Chapter 32 Sanyi is the decision-maker and organizer of my country's atomic energy cause

In the 1950s and 1960s, a new scientific and technological revolution marked by the extensive development and utilization of nuclear energy has emerged, and people call it the "Age of Atomic Energy".How to proceed from the reality of our country, track and grasp the requirements of the times has become a major issue. At that time, my country's major breakthroughs in atomic energy, rocket technology, lasers, semiconductors, and insulin shortened the gap with developed countries, and even kept pace with them in some aspects. As a participant in the development of atomic energy, I deeply understand: the successful development of atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs, the mastery of nuclear propulsion technology for submarines, the application of isotopes and other nuclear technologies in the national economy, and the proposal of the task of building nuclear power plants. It has made great contributions to enhancing my country's national defense, economic and technological strength, improving my country's international status, smashing hegemonic nuclear monopoly and nuclear blackmail, and maintaining world peace.

Premier Zhou Enlai was one of the main decision makers and organizers of my country's atomic energy cause.The success of the atomic energy cause embodies Premier Zhou's revolutionary foresight and scientific and realistic spirit. Today, we want to inherit and carry forward this spirit to commemorate the 90th anniversary of Premier Zhou's birth. my country's nuclear industry was founded in the early 1950s.At that time, the U.S. government relied on its nuclear weapons in an attempt to dominate the world.In the face of imperialist nuclear blackmail and nuclear threats, what should the young socialist new China do?The Party Central Committee, Chairman Mao, and Premier Zhou all emphasized that we must catch up and master atomic energy.Chairman Mao also emphasized: We "have to have an atomic bomb. In today's world, if we want to not be bullied by others, we must not have this thing." Premier Zhou made a major strategic decision for the Party Central Committee to quickly establish my country's atomic energy industry. A lot of groundbreaking work was done.

As early as the spring of 1949, when the gunfire of liberating the whole of China was still rumbling on the land in the south of the motherland, Premier Zhou considered the need for the development of science and technology after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and approved the allocation of a sum of foreign exchange for scientists to purchase abroad Some nuclear instruments and equipment and books and materials.From 1950 to 1954, with the care and support of Premier Zhou, the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences carried out research work in more than 20 disciplines using these instruments and a batch of nuclear science and technology experimental equipment made by Chinese scientists. , cultivated a group of scientific research backbones, obtained certain scientific research results, and made basic preparations for the establishment of my country's nuclear industry in terms of science and technology.

Premier Zhou paid great attention to the exploration of uranium resources in my country. In 1954, a geological team of the Ministry of Geology discovered uranium deposits in Guangxi during comprehensive prospecting.I was working in the Geology Department at the time.I reported this situation to Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou in a timely manner, and they both believed that it was very hopeful to find sufficient uranium resources in the country.Shortly thereafter, according to the instructions of Premier Zhou, the Second Office of the Census Committee of the Ministry of Geology was established under the Third Office of the State Council to start the development of my country's uranium resources.

The development of nuclear science and technology research and the discovery and development of uranium resources have provided material and technical conditions for the establishment of my country's nuclear industry and provided a certain basis for the Party Central Committee to make strategic decisions. On January 14, 1955, Premier Zhou referred Bo Yibo, director of the Third Office of the State Council, famous scientists Li Siguang, Qian Sanqiang, and me to his office to learn more about my country's nuclear science and technology research and uranium resources, and asked carefully Understand the principles of reactors and atomic bombs, as well as the conditions necessary for the use of nuclear energy.The Prime Minister also told us that the central government is going to study the development of atomic energy, and we are required to prepare a report.

On the second day after Premier Zhou talked to us, that is, on January 15, 1955, Chairman Mao personally presided over an enlarged meeting of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to discuss the issue of China's development of atomic energy.Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, Chen Yun, Peng Dehuai, Peng Zhen, Deng Xiaoping, Li Fuchun, Bo Yibo and others attended the meeting.At the meeting, Li Siguang, Qian Sanqiang and I made a report, and made an operation performance of using instruments to detect uranium ore.The meeting held that after further exploration of my country's uranium resources, more will be discovered, nuclear scientific research has a certain foundation, and the basic conditions for the development of atomic energy are already in place.Chairman Mao pointed out in his speech at the meeting: This matter must always be caught.Now is the time, time to catch.As long as you put it on the schedule and work hard, it will definitely work.The Secretariat of the Central Committee made a strategic decision to develop the nuclear energy industry and opened the curtain of China's nuclear industry construction.

In the first half of 1955, under the auspices of Premier Zhou, Li Fuchun, and Nie Rongzhen, in the 12-year scientific development plan from 1956 to 1967, the use of atomic energy was listed as the first key scientific research task, which was placed in a very prominent position.At the same time, Premier Zhou instructed scientists such as Wu Youxun and Qian Sanqiang of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to hold lectures, compile and print popular books, and write articles to popularize and educate senior cadres and the general public about atomic energy science.In order to develop the cause of atomic energy, Premier Zhou also instructed that we must pay close attention to cultivating nuclear technology professionals.Since 1955, a number of colleges and universities such as Peking University and Tsinghua University have established departments or majors of atomic energy.The Ministry of Higher Education selected hundreds of senior students from some institutions of higher learning to Peking University, Tsinghua University, and Lanzhou University to study atomic energy expertise; selected more than a hundred students from Chinese students studying in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe to transfer to majors in atomic energy.In this way, a professional and technical team for the nuclear industry was quickly formed.

In order to strengthen the leadership of the atomic energy industry, in 1955 the central government appointed Chen Yun, Nie Rongzhen, and Bo Yibo to form a three-person team to be responsible for guiding the development of the atomic energy industry.Subsequently, in 1956, Premier Zhou reported to the Party Central Committee, Chairman Mao agreed, and submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for discussion and approval. It was decided to establish the Atomic Energy Division (then named the Third Ministry of Machinery Industry, and renamed it the Second Machinery Industry in February 1958. Ministry), the first minister, Song Renqiong, has done a lot of fruitful work for the establishment of my country's atomic energy industry.

When my country's nuclear industry started, it received scientific, technological and industrial assistance from the Soviet government and people.Our success lies in the correct handling of the relationship between self-reliance and foreign aid under the leadership of Premier Zhou.That is: when the Soviet government expressed its willingness to provide scientific, technological and industrial assistance to China's nuclear development, we lost no time in trying to obtain such assistance, and at the same time paid great attention to developing and strengthening our own independent scientific and technological strength; At that time, we quickly organized and realized a major transformation of comprehensive self-reliance, withstood tests, overcame numerous difficulties, and won major victories one after another.

At the beginning of 1955, in order to win aid from the Soviet Union, Premier Zhou personally negotiated with Eugene, the Soviet ambassador to China, and signed a geological agreement on the Soviet Union's assistance in China's uranium exploration and the Soviet Union's aid in the construction of an experimental reactor and a cyclotron. The agreement has strengthened the basic conditions for the development of my country's atomic energy industry.Immediately afterwards, Premier Zhou began to consider further seeking the Soviet Union's assistance in building my country's nuclear industry.I learned from the delegation of Soviet atomic energy scientists visiting China that the Soviet Union might assist my country in building a nuclear industry, and I reported it to Premier Zhou, who then took measures to make it happen, and sent me, Liu Wei and Qian in March 1956 The three powers and others formed a delegation to negotiate in the Soviet Union and signed an agreement on the Soviet Union's aid to my country's nuclear industry. In 1957, Premier Zhou seized the great opportunity that the international situation was conducive to further seeking aid from the Soviet Union. A delegation led by Nie Rongzhen, Chen Geng, and Song Renqiong went to the Soviet Union to negotiate and signed an agreement on the Soviet Union's assistance in China's development of nuclear weapons.Premier Zhou had an insight into the changes in the international situation, grasped the favorable opportunity, and systematically won the Soviet Union's technical assistance in the nuclear field, which enabled us to master certain technologies relatively quickly, bought time and gained speed to a certain extent. .

As for the scale of the imported projects, Premier Zhou pointed out that my country's nuclear industry should have a complete system and be able to form an independent nuclear force, but we mainly solve the problem of availability, and the scale should not be too large. In March 1957, according to Premier Zhou's principled instructions, the Ministry's party group put forward a new plan after repeated studies. The total investment was reduced by 40% compared with the original idea, which was more in line with China's national conditions and unified the strategic needs and actual possibilities. Regarding the question of how to use Soviet aid, Premier Zhou instructed that neither rely on Soviet experts indefinitely, nor relax the most effective learning of advanced science and technology from the Soviet Union and other countries.In accordance with the instructions of the Prime Minister, we have emphasized "learning by doing and building a society" in the construction of the nuclear industry, conscientiously organized the majority of scientific and technological personnel to study hard and humbly, and strive to digest and absorb advanced technologies, and strive to not only know what is but also know why.These important measures were once praised by Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou. In order to break through our dependence on the Soviet Union as soon as possible, we have also adopted a series of measures.When importing a complete set of Soviet nuclear equipment and nuclear technology, all equipment and raw materials that can be matched in the country are provided by the country.Moreover, since October 1956, it began to organize the production of special instruments and equipment in my country, give full play to the enthusiasm of our country's scientific research and technical personnel, and cultivate its own design and equipment manufacturing capabilities. Many sophisticated equipment and components have been manufactured one after another.At the same time, in accordance with Premier Zhou's instructions on "quickly establishing and strengthening necessary research institutions", after several years of hard work, by 1958, the Beijing Institute of Atomic Energy had built my country's first relatively complete and comprehensive nuclear research institute. Science and technology research base.Subsequently, professional research institutions such as uranium geology, uranium dressing and metallurgy, and nuclear weapons were successively established.These scientific research institutions have vigorously carried out research work, trained a large number of scientific and technological talents, and made necessary technical reserves and talent reserves for the independent development of my country's nuclear industry. Under Premier Zhou's kind care and guidance, we successfully won the technical assistance from the Soviet Union, and when the Soviet Union broke the contract and stopped the aid, we successfully and quickly realized the great transformation of self-reliance. In June 1959, the Soviet Union unilaterally tore up the agreement on aiding China in developing nuclear weapons. In August 1960, all Soviet experts working in the Second Ministry of Machinery withdrew and took away important drawings and materials. After that, the supply of equipment and materials was also stopped, which caused huge losses and serious damage to the Chinese nuclear industry under construction. Difficulties.Some foreigners gloated and said that this was a "devastating blow" to China's nuclear industry, leaving my country's nuclear industry "in a technological vacuum", and concluded that we "wouldn't be able to produce an atomic bomb in 20 years." At the critical moment when the development of my country's nuclear industry encountered such serious difficulties, in July 1959, Premier Zhou said: Ignore his tricks, do it yourself, start from the beginning, and plan to produce an atomic bomb in 8 years.Comrade Chen Yi expressed great determination, saying that even if he became pants, he would get out the atomic bomb.In order to achieve this goal, we effectively organized the nuclear industry to implement a major transformation of comprehensive self-reliance, so that the construction of my country's nuclear industry not only did not stop because of this, but also effectively overcome various difficulties and accelerated the process from not being able to fully control it to completely independent control. Further establish and improve my country's independent and complete nuclear technology industrial system. After hard work in 1961 and the first half of 1962, my country's nuclear industry construction and nuclear weapons development have made great progress, but many major technical difficulties have not yet been broken through.Premier Zhou asked me with concern more than once, whether we can realize the conjectures of the US nuclear explosion test by Ball and Alsop in the United States?I remembered what Chairman Mao said: When the overall situation is grasped, some things seem to be risky in form, but they are actually achievable.In order to improve our country's international status and strengthen our military strength, I resolutely put forward the goal of striving for the first atomic bomb test in 1964 and 1965 in my report to the Central Committee in August 1962.Chairman Mao gave instructions on November 3, 1962: "Very well, do it. We must work together to do this work well." Then, Comrade Liu Shaoqi presided over a meeting, expressed his approval of this planning goal, and pointed out that after hard work, even in 1965 It is also good to have the atomic bomb.Comrade Xiaoping said that Chairman Mao and the Party Central Committee have approved your plan, and the line, principles, and policies have been determined, and now it is up to you to implement it.Go ahead and do it boldly. If you do well, it belongs to you. If you do something wrong, it belongs to our secretariat.These speeches by the leading comrades of the Central Committee greatly encouraged us. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to set up a 15-member special committee with Premier Zhou as the director, and vice-premiers He Long, Li Fuchun, Li Xiannian, Bo Yibo, Lu Dingyi, Nie Rongzhen, Luo Ruiqing, and heads of relevant departments of the State Council and the Central Military Commission. Leadership in the development of nuclear weapons and the construction of a nuclear industry to accelerate the realization of the atomic bomb test program.From the establishment of the Central Special Committee in November 1962 to the explosion test of my country's first atomic bomb on October 16, 1964, Premier Zhou personally presided over 9 meetings and solved more than 100 major problems in production, scientific research and construction in a timely manner. When Premier Zhou presided over the fifth special committee to review and approve the progress plan and measure plan proposed by the Second Ministry of Machinery, after affirming the work achievements of the Second Ministry of Machinery in the past two years, Premier Zhou then pointed out: "The completion of the 'two-year plan', The special committee has great responsibilities, but the main responsibility lies in the leadership of the Second Ministry of Machinery. The leadership of the Second Ministry of Machinery must be highly political and ideological, highly scientific in planning, and highly organizational and disciplined from top to bottom. "Premier Zhou's instructions have set a high standard for our work.In order to realize the "two-year plan", we took the first atomic bomb test as the goal, decomposed various tasks, divided into systems, aspects, and levels, specifically calculated the time and work progress required for each link, and finally listed To plan the schedule, determine people, time, tasks, and measures, each unit must implement the plan at all levels, and all parties are required to support it.In this way, we adopt a scientific method, work according to the schedule, one link after another, and solve problems in a timely manner, which makes our production and scientific research work more scientific in planning and ensures the realization of the "two-year plan". In July 1963, when the development of the first atomic bomb was underway, Premier Zhou instructed us not only to explode a nuclear device, but also to further solve the problem of weapons production.At the end of the same year, he also instructed us: "The research direction of nuclear weapons should focus on warheads, supplemented by air-dropped bombs." Therefore, when we developed the nuclear device for the first nuclear test, we took into account the requirements of weaponization. The level itself is relatively high.Moreover, at the same time, the development of nuclear aerial bombs and guided missile warheads was started by mobilizing forces, thereby shortening the cycle of weaponization.It took only seven months from the first nuclear device test to the nuclear aerial bomb test, and it only took two years to make the nuclear warhead of the missile. At the end of 1963, when the development of the first atomic bomb was close to passing, Premier Zhou presided over a meeting of the Central Special Committee to make a decision: Regarding the arrangement of the test work, the ground test was given the first priority, and the preparations for the airdrop test would continue to be completed, and the underground test As a scientific research design project, start to arrange immediately.my country's nuclear tests have been moving in this direction.According to our own conditions, without being bound by the "Triple Treaty", we will conduct ground or air nuclear tests in accordance with the needs of our country's development of nuclear weapons.In September 1969, when the conditions were ripe, it began underground nuclear testing, and in 1985 announced the cessation of testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. A high degree of comprehensiveness is an important feature of the construction of the nuclear industry and the development of nuclear weapons. It involves a wide range of science and technology and industrial sectors. Therefore, only through vigorous national coordination can the set goals be achieved.The Central Special Committee presided over by Premier Zhou has 7 vice-premiers and 7 ministers, forming an authoritative and unprecedentedly large coordination system.According to statistics, during this period, a total of 26 ministries, committees (academies), and more than 900 factories, scientific research institutions, and colleges and universities in 20 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions united together and worked together to create the first atomic bomb. Research and development carried out scientific and technological research, equipment manufacturing and material production, and solved nearly a thousand major issues, fully demonstrating the incomparable superiority of socialism. The whole country cooperated vigorously, and victories followed one after another, and the research and development of my country's first atomic bomb achieved rapid development.In March 1963, theoretical researchers at the Institute of Nuclear Weapons formally presented the theoretical design of the first atomic bomb.Experimental scientific researchers have carried out thousands of detonation tests. On December 24, 1963, the polymerization detonation neutron test at the Northwest Nuclear Weapons Development Base was successful.After overcoming technical difficulties one after another, the Lanzhou Uranium Enrichment Plant obtained qualified high-enriched uranium products that could be used as fuel for atomic bombs on January 14, 1964.In this regard, Chairman Mao commented: "Very good."Premier Zhou instructed his secretary: "Please tell Comrade Liu Jie that we congratulate them on completing key production and solving key technical tests ahead of schedule. We still hope that they will be active and prudent, and persevere in continuing to complete various tasks in the future." Since then, every aspect of nuclear fuel production and nuclear weapons development has progressed better than expected.After Premier Zhou personally presided over the study of weather and other issues related to the explosion test time, on October 14, 1964, he issued an order to put the nuclear device in place. On October 15th, Premier Zhou asked me on the phone: "What is the possible result of the experiment?" Said with confidence: "The first possibility is the most." Premier Zhou urged: "Be prepared just in case." Then he set the explosion test time at 15:00 on October 16. For the first nuclear test, Comrade Zhang Aiping served as the commander-in-chief of the test site, and I was in charge of liaison with the central government in Beijing.On the day of the test, I was in the office of the Second Ministry of Machinery, waiting by the telephone; Premier Zhou was in his office, closely following the test.When it was time to explode, I heard on the phone the cheers of the test crew after the first atomic bomb went off.Comrade Zhang Aiping reported that the atomic bomb went off.I immediately reported the good news to the Prime Minister.The prime minister immediately reported to Chairman Mao, and the chairman's instructions came: whether it was a real nuclear explosion or not, we must find out.I immediately told Comrade Zhang Aiping.He said the fireball after the explosion had turned into a mushroom cloud.I reported the situation to the Prime Minister again.The chairman instructed to continue to observe.The Prime Minister asked us to pay attention to the reflections of foreign countries and make an announcement after fully confirming it.Comrades at the test site immediately verified the situation.At the same time, it was quickly reflected by Tokyo that China may have exploded an atomic bomb in its western region.However, since an earthquake occurred at sea at the same time, the two shock waves were mixed, so further testing is needed to confirm.Then, I received a broadcast from the United States about China's atomic bomb explosion.In the evening of the same day, Chairman Mao, Premier Zhou, Liu Shaoqi and other leading comrades of the central government received more than 3,000 cast members of the music and dance epic "The East Is Red" in the Great Hall of the People.The Prime Minister announced to everyone: Good news for everyone, our first atomic bomb exploded successfully!The venue immediately became jubilant, and people cheered and jumped happily.The Prime Minister said to everyone humorously: Don't shake the floor down!At 10 o'clock in the evening, the Central People's Broadcasting Station broadcast a press release on my country's first successful nuclear test and a government statement detailing China's position on the issue of nuclear weapons. The success of my country's first nuclear test has aroused great repercussions at home and abroad.When people across the country heard the broadcast, they all rejoiced and were extremely excited.The spirit of the Chinese nation was greatly boosted.Friendly countries and people all over the world have expressed warm congratulations and sympathy to my country. It is generally believed that China has the atomic bomb, which has changed the balance of power in the world, and thus guaranteed the peace of Asia and the world more effectively. Soon, we accompanied the Prime Minister to watch the documentary film of the first nuclear test. When we saw the atomic bomb explosion, fireballs, thunder, and mushroom clouds rising, the Prime Minister applauded happily and said: We have won! After the successful detonation test of the first atomic bomb, Premier Zhou asked me about the arrangements for the development of the hydrogen bomb. I replied: There are still many problems that cannot be fully understood, and it will take about three to five years.Premier Zhou said, 5 years is not too slow.It is indeed a qualitative leap from the atomic bomb to the hydrogen bomb.To achieve this leap, the United States took 7 years and 4 months, the Soviet Union took 4 years, and the United Kingdom took 4 years and 7 months. At that time, France had developed it for more than 4 years, but it had not yet succeeded.All countries keep the technology for developing hydrogen bombs strictly confidential, without missing a single word.According to the spirit of Premier Zhou's instructions, we carefully analyzed the situation of my country's nuclear industry construction and nuclear weapon development work, and realized that although the hydrogen bomb development is very difficult technically, there are also many favorable conditions: my country's nuclear weapon researchers have mastered the relevant theories and principles of the atomic bomb. Computing technology has systematically identified the physical images and various physical laws inside the atomic bomb, laying a solid foundation for the development of the hydrogen bomb; when developing the atomic bomb, the exploration of the principle of the hydrogen bomb has already begun and achieved certain results; the necessary equipment It is expected that the lithium deuteride-6 production line is close to completion; the domestically produced 50,000 times per second electronic tube computer has been turned on, and the calculation methods have been improved to a certain extent, and so on.After repeated demonstrations, the Second Ministry of Machinery submitted the "Report on Accelerating the Development of Nuclear Weapons" to the Special Committee of the Central Committee. On February 3 and 4, 1965, Premier Zhou presided over the 10th special committee meeting to review and approve the report, and decided: "Strive to carry out the explosion test of the hydrogen bomb device in 1968." Ahead of the hydrogen bomb explosion test. To break through the hydrogen bomb technology in 1968 or before that means to develop the hydrogen bomb at a faster rate than the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union. This goal is possible, but it is by no means easy, and it must go through a lot of hard work. achieved. The key to the leap from the atomic bomb to the hydrogen bomb is a theoretical breakthrough.Premier Zhou has always emphasized the proper handling of the relationship between theory and technology, advocated giving an important position to theoretical research, and opposed the myopic tendency of ignoring theoretical research.He pointed out as early as January 1956: "Without certain theoretical and scientific research as the basis, there can be no fundamental progress and innovation in technology." When exploration was proposed as the first measure to break through the hydrogen bomb technology, it got his approval.Later, it was precisely because of the major breakthrough in theory that the new design of the hydrogen bomb was formed and put into test, and it was completely successful. During the development of the hydrogen bomb, Premier Zhou formulated a series of guidelines for the construction of my country's nuclear industry and the development of nuclear weapons, the most important of which was at the special committee meeting on March 20, 1965. He proposed: "We oppose nuclear blackmail and nuclear threats. , and do not advocate carrying out hundreds of nuclear tests, so our nuclear tests must proceed from military, scientific and technological needs, and must be fully effective in one test.” The policy determined by Premier Zhou is suitable for our country’s national conditions. It embodies the fundamental purpose of my country's development of nuclear weapons.In accordance with this policy, in the nearly 23 years from October 1964 to June 1987, my country conducted only 33 nuclear tests, and the number of tests was extremely limited.The United States and the Soviet Union have conducted more than 800 and 600 nuclear tests respectively in the past few decades.Since my country's nuclear test has truly achieved "all-round results in one test", it was able to use a relatively short period of time and spend less cost to successfully develop atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs by self-reliance, complete weaponization, and equip troops. A major breakthrough has been made in the study of nuclear weapons. During the development of the hydrogen bomb, Premier Zhou also formulated the work guidelines of "seriousness, carefulness, safety, reliability, and foolproof".These 16 words fully embody Premier Zhou's repeated emphasis on "guaranteeing the high quality of products" and "absolutely ensuring safety", and profoundly reveal the characteristics and laws of nuclear industry construction and nuclear weapon development and testing.Because we have carried out the above-mentioned guidelines earnestly, thereby avoided the possible unforeseen catastrophe and huge waste. The first combination test of my country's missile and nuclear warhead was limited by the technical situation at the time. It was carried out by using a missile with a nuclear warhead. The launch, path, and explosion point of the missile were all in the local area and above, which was very risky.During the preparation process for this test, Premier Zhou repeatedly instructed to "absolutely ensure safety", instructed the Seventh Ministry of Machinery to ensure the normal flight of missiles, and instructed the Second Ministry of Machinery to ensure that no nuclear explosion occurred if the missile fell.According to the instructions of the Prime Minister, the Second and Seventh Ministries of Machinery have adopted multi-level insurance measures and safety self-destruct devices on missiles and nuclear warheads respectively.However, Premier Zhou was still worried about this. He presided over two special committees to study the safety issues of the two-bomb combination test, and instructed two "cold" tests of the two-bomb combination safety measures and safe self-destruction. Circumstances determine whether to conduct a "hot" test.The National Defense Science and Technology Commission, the No. 2 and No. 7 Ministry of Machine-building cooperated closely to carry out the above two tests, which further verified the safety and reliability of the combined test of the two bombs. Only then did the Prime Minister approve the flight explosion test of the missile nuclear weapon on October 27, 1966. It was a complete success. Around December 10, 1966, the nuclear weapons development base reported that some quality problems had occurred in the processing of a part of the thermonuclear device used for the first thermonuclear test, but it was not serious.When the Prime Minister learned of this situation, he immediately sent me to take a special plane to deal with it.When I was a little hesitant about taking the special plane, the Prime Minister said seriously: "Airplanes are for inspection work, and you just want to use the plane to buy time." I went to the nuclear weapons base to observe the processed parts on the spot, and found that it was just a magnifying glass. The scratches that can only be seen, after research with scientific researchers, it is believed that this cannot be regarded as a quality accident, and the processed parts are usable, and will not affect the explosion test.In this way, the Prime Minister was relieved and approved the test of the hydrogen bomb developed according to the new design plan at 12:00 on December 28, 1966.The test results show that the key theoretical and technical issues of hydrogen bomb development have been resolved. At this time, Premier Zhou, who had been seriously disturbed by the "Cultural Revolution" turmoil, immediately asked me and Qian Sanqiang to come to me after hearing the news that the hydrogen bomb's principle test was successful. All the staff who succeeded in the test toasted, which shows how happy Premier Zhou was at that time. This test, no matter in terms of principle and structure, or in terms of the achieved specific power and fusion ratio, is a hydrogen bomb ground test.Therefore, half a year later, on June 17, 1967, our country successfully conducted a 3 million-ton airdrop hydrogen bomb test. my country's hydrogen bomb explosion test was successful, which fulfilled Chairman Mao's prediction in 1958 that "I think it will be possible to build some atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs within 10 years." It achieved the second breakthrough in the development of nuclear weapons in our country, and laid the foundation for the development and equipment of a series of missile nuclear weapons. my country's successful hydrogen bomb explosion test once again shocked the world.From the first atomic bomb test to the hydrogen bomb test, my country took only two years and eight months. Compared with the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France, the speed is the fastest. Judging from the indicators such as the relative power achieved, its technical level is also higher than that of the United States. , Su's first test of the hydrogen bomb level is high. During the ten years of turmoil, Premier Zhou and other proletarian revolutionaries of the older generation took a series of protective measures against the nuclear industry, and fought tit-for-tat against the interference and sabotage of the Lin Biao and Jiang Qing counter-revolutionary cliques, enabling the nuclear industry to continue to make progress despite the turmoil. develop. In the spring of 1967, the storm of national power seizures and armed conflicts affected the nuclear industry, and I had already stepped aside.Seizing power, fighting, and even suspending production took place in many factories and research institutions successively. The lives of the majority of employees were affected and the safety of the factories was threatened.In response to this situation, during the eight and a half months from mid-March to the end of November 1967, Premier Zhou personally called many times and issued 11 urgent telegrams, clearly stating that these units "are important national defense top-secret factories. , It is extremely important for national defense construction and strengthening of combat readiness", and it is necessary to "guarantee the absolute safety of the factory and ensure the stable production of the factory".Premier Zhou also sent investigation teams (teams) twice to the atomic energy complex and the nuclear weapons development base to understand the situation, stop the fighting and maintain normal production.All these protective measures have played a major role in the nuclear industry being able to carry out work as planned for a considerable period of time after the "Cultural Revolution". In 1969, Lin Biao took advantage of the so-called preparations for war and decided to relocate the nuclear fuel plant.Reactors and nuclear fuel reprocessing plants are highly radioactive and cannot be relocated at all, and the relocation of other nuclear plants will inevitably interrupt production.The nuclear industry faces a catastrophe. On August 12, 1969, Premier Zhou presided over a special committee to discuss this issue. He pointed out tit for tat: "The first-line factories cannot be moved, they must continue to produce, step up production, and strive to produce more and reserve more." This is the correct policy determined by Premier Zhou. , avoiding the fatal damage that relocation may bring to the nuclear industry. After Premier Zhou organized and led my country's nuclear industry to achieve great achievements in the military use of nuclear energy, he immediately turned his attention to the peaceful use of nuclear energy. In February, July, and November 1970, he pointed out three times that my country would build nuclear power plants and rely on the development of nuclear power to solve the electricity problem in Shanghai. On March 31, 1974, he also presided over a special committee to examine the issue of building a nuclear power plant near Shanghai.The construction of nuclear power plants has become an important direction for the development of the nuclear industry.After repeated instructions from the Prime Minister, the relevant factories, institutes (institutions) and colleges of the First Ministry of Machinery, the Ministry of Water and Electricity, Shanghai, and the Second Ministry of Machinery have done a lot of work in scientific research and design, equipment trial production and component development.However, due to ten years of turmoil, it was impossible for the country to have a clear policy and comprehensive plan for nuclear power construction, and it was difficult for all relevant parties to coordinate their actions. Today's Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant) never used a shovel or a pick during the "Cultural Revolution". In August 1974, Premier Zhou listened to the work report of the Second Ministry of Machinery for the last time and gave many important instructions.Not long after that, Premier Zhou, who worked hard and worked hard for the development of my country's nuclear industry, left us prematurely and forever. Premier Zhou's serious and scientific attitude towards Wang Zuo and his strict requirements for cadres and scientific and technical personnel, his kind care and sincere meeting inspired people's high national self-esteem and self-confidence. benefit work. Premier Zhou's serious, rigorous and meticulous scientific attitude towards work has deeply educated everyone.Before my country's first nuclear test, Premier Zhou personally asked meteorological experts to study the meteorological problems during the test.After the experiment, everyone was immersed in the joy of success.However, at this time, Premier Zhou had already considered the impact on people's health and safety after the explosion and the international impact.How is the radioactive contamination in Dunhuang and Lanzhou?The Prime Minister was very worried and instructed us to study this issue immediately.We studied with radiation medicine experts for one day. We lack direct experience in this area and can only make inferences with reference to some data published abroad.Although we also suspect that experts have overestimated the severity of the radioactive contamination, the stakes are high and the prime minister must be reported immediately. At 3 o'clock in the morning on the 18th, I went with the experts to report to the Prime Minister.Experts said that according to inferences, nearby residents should wear masks, the water in some rivers cannot be drunk, vegetables must be washed well before they can be eaten, and so on.The Prime Minister asked: "Is the evidence reliable?" The expert said: "According to my inference, it is reliable." The Prime Minister felt that the problem was too serious, but he should be cautious about taking such measures. Blood tests, because they are at the forefront, and the next step will be determined according to the degree of radiation dose they have received.After blood tests on hundreds of soldiers, no abnormalities were found.Later, data from various monitoring points of the Ministry of Health also proved that the situation was not as serious as inferred.In this way, a stone fell to the ground, and the Prime Minister was relieved.The prime minister has the health and safety of hundreds of millions of people in mind, and has always maintained a sober, realistic and scientific attitude towards possible problems.After hearing the expert's report, although he was distraught, he calmly and properly handled the problem, thus avoiding a panic. Premier Zhou had strict requirements on cadres and scientific and technological personnel, cared for them with kindness, and met each other with sincerity. Everyone had nothing to say to him, and they always regarded him as a strict teacher and helpful friend from the bottom of their hearts. They were both very revered and intimate.When dealing with important issues, if disagreements arise, he often guides the debate, listens to various opinions, and then makes a decision.The Prime Minister has never given us general encouragement, but will give exact evaluations of every progress and achievement, and make serious and pertinent criticisms of the shortcomings and mistakes of the work.Premier Zhou has strict requirements on the cadres and kindly helps them; he is very concerned about their work and meticulously concerned about their lives.All this is something I will never forget. What has been said above is just one aspect of Premier Zhou's efforts to realize the four modernizations of our country, and it has certain historical characteristics.现在时代前进了，党的十一届三中全会以后，我国进入了一个新的历史发展时期，在坚持四项基本原则和改革、开放、搞活的总方针总政策指引下，建设具有中国特色的社会主义。现在，实现四个现代化的条件不知比60年代好了多少倍，但周总理的基本指导思想、基本经验和工作作风仍有现实意义。许多科学技术专家至今仍深情地说，60年代由于技术引进，大大加快了我国原子能事业的进程，同时我们自己也干了许多用钱买不到的东西。国际上所谓“敏感技术”都是极端保密的，真正的先进技术至今仍然是用钱买不来的。只有我们奋发图强、自力更生才能获得。周总理对我国原子能事业的伟大贡献，以及他的革命的远见卓识和科学的求实精神将永放光芒。