Chapter 89 Section 3 The Folk World Covered by Language: "Maqiao Dictionary"

In the creation of cultural root-seeking novels in the 1980s, Han Shaogong had already relatively consciously established a folk expression standpoint, but judging from other works, he still used an enlightened attitude to criticize the filthiness of the folk. At the beginning of 1996, after many years of silence, he published a novel 5, which has distinct personal characteristics in both the creative creation of the folk world and the experimental development of the novel form. After experiencing the transformation from the state of common name to the state of no name in the 1980s and 1990s, a noisy and pluralistic pattern emerged in literary creation in the mid-1990s. Although the overall creative achievements cannot be said to be very high, some outstanding writers In other words, personal style has been able to grow in twists and turns under the gap of ideology.This is of course the result of a compromise.Writers turned to the marginal folk world, used folk culture as a cover, and opened up another discourse space to store the ideals and conscience of intellectuals.They wandered away from the narrative tradition of grand history, looked for their own narrative style in the folk world, and tried to break through the original narrative position and stylistic tradition to varying degrees.The shift of the narrative position and the exploration of the style of the work are originally two inseparable aspects. Since breaking through and breaking away from the mainstream discourse itself is a stylistic reform full of ideological complexes, the so-called modern Chinese writing will not only belong to the category of linguistics .In a work like this that attempts to change the style of novels in the form of a dictionary, it seems that the author focuses his innovative interests on stylistic revolution and language experiments, but its background is still the deposit and preservation of humanistic traditions.Han Shaogong is a writer with a strong sense of intellectual mission and humanistic ideals. In order to explore breakthroughs in novel style and language, he took the initiative to change the position of intellectual enlightenment in the 1980s. Life has opened up a new realm of contemporary fiction.This seems to be regarded as a landmark event of modern Chinese writing in the 1990s. Intellectuals constructed their own idealism from a folk standpoint, not only did not give up their mission of criticism, but instead gained a greater humanistic space.

In many aspects, it continues Han Shaogong's previous writing style, but in the narrative style of the novel, it has created a new narrative style of novels-writing novels in the language of dictionaries. "Maqiao" is a geographical term. According to the narrator of the novel, "Maqiao" is the seat of the ancient Luo State, and it is beside the Miluo River where Qu Yuan, a doctor of Chu State, was exiled and thrown into the river.The story takes the narrator's time when he went to the countryside as an educated youth as the main body, traces back to the life fragments in various historical periods, and extends down to after the reform and opening up. It focuses on the various characters and customs of Maqiao Township in the 1970s.But the literariness of these stories is included in the narrative form of the dictionary. The writer first provided a "Maqiao" kingdom with a complete artistic conception, and described its history, geography, customs, products, legends, characters, etc. as Maqiao The local language is used as a symbol, and compiled into a veritable local dictionary; then, the narrator interprets these entries as the dictionary compiler and the educated youth who jumped in the queue, and derives literary stories one by one.Han Shaogong pushed the narrative method as the expansion form of entries to the extreme, and fixed it in the form of novels, thus enriching the variety of novel forms, that is, there are more novels in the usual sense than "diary-style novels" and "epistry-style novels". "Dictionary-style novel" 6. This novel is more successful in exploring language.In previous novelists, language was used as a tool to express the world of novels, but here, language has become the object of novel display, and the novel world is included in the display of language, that is to say, Ma Qiao lives in Ma Qiao. In bridge talk.Han Shaogong unifies the descriptive language and the descriptive object, and explores the folk words that have been covered by the public language for a long time to show the folk life that is also covered.Although he still has to rely on some public discourse when explaining these words, the novel highlights the folk language of Maqiao, and the interpretation of words in the text constitutes the most interesting narrative of the novel.For example, the explanation of "wake up", in the eyes of Maqiao people, wake up is confused, they saw the cruel reality behind the motto "everyone is drunk, but I alone wake up" from Qu Yuan's tragic experience, which is not the same as Lu Xun's. The image of the "madman" in the pen is not only a memorial to the pioneers, but also a mockery of the national character, and also contains the sympathy of the people for Dr. Sanlu in their own way... All of these are not through the image of the characters, not through the expression. Emotion is not even obtained through the rhetoric of language, it is obtained through the historical, folklore, cultural and literary interpretation of a word.Even in some entries with strong stories, its main charm still comes from the key words that make up the story.For example, the explanation of the word "Guisheng" narrates the "death of the male lion". The male lion was originally a peasant boy with great personality. , refers to the life before the age of 18 for men and 16 for women.From the perspective of farmers, the life before the age of 18 is precious and happy, and then they will start a family and start a business, and they will become more and more distressed. When the man is 36 years old and the woman is 32 years old, it is called "full life", which means full life, If you live enough, you will be called a "bad student" if you go any higher.Therefore, the folks are not worried about the wrong death of the male lion. They use the language related to "precious life" to comfort the parents of the deceased, and talk about the pain of a person once he becomes an adult. The peasants are extremely tired of the impoverished and hopeless life revealed in the words, and the death of the lion has only become a footnote in the folk language.

It is a successful subversion of the traditional novel style, and its real originality is that it uses folk dialects to subvert people's daily language, thus revealing a folk world that is not realized by people in daily life.Maqiao's character stories can be roughly divided into three categories: one is political stories, such as the stories of Ma Baozi and Yanzao; the other is folk customs stories, which are about daily life in the countryside, such as the stories of Zhihuang; Even in the rural world, there are no normal words to explain and tell, such as the stories of Tie Xiang, Wan Yu, Fang Ming and others.The first type of story is political and contains the painful lessons of history.For example, the suppression of the bandits who revolted with Ma Scarzi, and the miserable life of the landlord's son Yanzao are all touching chapters that make people want to cry without tears, shining the light of the writer's righteous conscience.What is more interesting is the second and third categories. Maqiao itself is a microcosm of the real society mixed with national power consciousness and folk culture. Explain that the vitality of the folk world is suppressed. The second type of folklore reflects how the repressed folks reject the power from social norms and ethical forms in their own way. It is based on the explanation of a folk word, and there is an entry of "Jackal Mengzi" in front of it, which introduces a kind of fish that is usually dormant in the folk, but is very ferocious once it attacks, implying Zhihuang's character, and " "Baoqi" is used as a fool's explanation. Behind this word is the righteousness of the people and the unyielding resistance to power. Finally, the entry of "Sanmao" is set up to explain the emotion between a cow and Zhihuang.Through the interpretation of this group of entries, the hatred and love of the extremely depressed Chinese peasants are vividly expressed.The third category of covered folktales is even more interesting, people like Wan Yu, Tie Xiang, Ma Ming, etc., their desires, sorrows, and even their way of life, even the people in the countryside cannot understand, that is to say, in the power system In the normal social order that is isomorphic with the folk, the free growth of the true vitality of the folk world cannot be tolerated. These people can only express and grow themselves in the dark space. From the perspective of the normal world, they are extremely surly and incomprehensible. In their own space, they also live full of vitality and praises.This kind of folk tragedy with complex meanings may not be able to be explained clearly with a few vague entries and incomplete interpretations, but the dark space behind these words provides people with deep imagination.

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