Chapter 12 A brief history of the third series

Tracing back to the origin of the series of books, it is necessary to talk about the "Six Classics" mentioned in Sima Qian's "Historical Records: The Family of Confucius".Therefore, the series of books should have originated in the Han Dynasty.In the fourth year of Emperor Xiping of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 175), "Zhouyi", "Shangshu", "Lu Poetry", "Yili", "Spring and Autumn", and "Gongyang" were carved on stones as standard editions; This is the famous "Xiping Stone Classic".This kind of stone carving is considered by those who rule the history of Chinese calligraphy as a form of books; the form of discussing and engraving group books should also start from here.After the invention of paper and pen, copying was the main form of circulation for books, and series of books gradually appeared.According to the records of Yiwenzhi in historical books, it first appeared in the Qi and Liang Dynasties. "Sui Shu·Yiwenzhi" records the "Geography Book" by Lu Cheng of the Southern Qi Dynasty and the "Diji" by Ren Fang of the Liang Dynasty; these two books belong to a specialized series.As far as the manuscript is concerned, it can be regarded as the ancestor of the series, but unfortunately both books have been lost.

Block printing was invented in the Tang Dynasty, which laid a material and technical foundation for the publication of series of books, and the scope of dissemination and collection gradually expanded.Publishing a group of books with a general title, first of all, the "Nine Classics" was printed in the third year of Emperor Mingzong's Changxing (AD 932), and it was still a specialized series.In the Song Dynasty, He Qufei's "Seven Books of Wu Jing" was also a specialized series.It seems that specialized series of books were published much earlier than general series.

The comprehensive series of books is based on the existing bibliography, the earliest is "Confucianism Warning" co-edited by Yu Dingsun and Yu Jing, which was completed during the Jiatai period of the Southern Song Dynasty.Following "Confucianism and Confucianism", the second comprehensive series of books in the Song Dynasty was "Baichuan Xuehai", with 10 collections, 100 titles, and 179 volumes. Most of the collections were written by people in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and some were written by people in the Jin Dynasty and the Six Dynasties.The most famous engraved books in the Liao and Jin Dynasties: one is "Khitan Dazang"; the other is "Jin Zang", which is "Zhao Cheng Zang";Comprehensive series no.In the Yuan Dynasty, the specialized series known to later generations included Yuan Du Sijing's "Ji Sheng Diocui".The comprehensive series included "Shuo Yu" compiled by Tao Zongyi at that time. "Shuo Yu" collects classics, history, philosophers, poetry, literary theory and Baishi's miscellaneous records. There are more than a thousand kinds of books. Unfortunately, the original books have long since disappeared.The number of original editions and the number of volumes are unknown. The one handed down is the 100-volume copy handed down from the Ming Dynasty (the "Shuo Yu" re-edited by Zhang Zongxiang, a recent man, also has 100 volumes, and was printed by the Commercial Press in 1927) ; One is the 120-volume edition re-edited by Tao Teng in the Ming Dynasty, and the Wanwei Shantang edition in the third year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1646 A.D.).None of Dow's original.

In the Ming Dynasty, the compilation and publishing of series of books developed into a prosperous period. In addition to ordinary series of books, there were also clan series of books, series of books written by individuals, local series of books and various specialized series of books.All bibliophiles in the Ming Dynasty liked to engrave series of books. Since Zuo's "Baichuan Xuehai" became popular, it was handed down and engraved repeatedly in the Ming Dynasty, and the trend of publishing series of books followed one after another.The most well-printed ones are "Baichuan Xuehai" published by Wuxi Huayi in the 14th year of Hongzhi (AD 1501), imitating the Song Dynasty.The second is a specialized series of books, "Forty Kinds of Yangshan Gu's Study Novels" written by Gu Yuanqing of Changzhou, from the 12th year of Zhengde (AD 1517) to the 11th year of Jiajing (AD 1532), it took 16 years to engrave it. Cheng; Collected books from Han to Song 40 kinds of works, most of which are translated according to the Song version.Huang Pilie of the Qing Dynasty obtained the close-up postscript of "The Legacy of Kaiyuan Tianbao" in this series, and regarded it as rare and precious."Jin Sheng Yu Zhen Ji" compiled by Yuan Yu (that is, Ji) is also a comprehensive series, with 55 books included; 54 of them are works of Ming people, and only one is Yuan Chahan's "Emperor Chronicle Compilation Yao", but it has also been passed through. Revised by Ming Huang Jian; this book is also very well printed.There is also "Compilation of Records", compiled by Shen Jiefu in the Ming Dynasty, with more than 100 books and 216 volumes, collected from Zhu Yuanzhang's imperial mausoleum stele, all of which are written by Ming people.There is also "Ancient and Modern Yishi" in the comprehensive series, compiled by Wu Guan in the Ming Dynasty, with two categories of "Yi Zhi" and "Yi Ji", with a total of 55 books; There are 229 kinds of books in Guangji, Puji, Huiji, and Secretji.These are all well-known series of books, some of which have a great influence on later generations, and are excellent both in content and publication.

The series of books published in the Ming Dynasty before Jiajing and Wanli can be roughly divided into two categories: one is "Baichuan Xuehai" and the other is "Shuo Yu".In the Ming Dynasty, it was named after Dow, and either imitated Tao's book, or followed Zuo Gui's work, and became an editor; for example, Wu Yong's "Continuation of the Hundred Rivers of Learning" and Feng Kebin's "Guang Baichuan Xuehai" are themselves sequels. , The nature of the sequel.Others, such as Fan Qin's "Fan's Strange Book", Gao Mingfeng's "Jinxian Huiyan", and Wang Wan's "Bai Ling Xue Shan", etc., also follow the style of "Bai Chuan Xue Hai" and "Shuo Yu".After Wanli, a new type of book series appeared, that is, a collection of writings in a certain historical period, such as Cheng Rong’s "Han Wei Series" (this is the first series with a name and fact), which collected 38 kinds of books, most of which were written in Han Dynasty. Wei Shiren's works; Zhong Renjie and Zhang Suiliang's "Tang and Song Series", according to the four volumes of "Jingyi", "Bieshi", "Ziyu" and "Zaiji", a total of 103 kinds of books, except for more than 20 kinds Except for the works of Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the rest are written by Tang and Song people.At the same time, it has engraved specialized series of books, such as Li Shi's "Little History of the Past Dynasties", Zhou Ziyi's "Zihui", Lu Ji's "Ancient and Modern Talking about the Sea", Zhu Jing's "Tang Hundred Poems", Pan Shiren's "Song Forty-Three Collections of the Yuan Dynasty, Mao Jin's Collection of Five Collections of Tang, Song and Yuan Poems by Ji Guge, etc. also appeared one after another.As for the specialized series, Jibu already had series published by regions as early as the first year of Wanli, such as Zhu Bingru's series and Ding Yizhong's sequel, and Wenzhou County Chengding No. 1 Middle School's "Wen Mausoleum Liumo", but the scale is not large.Comprehensive clan series books have also appeared, such as Wang Yongxi Collection, Wanli Zhenze Wang's "Mr. Zhenze's Other Collections"; Ming Dynasty's clan series of other dynasties also has a variety of books, such as "Henan Cheng's Complete Book" (a " Second Cheng Quanshu"), etc.As for the specialized clan series, as early as the thirteenth year of Zhengde (AD 1518), there was Cheng Minzheng's "The Collection of Three Gentlemen of the Tang Family".And personal series, such as "The Complete Works of Ouyang Wenzhong" and "The Complete Works of Lu Fangweng", have all been published.In the third year of Mingqi (AD 1623), "Yanyi Zhilin" edited by Fan Weicheng, the county magistrate of Haiyan County, was the first series of county books. Nearly 3/4 of the books are written by people.So far in the series of books in the Ming Dynasty, it can be said that all kinds of books are available.

However, the quality of engraved books in the Ming Dynasty has gradually declined since Wanli.For example, Hu Wenhuan's "Gezhi Series" often merged the number of volumes, deleted the title, cut the original text without authorization, or established its own title. This bad habit of engraving books had become a trend at that time.It was not until the Chongzhen period of Tianqi, when Mao Jin published "Jin Catch Secretary", that he began to reform these abuses.Mao Jin, a native of Changshu, has 80,000 to 90,000 volumes of books in his family collection, most of which are carved in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and the fine books are well-known copies, which are well-known in the world.Jigu Pavilion and Mugeng Tower were specially built for storage.His engraved ancient books spread all over the country. The "Jinchui Series" compiled by him is a collection of old books from the Song and Yuan Dynasties. According to "Secret Books Huishuo" compiled by Hu Zhenheng, there are more than 140 kinds.Among them, the works of the Han and Tang Dynasties collected are complete from the beginning to the end, without any split and arbitrary changes, which are better than "Shuo Yu" and other books.Mao's Jiguge engraved books are the most privately engraved books in the past dynasties. In addition to "Jinchui Secretary", there are also "Thirteen Classics", "Seventeen Histories", "Song Famous Poems", "Sixty Kinds of Songs" and so on.He is especially good at copying rare secret books, and his handwriting is excellent, which is called "Maochao" by later generations.

The Qing Dynasty was the golden period for the development of ancient book series in my country.In addition to the well-known official "Siku Quanshu", various privately engraved series of books have sprung up and are competing to be printed; the number and variety of them surpass the previous generation. First, let’s talk about the official revision series.The official compilation series began in the reign of Emperor Kangxi, and successively organized the compilation and publication of "Seven Classics of Imperial Compilation", "Ten Kinds of Pocket Miniatures of Guxiangzhai", "Poems of the Four Dynasties of Song, Jin, Yuan and Ming Dynasties Selected by the Emperor", and "Origin of Law and Calendar" and so on.Among them, "Guxiangzhai Pocket Ten Kinds" is a comprehensive series of classics, history, Zi and Ji, while "Lv Li Yuan Yuan" is a compilation of astronomical works.During the Qianlong period, the official series of books, such as the "Twenty-Four Histories" published by the Hall of Wuying in the fourth year of Qianlong (AD 1739), and the "An Explanation of the Three Histories of the Liao, Jin, and Yuan Dynasties" written and engraved by imperial edicts in the forty-sixth year of Qianlong (AD 1781), especially The "Siku Quanshu" compiled from the thirty-seventh to the forty-seventh year of Qianlong (AD 1772-1782) is even more of a masterpiece in the series, with an unprecedented volume.But it was only a manuscript, not published.When compiling the "Siku Quanshu", a variety of books were specially compiled from the "Yongle Dadian", most of which were works of the Song and Yuan Dynasties. The Collector's Edition Series is also very valuable.

Compared with the official series of books, the series of books for private training surpasses the latter in terms of types and volumes, and the categories are complete; more of them enjoy a high reputation for their document value and exquisite publication quality.Can be divided into three periods to summarize. In the early Qing Dynasty (including the Shunzhi, Kangxi, and Yongzheng dynasties), the collection of engraved books in the early Qing Dynasty still followed the old practice of the Ming Dynasty. It was not until Cao Rong compiled "Xuehai Leibian" that the old concept was slightly changed. "Xuehai Leibian" has a rich collection of 441 kinds of books, and the volumes are divided into four parts: one classic wing, two historical references, three subclasses, and four collections.The selection is stricter, and the disadvantages of engraved books in the Ming Dynasty must be corrected. Those who think it is absurd, and the books of the Tea and Wine Talking Department will not be included;But the original book only survived in manuscript, and it was not published until the Daoguang period.Others such as "Twenty-one Secretaries" compiled by Wang Shihan in the seventh year of Kangxi (AD 1668), reedited and printed according to the edition of "Ancient and Modern Yishi", collected 21 kinds of ancient books from pre-Qin to Song; "Several Series of Books", which collects the works of Ming and Qing Dynasties, is divided into three collections and contains 157 kinds of books; Zhang Chao also compiled "Zhaodai Series", which includes the volume of "Huadi Supplements" by Ming Li Suiqiu (Li You, Peony Champion It is called "Martyrdom in the Southern Ming Dynasty"), all of which are written by Qing Dynasty people. They are divided into two volumes, A and B, each with six sheets. There are 90 kinds of books in total. In the ninth year (AD 1700), there was also a volume of "The Essentials of the West" co-authored by Western missionaries Li Leisi, An Wensi, and Nan Huairen in the early Qing Dynasty; , and the continuation of three episodes, with a total of 62 books. Except for "Kun Yu Wai Ji" by the Western missionary Nan Huairen, all of them are works of the Qing Dynasty, including Qu Dajun's "Deng Hua Ji", which was banned later. The two episodes were published in the 41st year of Kangxi (AD 1702), and the sequel was published in the 51st year of Kangxi (AD 1712).In addition, there is "Twelve Kinds of Books in the Neem Pavilion Collection" by Cao Yin, which contains works of Song and Yuan people and was published in the 45th year of Kangxi.The professional series of books in this period include more than 1,800 volumes of "Tongzhitang Jingjie" compiled by Nalan Xingde, a famous poet in Qing Dynasty, which was published in the 19th year of Kangxi (AD 1680); there is also "Five Books of Musicology" by Gu Yanwu, It was published in the sixth year of Kangxi (AD 1667); and "Five Kinds of Zecuntang" compiled by Zhang Shijun; they are all famous professional series of books in this period.

In the mid-Qing Dynasty (including Qianlong, Jiaqing, and the early Daoguang period), after Qianlong, the publishing of ancient books flourished, not only simply compiling and engraving, but also paying attention to combing and sorting, and engaged in selection and collation. This period can be described in terms of points: Catalog School: It can be represented by the "Zhi Bu Zhai Series" edited and engraved by Bao Tingbo. This is a large-scale series of ancient books with great influence and unique characteristics.Bao Tingbo was a famous bibliophile during the Qianjia period of the Qing Dynasty.When he was young, he was frustrated in the examination field, so he gave up his official career and devoted himself to buying ancient books.Taking the meaning of "The Book of Rites of the Great Dai": "Learning and then knowing the lack of knowledge", he named his library as "Knowing the lack of knowledge".He spared no effort in searching for ancient books. Whenever he heard of a different book, he would borrow it and copy it. Even if he pawned his clothes to buy the book he wanted to buy, he would never hesitate to buy it. Song and Yuan old engravings, old manuscripts and other rare book secrets.When the Qing government compiled the "Siku Quanshu" and collected posthumous writings from all over the world, he dedicated more than 600 rare books in his collection to the court.Emperor Qianlong rewarded a copy of "The Collection of Ancient and Modern Books", and wrote a poem saying: "If you don't know enough, you can't eat enough, and you are thirsty for books!"Bao not only painstakingly searched for books, but also carefully proofread them and published them enthusiastically. "Where there are rare books, they are all published", "revised day and night, cold and hot, decades like a day".Persevere until old age.From the thirty-fourth year of Qianlong (AD 1769) to the engraving of "Zhibuzhai Series" until the death of Bao Tingbo in the nineteenth year of Jiaqing (AD 1814), 27 episodes were published. After that, his son inherited the will and engraved three more in the early years of Daoguang. The episodes have gone through more than 50 years, and a total of 30 episodes have been engraved.Each collection has eight volumes, with a total of 207 titles and 781 volumes.This is a comprehensive series known for its excellence, and it occupies an important position in the Qing Dynasty private engraving series.Its characteristics are: it collects more rare and rare book secrets.Due to the frequent wars during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was a period when my country's cultural classics were severely damaged, and many precious books were difficult to obtain.Therefore, Bao Shi deliberately searched and visited it so that it could be preserved.However, books that are already stereotyped and widely circulated are not included.Bao's series of books has played the function of compiling lost books, compiling and engraving many precious classics that have been lost for a long time and have come back again.For example, the collection of poems and essays "Xiechuan Collection" by Su Guo, the son of the famous writer Su Shi in the Northern Song Dynasty, was rarely circulated after the Southern Song Dynasty. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, an edict was issued to request this book, but it was not available.According to Wang Shizhen's "Xiangzu Notes", in the eighth year of Kangxi (1669 A.D.), "it is strange to hear that a bookseller charged two hundred gold for this book, but it is a pity that I have not seen it, and its existence is unknown today."In order to get this book, Bao once offered money to buy the authentic copy, so as to be in parallel with the anthology of Sansu, but he failed to do so.Because scholars valued this book so much, some booksellers even asked for huge profits by confusing the fake with the real one.Since the end of the Yuan Dynasty, booksellers have changed the title of Song Liuguo's anthology to "Xiechuan Collection", pretending to deceive the world, and circulating fake (yanyan) copies, and many people have been deceived.It was not until the Qianlong period that Weng Fanggang, Zhao Huaiyu and others copied and edited the "Yongle Dadian" and "Song Wenjian" from books such as "Yongle Dadian" and "Song Wenjian", and divided them into six volumes.Bao Tingbo was ecstatic when he heard the news, and urgently asked for proofreading. It was first published in the 26th episode of "Zhi Bu Zhai Series".There are many similar situations, and some lost and rare books are included in this series, so I won’t go into details one by one.At the same time, there are books that are rarely circulated and are almost extinct; books that bibliophiles have manuscripts but no engravings; books that have been handed down for a long time, but the old editions have been lost and it is difficult to obtain; into its collection.His search for strange books has expanded from China and even overseas.He once asked his friends to go to Japan to search for lost books through merchant ships, which also aroused the interest of Japanese scholars. Therefore, some cultural classics from Japan that had been lost in China were also published in his series, such as "Book of Filial Piety and Zheng Zheng" Note", "Quan Tang Poetry" and so on.At the same time, it also triggered some moving stories of Sino-Japanese cultural exchanges.In addition, although Bao's engraved series is mainly rare, it does not seek novelty, but focuses on practicality.This may be due to the style of study that emphasized practicality and practicality in the early Qing Dynasty, which had an impact on Bao's series of books.Bao's series of classics, histories, sons, and collections are all-encompassing, mainly including works on classics and history, textual research, geography, mathematics, epigraphy, poetry collections, calligraphy and paintings, and bibliographies.Among them, some works on history, geography, science and technology, poetry and their comments are particularly eye-catching, especially many works on mathematics.In addition, in order to ensure the quality of the series and the accuracy of publication, Baoshi chose the earliest and best editions as much as possible, as well as some precious manuscripts; some books have been published in other series, but the collation is not perfect, and there are too many mistakes, so Baoshi must re-edit with rare books , into the series.In the process of proofreading, I got the assistance of many famous scholars, and made full use of the research results of some proofreaders.At the same time, the books compiled must be complete from beginning to end, with prefaces and postscripts, and the inscriptions must be fully recorded.This aspect is better than some series of books published before.Moreover, Bao Shi also wrote his own postscript at the end of most of the books.These postscripts briefly describe the author's life, the origin of the edition, the advantages and disadvantages of collation, the outline and characteristics of the book.

In a word, "Zhi Bu Zhai Series" aims at rarity and practicability, pays attention to rare books, proofreads and examines carefully, strives to change the disadvantages of previous series, and collects books from beginning to end. It is a very distinctive comprehensive series.It had a great impact then and thereafter.Scholars and celebrities at that time all respected this book, almost regarded it as the master of the series of private engravings.It also has a great influence on the production of other series of books.The continuations of Bao's books include: "Continuing Zhibuzhai Series" by Gao Chengxun, "Imitating Zhibuzhai Series" by Anonymous, and "Houzhibuzhai Series" by Bao Tingjue.The wind of engraving books spread from central Zhejiang to eastern Guangdong. In central Zhejiang, there was Gu Xiu, who was at the same time as Bao's, who did not collect Bao's series of books. He imitated the style of Bao's series of books, not limited by the time, and engraved a book every time. It must be discussed and decided with Bao Shi, and it is compiled as "Duhuazhai Series".Li Tiaoyuan took Bao's series of books as a model and compiled a large-scale series "Han Hai", claiming to keep pace with "Zhi Bu Zhai Series".After that, even in the late Qing Dynasty, Jiang Guangxu's "Bie Xia Zhai Series" and "She Wen Zi Jiu"; Qian Xizuo's "Zhi Hai" also had the legacy of Bao's series.In eastern Guangdong, there are Wu Chongyao's "Yueyatang Series" and "Lingnan Posthumous Letters"; Pan Shicheng's "Haishan Xianguan Series", etc., are also imitating the style of Bao's "Zhibuzhai Series", which are edited by former sages. , the format is also the same as "Zhi Bu Zhai Series".And they are all businessmen with hot money trading overseas.It can be seen that in Qian and Jiajian, not only scholar-bureaucrats like to engrave series of books, but even wealthy businessmen like to be arty, and they spread and engrave series of books widely.

Edition school: Bao's series of engraved books are mainly rare, and do not compete for novelty with engraved editions.Huang Pilie, on the other hand, paid attention to editions and advocated imitation and engraving of rare editions.Huang Pilie was a famous bibliophile, collationist and bibliographer during the Qianjia period of the Qing Dynasty.His collection of books is famous for its richness and precision.He once set up a special room called "Hundred Houses, One Shop [chan Chan]" to store more than 100 kinds of Song edition books.And because of the purchase of two kinds of "Yi Li", the Yanzhou edition of the Song Dynasty and the Jingde official edition, "Yili" is called "Shili", and the library is named "Shiliju" because of the title.According to the collection of Song and Yuan rare editions, the Jinggong engraved series is "Shiliju Series". It is said that they are all engraved with the shadows of the original books.As far as the influence is concerned, such as Yang's Haiyuan Pavilion in Liaocheng, Qu's Tieqin and Tongjian Tower in Changshu, and the subsequent Yang Shoujing and Li Shuchang's visits to Japan to collect ancient books in the "Guyi Series", all of them belong to the school of literati. Legacy. School of proofreading: This school believes that reading should be based on practicality, and the engraving of books by the people of the Song Dynasty may not be perfect, so books must be proofread before they can be read, and the main thing is to seek truth from facts.The representative of this school is "Baojingtang Series" compiled by Lu Wenchu.Lu Wenchu, known as Mr. Baojing, was a Jinshi during the Qianlong period, from an official to a servant, and then begged and returned to the farm. He spent more than 20 years studying and correcting books for pleasure.For each school book, various editions must be collected, checked repeatedly, checked by hand, and then decided.Following Lu's school are Bi Yuan's "Jingxuntang Series", Sun Xingyan's "Dainange Series", "Pingjinge Series", etc., all of which are superb in collation of ancient books.There are also "Chuanjingtang Series", "Baijingtang Series", "Fuxi Jingshe Series" and so on, which are all selected for a while. Comprehensive School: Represented by Zhang Haipeng's "Xue Jin Discussing the Original".Most of this book is taken from "Jinchui Secretary" compiled and engraved by Mao's Jigu Pavilion in the Ming Dynasty.Mao's engraved "Jincatch Secretary" has 15 collections and 143 types, which have been circulated for more than 150 years and gradually disappeared.There are 20 episodes and 171 kinds of "Xuejin Discussing the Original" compiled and engraved by Zhang Haipeng. Yujin caught the old books and collected the most. "Secretary of Jintuo" was collected in the Yuan Dynasty. From ancient times to the Ming Dynasty, all the compilations of this book are original books without any deletions.In addition, "Mohai Golden Pot" and "Borrowing Moon Mountain House to Remit Banknotes" were also engraved.Jinshan Qian Xizuo succeeded Zhang's faction. After the remnants of "Mohai Golden Pot" and "Jianyue Shanfang Huichao" were all owned by Qian Xizuo, Qian took the remnants of "Jianyue" and increased them to 20 episodes, 137 kinds, renamed "Zhihai", "Mohai Jinhu" "The supplementary edition was renamed "Shoushan Pavilion Series".Although the titles of the series are different from those of the editors, their books have the same version origin.This point should be paid attention to in the series of biography and engraving in the Qing Dynasty. Late Qing Dynasty (after the Opium War).During this period, due to the invasion of foreign capitalism, China gradually became a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society. This was reflected in the series of books and engravings.Such as Pan Zuyin's "Pangxizhai Series", Zhao Zhiqian's "Looking Up at Thousand Seven Hundred and Twenty-Nine Hezhai Series", Lu Xinyuan's "One Hundred Thousand Volumes of Lou Series", and the aforementioned Jiang Guangxu's "Bie Xia Zhai Series", Qian Xizuo's "Shoushan Pavilion Series", Wu Chongyao's "Yueyatang Series"; Qian Peiming's "Xiaowanjuanlou Series", Wang Yirong's "Tianrange Series", Jiang Biao's "Lingyue Pavilion Series", etc. .The other part is more specialized, and specialized series of books such as Yudi, Jinshi, catalogue, lyrics and music are becoming more and more abundant.Such as Chen Yunrong's "Lushan Jingshe Series", Ding Qian's "Zhejiang Library Series" (also known as "Penglaixuan Geography Series"), Wang Yunxiang's "External Domain Series", Ye Dehui's "Guangutang Bibliography Series", Wu Mei's " The First Collection of Samatha Room Songs, and Luo Zhenyu's "Chu Yulou Series" in the Republic of China, etc.Afterwards, the discovery of Yin Ruins and the treasure house of Dunhuang cultural relics, and the attention of novels and operas all added new content to the series. There are two points worth pointing out about the series of books in the Qing Dynasty: First, the editors of many series of books, or bibliophiles, or collationists, or scholars of a certain discipline, so the series they published were mainly collections and compilations; Most of them imitate and engrave the old books of Song and Yuan;Second, after the Qianjia reign, the series of books reached its heyday, characterized by the availability of various forms such as collections of lost books and key collections, such as the compilations of "Han Xuetang Series" and "Yuhan Shanfang Collection of Lost Books", which showed the strength of the lost collection work. prosperity.In addition, most of the various series of books from Song to Ming are short stories and sketches; that is, writings of short length.However, after Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, long and giant works were also included in the series, and they were selected, with careful engraving and high quality.During this period, there were a large number of book series, all types, and fine content. Not only were there many common book series, local book series, clan family book series, and individual book series of famous scholars, but also special book series that collected classics, history, literature, and collections. Also soared, too numerous to mention.There are also some series of books on natural sciences such as medicine, mathematics, and astronomy.All in all. After the Revolution of 1911, the trend still existed, and the series of engraved books were commendable, including Xu Naichang's "Jixuezhai Series", Miao Quansun's "Yun Zi Zai Nikan (kankan) Series", Liu Shiheng's "Yuhaitang Series", Zhang Hengheng's "Shiyuan Series", Dong Kang's "Song Fen Room Series", Liu Chengqian's "Jiayetang Series", etc.Tao Xiang's engravings imitating the Song Dynasty, such as "Awareness of Confucianism" and "Baichuan Xuehai", are intended to pass on to the ancients, and still have the legacy of Qianjia. After the Opium War, the method of photocopying came from Europe, so the wind of photocopying rose, while woodblock printing gradually declined.During the Tongzhi and Guangxu years, Tongwen Publishing Co., Ltd. photocopied ancient books such as "Twenty-one Histories" and "Thirteen Classics"; they also reprinted published series of books.In modern times, there are three well-known large-scale series of books mainly collecting ancient books: "Sibu Series", "Sibu Beiyao", and "Series Integration Preliminary Edition". "Sibu Series" is a famous series compiled by Zhang Yuanji, a famous publisher and bibliographer in modern times. It is divided into the first edition, the sequel, and the third edition. There are 468 kinds of ancient and fine books in the building, as well as borrowed rare books.The purpose of compiling and printing this series of books is to collect photocopied editions, manuscripts, and manuscripts of the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties for reference when examining ancient books and sorting out documents. "Series Collection" was edited and published by the Commercial Press in 1935. It selected 100 volumes of the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. It was originally planned to be divided into 4,000 volumes, and it was planned to be released in 10 batches. Later, due to the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War , the book was interrupted.There are 3,467 volumes of the first edition published, and 533 volumes that have not yet been published.This book is a collection of ancient and modern series of books, so it is called "Series Collection". "Sibu Beiyao" was compiled and printed by Zhonghua Book Company, with a collection of 336 books, all of which were sorted out by scholars in the Qing Dynasty, and the content is also called meticulous.The Commercial Press and Zhonghua Book Company printed more than these series of books, and other book companies also edited and printed series of books, so I won’t introduce them one by one here.