Chapter 18 5. The Northeast Truce

The deteriorating situation in the Northeast has affected the hearts of the people of the whole country.People are all worried that the flames of war in Northeast China will spread to North China and Central China. Anti-civil war and calls for peace are also rising everywhere. Instigated by the Sichuan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Chongqing Office of the Chinese Communist Party Delegation, on May 26, people from all walks of life in Chongqing held a symposium and launched a peaceful signature campaign.Luo Longji and other 90 people issued a declaration calling for peace, pointing out that since the CCP troops have withdrawn from Changchun, the two sides should immediately stop the military conflict, and all issues should be resolved comprehensively and reasonably by the comprehensive group of the Political Consultative Conference.

On May 27, 13 people's organizations in Kunming and 98 people from cultural circles including Wen Yiduo wrote to members of the U.S. Congress calling for peace and hoping that the U.S. would not use loans to aid the undemocratic Kuomintang government. On the same day, Teng Daiyuan, the CCP military advisor of the Military Adjustment Department, came to Nanjing via Beiping from Yan'an.In the afternoon, Zhou Enlai convened a meeting of the leading members of the Nanjing Bureau to listen to Teng Daiyuan's opinions on the Nanjing negotiations conveyed by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

Dong Biwu, Deng Yingchao, Lu Dingyi, Li Weihan and others huddled together in Zhou Enlai's office. To prevent eavesdropping by Kuomintang agents, they specially tuned the frequency of the radio to the Yan'an broadcast outside the office, and turned it on loudly. Teng Daiyuan first introduced the situation of counterattacking the armed provocations of the Kuomintang army in various base areas, and conveyed the central government's policy of actively preparing to deal with the crisis of civil war, avoiding provocations, and delaying time, and striving to launch a campaign in the Kuomintang-controlled area to require the United States to implement the resolutions of the Moscow Tripartite Conference.

Dong Biwu said: "In the past six months, the United States has mediated on the surface and actually assisted Chiang Kai-shek. The relevant resolutions of the Moscow Conference of the Three Kingdoms have been completely destroyed. We must expose this unfair practice in various necessary ways, and send notes to the governments of the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as the United Nations Security Council. In order to increase international pressure to stop the civil war in China." Zhou Enlai said: "Forcing the United States to suppress Chiang needs to be carried out in all aspects. To accuse the United States of aiding Chiang in the civil war to the three countries or the Security Council must be carried out step by step. The other is to further mobilize the people to oppose the civil war."

"In addition to carrying out in Nanjing, we should also send people to Shanghai to mobilize people from all walks of life." Lu Dingyi said. "The civil war is on the brink of generalization. Unless Marshall puts pressure on Chiang Kai-shek or our army deals a decisive blow to Chiang Kai-shek on the battlefield, it may be impossible to save it." Zhou Enlai said to Teng Daiyuan: "We are going to call the central government to inform all localities to step up preparations and improve Be alert and ready to fight back and strike." The discussion at the meeting was very heated. In connection with Marshall's attitude during the negotiations, everyone agreed that although the civil war is inevitable, there is still the possibility of easing up and delaying the outbreak. Our policy is still to avoid provocations, delay the outbreak of war, and actively prepare for counterattacks. .

While Li Weihan was talking, Tong Xiaopeng came in and reported: "The headquarters of the Democratic League has moved to Nanjing, and Huang Yanpei, Shen Junru and others will also arrive in Beijing tomorrow." "Okay, let's go visit together tomorrow." The next day, Zhou Enlai, Dong Biwu, Lu Dingyi, Qi Yanming and others came to the headquarters of the Democratic League - No. 15 Lanjiazhuang. Lanjiazhuang is located opposite the Nanjing Nationalist Government Examination Institute, in the vegetable garden on the north side of the Beijing-Small Railway.This is a two-story building with a fence around the building.The CPPCC representatives Liang Shuming, Huang Yanpei, Shen Junru, Zhang Bojun and others are busy.The arrival of Zhou Enlai and his party caught them off guard.

Shen Junru was born in 1875 with beautiful male temples and a short stature. His courtesy name is Bingfu, and his nickname is Hengshan.He participated in the Constitutional Movement and the Revolution of 1911. He served as the Chief Prosecutor of the General Prosecutor's Office of the Guangdong Military Government, the Interim Political Commissioner and Secretary-General of Zhejiang Province, the Dean of Shanghai Law University, and a practicing lawyer. In 1933, he joined the China Civil Rights Protection League. In December 1935, he led the establishment of the Shanghai Cultural Salvation Association and issued a declaration to support the 129 student movement. He is one of the main leaders of the Shanghai Cultural Salvation Association and the National Salvation Federation. In November 1936, together with Zhang Naiqi, Zou Taofen, Li Gongpu, Sha Qianli, Shi Liang, and Wang Zaoshi, were arrested by the Kuomintang opposition, and they were not released from prison until the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War.After he was released from prison, he did not change his original intention, organized a civilian legal aid association, and voluntarily defended the families of the persecuted anti-Japanese soldiers and progressives. In 1941, he initiated and participated in the organization of the China Democratic Political Group Alliance, and later participated in the CPPCC meeting on behalf of the Democratic League.

Huang Yanpei was born in 1878 in Chuansha, Jiangsu (now Shanghai), with the style name Renzhi, and a member of the Standing Committee of the Central Committee of the Democratic League. In 1905, he joined the China League. After the Revolution of 1911, he served as the director of the Education Department of Jiangsu Province and a member of the Provincial Council. In 1915, he went to the United States for inspection. In 1917, he initiated the establishment of the China Vocational Education Society in Shanghai and served as the chairman.In the following year, Zhonghua Vocational School was established.During the Anti-Japanese War, he served as a member of the National Political Council. In 1941, he participated in the formation of the China Democratic Political Group Alliance, and visited Yan'an in July 1945.At the end of the same year, the establishment of the China Democratic National Construction Association was initiated.

Liang Shuming was born in 1893 in Guilin, Guangxi. His original name was Huanding, and his courtesy name was Shouming.Member of the Standing Committee of the Central Committee of the Democratic League. He participated in the Tongmenghui in his early years. After the Revolution of 1911, he devoted himself to studying Buddhism. After 1917, he was hired as a professor at Peking University to give lectures on Indian philosophy. In 1924, he went to Shandong to run his own education and engaged in the rural construction movement.After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, he served as a senator of the Supreme National Defense Council and a political member of the National Political Council, and later participated in the organization of the "Unification and Founding Comrades Association". In 1941, he joined the "China Democratic Political Group Alliance", served as a member of the Central Standing Committee, and served as the president of its official newspaper "Guangming Daily".

Zhang Bojun was born in Tongcheng, Anhui in 1895.Member of the Standing Committee of the Central Committee of the Democratic League and Chairman of the Organization Committee. Graduated from Wuchang National Institute of Higher Education in 1920, served as the principal of Anhui Xuancheng Normal School, and joined the Communist Party of China and the Chinese Kuomintang successively. In October 1926, he served as the chief of the Propaganda Section of the General Headquarters of the Wuhan National Revolutionary Army, and the Military and Agricultural Union of the Central Farmer Department of the Kuomintang Chairman. In 1928, he broke away from the organization relationship with the CCP. In 1930, together with Deng Yanda and Tan Pingshan, he organized the Provisional Action Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang and served as the director of the Central Propaganda Committee. In 1933, he participated in the Fujian Incident and established the People's Revolutionary Government of the People's Republic of China. He served as a representative of the Chinese People's Provisional Congress, a member of the Economic Committee of the Fujian People's Government and chairman of the Land Committee. After the failure, he went into exile in Japan. He returned to Hong Kong in 1935, participated in the establishment of the Provisional Revolutionary Action Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang, and later changed its name to the Chinese National Liberation Action Committee, serving as the main person in charge.During the War of Resistance Against Japan, he served as a political member of the National Political Council. In 1939, he established the Comrades' Association for the Reunification and Founding of the People's Republic of China with the National Salvation Council, the Youth Party, and the National Socialist Party. In 1941, he participated in the organization of the China Democratic Political Group Alliance and served as a member of the Standing Committee of the Central Committee and head of the Organization Department of the Central Committee.

After the two parties sat down in the living room, Zhou Enlai congratulated the NLD for its smooth relocation from Chongqing, welcomed the CPPCC representatives of the NLD to Beijing to participate in state affairs discussions, and briefly introduced the recent discussions with the Kuomintang and Marshall. Case.During the discussion, everyone agreed that the Soviet Red Army had already withdrawn, and there was no question of taking over sovereignty in the Northeast, so the war should be ceased immediately. The next day, after meeting with Marshall, the 5 representatives of the Democratic League called Chiang Kai-shek: Please return immediately for the Nanjing peace talks. On May 31, Lu Dingyi made a statement to reporters: The CCP withdrew from Changchun, originally intending to leave room for resumption of negotiations, but the reply from the Kuomintang was to put forward a series of conditions. The CCP has made repeated concessions, and there is nothing left. Zhou Enlai also made a statement when he met with reporters that day, proposing to stop all conflicts and wait for mediation, regardless of whether they are inside or outside the Customs, and are not limited by time. On June 3, when Zhou Enlai met with Marshall, he reiterated the CCP's proposition of an immediate and unconditional truce and political consultation to resolve all problems. Huang Yanpei, Shen Junru and others were also active, running to the Marshall Mansion and the representative office of the Nationalist Government, demanding an immediate truce from the Nationalist Government. Just when Chiang Kai-shek was visiting Shenyang Beiling with great interest, a jeep drove up like lightning. A lieutenant colonel staff officer saluted Du Yuming and handed him the wallet in his hand. Said: "Later." Chiang Kai-shek turned sideways and asked, "Guang Ting, is it Marshall calling?" He thought that the Communist Party had agreed to his conditions. With the leather bag under his arm, Du Yuming said at a loss, "Principal, it is the Communist Army that launched an attack on Anshan and Haicheng in southern Liaoning." Chiang Kai-shek took the folder and glanced at it, his face was pale, before You Xing was swept away, and he said after a long while: "Go back." Back at the temporary official residence on Corning Street, Chiang Kai-shek immediately summoned Du Yuming to discuss the situation in southern Liaoning.He knew that if southern Liaoning could not be stabilized and Anshan and Haicheng were lost, Shenyang and Jinzhou would not be stable.He asked face to face: "I think the communist army is pushing me one step further for the sake of the truce. Is Pan Shuodan of the 184th Division too flustered?" Of course he knew that if the 184th Division could not hold out in southern Liaoning, Shenyang would be open. In case of a surprise attack by the communist army, Shenyang does not have elite troops, so he will be caught. Du Yuming said calmly: "Principal, the 184th Division is a unit of the 60th Yunnan Army." He didn't say deeply that this was Long Yun's Yunnan Army back then.After the July 7th Incident, Chiang Kai-shek organized the 60th Army of the Kuomintang in the name of leading the Anti-Japanese War and marched to the Central Plains.After Long Yun was forced out of Yunnan by Chiang Kai-shek, he lost his military power.After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the U.S. Navy to transport it to Huludao and go to the front line of the Northeast Civil War.When the New Sixth Army withdrew to Siping Street, the 184th Division took over the defense of Anshan, Haicheng, Dashiqiao, and Yingkou. It became a road guard on the Zhongchang Railway Line and was in a beaten position.The telephone line of the military headquarters was cut off by the Northeast Democratic Alliance Army twice in three days.Army commander Zeng Zesheng is sometimes very depressed. The 60th Army is so glorious in Yunnan. It used to be the pillar of Long Yun, but now it has become a force for the Kuomintang to block holes.Du Yuming was well aware of these situations, so he repeated the old saying in front of Chiang Kai-shek that troops not directly related to Chiang had to be wary. Chiang Kai-shek understood Du Yuming's worries in his heart, but he believed that the 60th Army was too far away from home, and under his heavy troops, there would be no accidents.So he said: "Guangting, they don't receive much propaganda from the Communist Party. In this emergency situation, the 184th Division dare not act rashly." "The communist army in southern Liaoning felt that our military strength in the area was weak, and they wanted to take advantage of it." Du Yuming had something to say, because there were too few troops in the northeast, and it was Gu Nan who could not care about the north and demolish the east. The wall fills the west wall, running around day and night, the soldiers will be too tired to lose the battle. Chiang Kai-shek widened his eyes and pondered for a while. The seven armies transferred to the Northeast were all his elite divisions. If he transferred more, his front would not be able to spread.So he said: "Guangting, if you use it, you will believe it, if you don't use it, you will discard it." "The situation is tense. If the rescue fails, the morale of the whole army will be affected if the saddle is lost. Now I have ordered the transfer of two regiments from the 182nd Division of the 60th Army, the 30th Division, the 38th Division, and the 93rd Army of the New First Army from the northern front. The temporary 20th Division quickly reinforced South Manchuria, under the command of Army Commander Sun Liren, and Army Commander Zeng Zesheng accompanied the 182nd Division to supervise the battle." Du Yuming specifically emphasized that Sun Liren would be in command, which meant that the two divisions of the New First Army would be the main force. Chiang Kai-shek frowned and said: "Yu has allowed Sun Liren to rest for 3 days, and after 3 days he will be transferred for reinforcements. I believe there will be no major accidents. If there is a siege to solve, it is not too late. The 184th Division should be ordered to stand by and wait for help." Du Yuming complained in his heart: "Old man, I'm so confused." He said with some grievances: "If there is trouble in Anshan and Haicheng, Shenyang will also be in danger." "It doesn't matter, the 184th Division will be able to defend it, and give them a copy of the rest of the order." Du Yuming was very dissatisfied with Jiang's indulging Sun Liren and delaying the war opportunity, but there was nothing he could do about it.He knew that something went wrong on the Northeast battlefield, and Chiang Kai-shek wanted to question him first.Seeing that Chiang Kai-shek was resting with his eyes closed, he had to withdraw quietly.After going out, he hurriedly ordered the 52nd Army in Benxi to deploy troops for reinforcements. At dawn, the Fourth Column of the Northeast Democratic Alliance Army was ordered by the headquarters to attack Anshan and Haicheng. Lin Biao and Luo Ronghuan saw that the Kuomintang army captured Siping and Changchun, and Chiang Kai-shek flew to Shenyang to plan and command four armies. The strategic goal was directed at North Manchuria, and the situation on the northern front was very tense.In order to contain and mobilize the Kuomintang troops, they decided to launch the Saddle-Hai Campaign, giving an iron fist to Chiang Kai-shek who was getting carried away. The 184th Division Commander Pan Shuoduan and Chief of Staff Ma Yifei were disturbed when they withdrew from Benxi from the Northeast Democratic Alliance Army.The area where the communist army is active is all around him, and it is possible to surround them and eat them at any time.Commander Pan telegraphed Commander Du several times, claiming that the communist army might create a battle in southern Liaoning.The national army staying on the front line of Anshan, Haicheng and Yingkou has a long battle line, a large area, and weak troops. Please pay special attention to it, Commander Du.He also said that if the saddle and the long road in the sea are lost, Shenyang will have no defense. Although Du Yuming agreed with Mr. Pan's opinion.However, he also believed that the communist army suffered disastrous defeats in key cities such as Benxi, Siping, and Changchun, and their morale was low, so they would no longer have the strength to launch new campaigns for a while.During the phone call, he said: Beware of the cunning schemes of the Communist Army, and prevention is the primary task of your division. Putting down the phone, Pan Shuodan said to Chief of Staff Ma Yifei: "Old Ma, we in southern Liaoning seem to be very stable these days. This is not normal. I think a big war is imminent." Chief of Staff Ma nodded and said: "The communist army is very smart. I think the old man is eager to supervise the battle. We are in a tight spot here, and our troops are too weak." "Needless to say that the communist army took out a column to attack our defense area, even if they assembled local armed forces to attack, we would be in a hurry." Pan Shuo opened the map and swiped with his hand and said: "If the communist army goes straight from Liaoyang to Shenyang We cut it apart, we can only stick to it, and we won't have the strength to attack." At this time, the troops of the Fourth Column of the Northeast Democratic Alliance Army, the 1st Division of Southern Liaoning, and the 3rd Division of Andong had formed an encirclement of Panshuo in Anshan and Haicheng. battle. At midnight, Deputy Commander Han Xianchu convened a pre-war meeting.He looked at the leaders of the various divisions present, and said firmly: "First of all, we must take Qilingzi, don't miss it, and try to annihilate them all on the spot." "No problem, after a night of covert operations, they haven't noticed yet." "After all the surrounding areas of Anshan are cleared, we will launch a general attack on Anshan City!" "The time to strike—Dawn!" As soon as Deputy Commander Han Xianchu was deployed, Lin Biao called and instructed: "Anshan Haicheng must be taken down, and there must be no mistakes!" The Qilingzi defenders on the outskirts of Anshan were awakened by gunshots while still in their dreams. Under the lightning attack, they were wiped out before they could fight back. After a fierce battle, Tang's house guards were also wiped out.When the enemy defending Xiashiqiao heard the sound of guns and artillery, they were already cornered and had no choice but to raise a white flag to surrender to the Northeast Democratic Alliance Army. After the outskirts of Anshan were removed, the Northeast Democratic Alliance launched a general attack on Anshan City.All the troops boldly made rounds and interspersed, and quickly captured the KMT City Office building, dumbing down the enemy's command post at once.Most of the remnant enemies huddled in a middle school and resisted stubbornly. The Northeast Democratic Alliance Army concentrated a burst of artillery bombardment, blasting high walls and barbed wire.Under the powerful political offensive, most of the enemies surrendered and a small part was completely wiped out. Pan Shuo, who was guarding Haicheng, sent an urgent telegram to Du Yuming: "The communist army deliberately organized this Battle of Anshan and Haicheng. With the fall of Anshan, Haicheng is in danger. If there is no quick reinforcement, the consequences will be disastrous." Du Yuming reported to Chiang Kai-shek Pan Shuo's urgent situation in Duanhai City.For a moment both of them were silent.After a long while, Chiang Kai-shek said: "Guangting, Anshan's troops are weak, and Haicheng has Pan Shuodan, so they can withstand it for a while. I think there is still time for the new army to rush for reinforcements." Du Yuming didn't say much. Sun Liren received Du Yuming's order and quickly concentrated on Haicheng.However, when the 50th Division of the New First Army arrived in Liaoyang, Anshan had already been occupied by the communist army. Du Yuming hurried to Chiang Kai-shek's palace, and he reported to the principal: "Haicheng, I can't answer anymore, and Pan Shuodan didn't send any more telegrams, but only received a telegram that part of his position has been broken by the communist army." Chiang Kai-shek pretended to be calm and said: "Pan Shuoduan can withstand it." Chiang Kai-shek didn't know that as early as in Yunnan, the Yunnan Provincial Working Committee of the Communist Party of China had already begun to work on Pan Shuoduan. Pan Shuodan had already had the idea of ​​an uprising, but the time had not yet come. On May 30, Pan Shuodan led an uprising in Yingkou, northeast China.The next day, electrify the whole country against the civil war. At night, Chiang Kai-shek listened to the broadcast of Anton Radio Station, which played Lin Biao, the commander-in-chief of the Northeast Democratic Alliance Army, answering reporters' questions.The reporter asked: "What is the significance of the uprising of the 184th Division of the 60th Army of the Kuomintang Army?" Lin Biao replied: "When the 184th Division was in Yunnan, it advocated democracy and opposed dictatorship. This time it was forced by the Kuomintang to be transferred outside the customs to fight the civil war, which was against the will of the officers and soldiers of the 184th Division. Therefore, General Pan Shuodan personally led the This was a great blow to those fanatics of the civil war. It can be seen from this that some troops under the command of the Kuomintang are unwilling to civil war. General Pan and other uprisings made the troops forced to participate in the civil war They set an example and a way out, and encouraged us to resolutely oppose the reactionaries' actions to expand the civil war and eliminate the attackers. If the civil war continues, there will be more uprisings of this kind..." After the uprising of the 184th Division of the Kuomintang Army, it shook the entire Kuomintang army and dealt a heavy blow to Chiang Kai-shek's arrogance. When Du Yuming's northward army occupied Yongji, Chiang Kai-shek dispelled some of the depression in his heart. Du Yuming personally reported the victory to Chiang Kai-shek and said: "Principal, we have occupied Yongji and won the Xiaofengman Hydropower Station!" Chiang Kai-shek looked at the map and said, "Guangting, get ready, I'm going to Changchun for inspection!" In Liao Yaoxiang's war room in Changchun, Chiang Kai-shek looked at the map and said, "Jianchu, you need to send a reinforcement team to take Rafa down. Hold fast! Hold fast!" Liao Yaoxiang and Du Yuming said with no expression on their faces: "Yes!" Chiang Kai-shek did not stay long in Changchun. Before flying to Peiping, when he shook hands with Du Yuming and Liao Yaoxiang, he emphasized: "Take down Rafa and stick to it. I have already asked my wife to write to General Marshall, telling us that we have established a foothold in the entire Northeast. "Jiang Jieshi walked up the gangway and said: "Waiting for news of your victory." In order to welcome Chiang Kai-shek's visit, the Kuomintang's Beiping authorities closed 77 media organizations on May 29, and the CCP's Beiping "Liberation Daily" and the Xinhua News Agency's Beiping branch were also closed. On the 31st, Ye Jianying held a press conference at the Beiping Military Adjustment Headquarters. Zhou Enlai, Dong Biwu, Lu Dingyi, Deng Yingchao, and Li Weihan jointly sent letters to government representatives to protest the matter. After Chiang Kai-shek arrived in Peiping, he summoned Li Zongren, Fu Zuoyi, Sun Lianzhong, Zhang Bojin, deputy mayor of Peiping, Du Jianshi, deputy mayor of Tianjin, Wu Zhuren, chairman of the Party Committee of Pingjin, and others that night and said: "The great harvest of the trip to the Northeast, the occupation of Siping Street , occupied Changchun, the capital of the Northeast, marched into the north bank of the Songhua River, captured the Xiaofengman Hydropower Station in the Northeast, and the machinery in the Northeast factory can be turned in a short time." Marshall was not happy, and he sent a strongly worded telegram to Chiang Kai-shek through Soong Ziwen on May 29: The next day, he sent a telegram directly to Chiang Kai-shek, "Once again, I request you to immediately issue an order to stop the advance, attack or pursuit of the government troops, and to allow the Military Adjustment Headquarters to set off for Changchun immediately." Although Chiang Kai-shek was very unhappy, he was afraid of getting stuck with Marshall, so he cut off the aid from the United States. At the same time, he knew that his army had entered the Songhua River and the situation in the Northeast had basically stabilized, so he could fly back to Nanjing on June 3. After repeated urging, he was ready to negotiate a truce with Zhou Enlai. On June 3, Marshall and Chiang Kai-shek, who had returned to Nanjing, discussed the issue of the armistice in the Northeast.It is hoped that the Kuomintang army will stop its offensive in the Northeast. Because the Kuomintang army also needs time to prepare for new operations.Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek agreed to send the forward command post (also known as the executive branch of the military transfer department) to Changchun, and a 10-day truce in the Northeast. Marshall immediately explained the negotiation situation to Zhou Enlai, and Zhou Enlai said: "The truce is too short for 10 days, at least 20 days." The next day it was agreed to 15 days. On June 6, Chiang Kai-shek issued a truce statement in the Northeast: From June 7th, the Northeast ceased fighting for 15 days to discuss the 3 issues of cessation of conflicts in the Northeast, restoration of traffic, and implementation of the reorganization of the army. Zhou Enlai had read Chiang Kai-shek's statement and asked Lu Dingyi to hold a press conference and publish his communiqué on the truce in Northeast China, stating that the CCP had an unconditional truce.With regard to the negotiations on the truce in Northeast China, I hope that the Kuomintang will show sincerity, implement all previous agreements, and turn the temporary truce into a long-term truce, and stop the offensive forever. During the talks with Marshall that day, Zhou Enlai refuted Chiang Kai-shek's request that "everywhere where the Soviet troops were stationed and now the Communist troops are stationed must withdraw."He pointed out that this cannot be done. This is the key to the Northeast issue. The sovereignty of the Northeast belongs to the people of the whole country, not to the Kuomintang.When meeting with Colonel Sear, the U.S. representative of the Military Adjustment Department, Zhou Enlai responded to the Kuomintang’s question of the restoration of traffic: “The restoration of traffic is not only about railways, waterways, and postal services. " On the same day, Zhou Enlai decided to return to Yan'an the next day. He would study this new situation and countermeasures with Mao Zedong and other leaders.