier Zhou believed that if an African country could be chosen as the host, it would definitely have a more positive impact and be of great significance to the unity of Asia and Africa.He made this proposal to President Sukarno and received sincere approval.As agreed by the Asian and African countries, Algeria hosted the first preparatory meeting in Indonesia.After all this was agreed, there was a debate about whether the Soviet Union could participate in the meeting.Premier Zhou had anticipated this debate. He had asked Chen Yi, Vice Premier and Foreign Minister who attended the preparatory meeting, to clarify the solemn position of the Chinese government in a high-profile manner of presenting facts and reasoning, to support the fair and reasonable objections of the participants, and to prevent The occurrence of unreasonable entanglement affects the smooth progress of the meeting.Comrade Chen Yi said calmly at the meeting: At the first Asian-African Conference, our country had a very close relationship with the Soviet Union, and we agreed not to invite it to participate because it is a European country.Now that the relationship between our country and the Soviet Union has deteriorated, we still do not agree with its participation in the Asian-African Conference. We cannot change our attitude because of the good or bad relations between the two countries, because we must not trade principles.If the territory of the Soviet Union has an Asian part, then we can also consider allowing its republics in Asia to participate in the Asian-African Conference.These remarks were frank, candid, and convincing, showing the spirit and demeanor of this proletarian diplomat.Appreciated by the vast majority of the participants, the debate was ended. In 1965, on the eve of the second Asian-African Conference, representatives from various countries had already started to attend the conference. Algeria suddenly had a coup, Ben Bella stepped down, and the situation in Algeria had not yet returned to calm.Whether the second Asian-African Conference can be held as scheduled, there are various speculations.Some of the members of our delegation who have already arrived in Algiers have a more optimistic estimate of the situation, and advocate "open as soon as it comes", and strive to open it as soon as possible.At that time, Premier Zhou and his entourage were staying in Cairo, exchanging views with President Nasser and President Sukarno at any time.After hearing the news of the coup d'état in the host country, we closely watched the development of the situation and learned that the delegations of African countries mostly stood still and did not go to Algiers for a long time. The new authorities of the host country were busy with the settlement of internal affairs.Some delegations from Asian and African countries are still hesitant about whether to go to Algiers.According to various situations, Premier Zhou thought that instead of holding an incomplete meeting, it is better not to hold it for the time being and wait for the opportunity.He immediately made a decision to suggest the suspension of the holding, which was quickly approved by the central government.The Prime Minister clarified to the comrades of our delegation that the purpose of the meeting is to enhance the great unity of Asia and Africa, strengthen the anti-imperialist and anti-colonial struggle, promote the development of international relations and open up new prospects in accordance with the spirit of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.Obviously, the current situation is not suitable for such a meeting to be held immediately. If you are eager for success, it will cause factors that are not conducive to the development of the situation.In order to prevent some people from using the temporary suspension of the meeting to blow the wind and create dissension, Premier Zhou agreed with President Sukarno, President Nasser and President Ayub Khan to issue a joint statement, pointing out that the Second Asian-African Conference will not be held temporarily. Asian-African solidarity is not a setback.Facts afterwards proved that the cause of the Asian-African people is still advancing in line with the spirit of the Bandung Conference, moving from victory to victory. In short, a large number of facts show that during the period from the late 1950s to the mid-1960s (before the "Cultural Revolution"), Premier Zhou fully demonstrated his unparalleled diplomatic talent on the international stage.In the process of handling a series of major international affairs, through his outstanding diplomatic activities, the role of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence in international relations has been greatly developed in both breadth and depth, and it has begun to become the foundation of more and more countries. common guidelines.It shows that his great efforts to establish international relations of peaceful coexistence have achieved brilliant results.These achievements not only had a huge impact on the development of the international situation that year, but also had a profound impact on the subsequent changes in the international situation. During the period from the 1960s to the 1970s before the death of Premier Zhou, although the ten years of turmoil caused by the "Cultural Revolution" had severely affected my country's normal diplomatic activities, there were still relatively large changes in overall foreign relations. With the development, our country's international status is getting higher and higher, and more and more countries have established diplomatic relations with us. A series of countries have signed friendship and cooperation treaties with our country based on the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. Our friends are all over the world. With the development of the situation, many new situations show that the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence have been recognized by the world as the norms for dealing with relations between countries, and they are also applicable to the relations between socialist countries.However, the implementation of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence has not been smooth sailing. First, the disruption and sabotage by U.S. imperialism must be defeated.Although U.S. imperialism has suffered disastrous defeats in Korea and Vietnam, it still regards itself as the hegemon of the world and has not given up its ambition of aggression and interference in other countries.It not only obstructs the restoration of my country's lawful seat in the United Nations, openly invades and occupies Taiwan, our territory, but also rampantly opposes my country's proposition of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.它到处散布谣言，说和平共处五项原则是共产党的阴谋圈套，同时运用各种控制手段阻止某些国家的响应和友好交往。面对当时的形势，周总理一方面坚决支持一切受美国欺侮的国家采取一系列有力措施，积极而稳步地开展了国际反霸统一战线工作，冲破了美帝对有关国际事务的粗野把持；另一方面基于对中美两国人民友谊的珍视和为了展开新的外交格局，又适时地开展了所谓“乒乓外交”等活动，又经过多渠道的努力，终于导致了中美“联合公报”的签署，为两国关系的发展开辟了新的局面。 同时，要与苏联的霸权主义进行针锋相对的斗争。苏联从赫鲁晓夫时代起，一方面宣扬美苏共同主宰世界，说什么只要美苏两家坐在一起，别的国家休想轻举妄动。并通过报刊大肆宣传，胡说什么美苏两国首脑一握手，国际关系就出现了新纪元。这种令人惊异的梦呓，同我国所倡导的和平共处五项原则是水火不容的；另一方面，他们片面撕毁大批经济技术合作合同，并迅速撤回在中国的全部专家，给我国的经济造成巨大损失。后来，他们进一步发展到公然出兵侵入别国领土长期占领拒不撤兵，并热衷于与美国大搞军备竞赛，威胁世界和平。这种种行径表明，他们所谓的“和乎共处”只能是一种“骑马者与马的和平共处”。 最后，还要与林彪、“四人帮”两个反革命集团的捣乱和破坏进行斗争。十年动乱期间林彪、康生、“四人帮”及其同伙，为达其篡党夺权，并在外交政策上改弦更张的罪恶目的，他们以极左的面目出现，对建国以来党的外交路线和方针，大肆攻击和诬蔑，把周总理亲自领导的以贯彻和平共处五项原则为主旨的一系列重大外交活动诬蔑为“三降一灭的修正主义外交”，攻击外交部是“卖国部”，驻外大使多是“崇洋媚外，里通外国”分子；攻击正确而必要的外事纪律是“管、卡、压”的专制手段。他们一方面对内集中火力攻陈毅外长，妄图以此为突破口，进而打倒周总理，篡夺全部外交大权；另一方面，对外利用造反派搞“三砸一火烧”，制造外交纠纷图谋使外交失控，乱中夺权。面对这种混乱局面，周总理力撑危局。他一面在毛泽东同志的支持下紧紧掌握外交大权，竭尽全力排除林彪和“四人帮”两个反革命集团的干扰和破坏，继续保持整个外事系统的运转，在极端困难的情况下，坚持参加国际事务，与各国人民发展和平友好的关系。另一方面，他驳斥了林彪、“四人帮”制造的各种荒谬理论，批判他们煽动的极左思潮，坚持和捍卫了和平共处五项原则等一系列正确的外交方针和政策。 敬爱的周总理，离开我们已经12个年头了，但一提到他，我们仿佛又站在他的面前，心中感到无比亲切和温暖，不禁涌起两方面的思念： 其一，目前，国际反霸斗争蓬勃发展，各国人民反对扩军备战的潮流势不可当，和平共处五项原则日益深入人心，已经成为一切反对侵略和压迫的国家和民族手中的有力武器，成为一切爱好和平、正义的国家和人民共同遵循的国际关系准则。今天的大好局面，正是周总理当年付出那么多心血和智慧所结下的丰硕成果，我们脚下这条通向未来的道路，它的起点正是周总理当年辛勤开拓的啊！ 其二，我们惰不自禁地回忆起同总理一起工作时，所受到的“春风化雨”般的哺育。那是多么令人难忘的日日夜夜啊！在那熟悉的西华厅和外交部大厅，总理用马列主义毛泽东思想，给我们分析形势，阐释战略，讲解政策和策略，叮咛纪律……，每次会后走出总理的办公室，总好象登上了一座新的高峰，眼前展开了更加广阔的视野，脚步迈得更加勇敢坚定，浑身充满了力量；每当我们参加一次重要国际活动前，周总理总是详细询问各方面准备得如何，周到地帮助我们设想可能发生的新情况，叮嘱我们应当注意的细节。而每当我们在工作中出了差错时，总理耐心地帮助我们分析原因，总结教训，有时还以自身的经历启发我们…… 每当想起这些，我们总觉得，只要总理这些优良作风得到充分发扬，那么，党内的官僚主义、不正之风，就一定可以克服，党的战斗力就一定可以增强，我们的伟大事业就一定能发展得更快。