Chapter 26 rousseau and appetite

Rousseau (2), who wrote "On the Civil Contract", has been blamed and persecuted by people since he was not dead. Until now, the blame has finally been endless.Even in the Republic of China, which has nothing to do with the "civil treaty", this scene is inevitable. For example, in the preface of the Chinese translation of "Emile" (3) published by the Commercial Press, it says "...the fifth part of this book is women's education. His proposition is not only incomplete, but also does not recognize women's personality, which is different from The respect for human beings in the first four chapters is contradictory...So in today's view, his legitimate claims for human beings can be said to be only half established..."

However, Professor Liang Shiqiu's (4) meaning in the first issue of "Fudan Xunkan" published by Fudan University is "slightly different".In fact, it is not only "a little bit", but "Rousseau's education has nothing to do with it, except for women's education, which is really accurate." Because it is "according to the differences in the nature and physique of men and women."And the results of modern biological and psychological research prove that there are no two people in the world who are the same.What kind of people should be given the kind of education.

(5) Therefore, Mr. Liang said—— "I think the word 'human' should be deleted from the dictionary forever, or banned forever by the government. Because the meaning of the character 'human' is too confused. We call a person who is extremely smart, a person who is as stupid as a cow." , the same is called a person, a weak woman is called a person, a rough and powerful man is also called a person, and all the third-class and high-class people in people are all human. The modern Democracy's thought, the concept of equality, and its The origin is due to the non-recognition of human differences. The so-called gender equality movement in modern times, its origin is due to the non-recognition of the differences between men and women. Personality is an abstract noun, which is the sum of the characteristics of a person's physical and mental aspects. There are differences in characteristics, but in fact there are also differences in personality. The so-called insult to personality means not recognizing a person's unique personality. Rousseau admitted that women have a woman's personality, so Rousseau respects women's personality. Killing women's unique personality Personality is an insult to a woman's personality."

So it is bound to come to the following conclusions—— "...the proper education of girls should be to make girls perfect women." Then, the so-called proper educators should also make the "weak" people become completely "weak", and the "stupid as cows" become completely "stupid as cows", so as to avoid insulting everyone. Before the word is permanently deleted from the dictionary and the government orders a permanent ban on its use, it is temporarily used——personality.Rousseau’s propositions in the first four parts of "Emile" are not like this, and "there is nothing wrong with it", so it can be regarded as undoubtedly.

But the so-called "nothing is good" is only for "intelligent people"; for "stupid people like cows", it is "justified" education.Because reading such comments can make him more asymptotically "stupid as a cow".This means respecting his personality. However, this debate is not over yet.why?One, because even if we know about "natural inequality" (6), it is not easy to understand the difference between true "natural" and "like nature due to gradual man-made".Both, because whenever there is a theory, it is often "accommodated and propagated if it suits our appetite" (7).

In a corner of Shanghai, Arnold (8) was talked about a lot in the past two years, and Babbitt (9) is talked about this year, probably because of appetite. Many problems probably arise from "appetite", and the difference in appetite is the same as the word "person"-in fact, these two characters should also be submitted to the government to "order a permanent ban".Let me just copy a passage from Upton Sinclair (10) who is also from the United States, in order to respect another personality—— "No matter in which Rousseau's critics, there is the only problem that should be solved first. Why do you quarrel with him? To open the way for his arrival point of freedom, equality, harmony? Or because of fear of Rousseau's development What about the torrent of new thoughts and new feelings into the world? Make all the doubts about the individualist movement which he took for his father's labors, bring us to children to their parents, slaves to their masters, wives to their husbands, subjects to the Pope and Emperor, college students have no doubts, but is it your goal to admire the good old days of the professor's lectures?

"Mrs. Ah Yi said: 'The last sentence seems to be an arrow to Professor Babbitt.' "'Strange,' said her husband. 'Si people also have a Si surname... That must be God's judgment. '" I don't know if there is a mistake with the original meaning, because I retranslated it from Japanese. The original name of the book is "Mammonart", which was published by the author himself in Pasadena, California. People with similar appetites can read it by themselves. Mammon (11) It is the god of wealth in Greek mythology. Everyone knows that art is art. It can be translated as "the art of wealth". In Japan, it can be translated as "art of money worship". Because this word was created by the author, and the government has not ordered it to be promulgated. , it probably hasn’t been injected into the dictionary, so let’s add a little explanation here.

Twelve, twenty one. ---------------------------------- (1) This article was originally published in the fourth issue of the fourth volume of the "Yusi" weekly magazine on January 7, 1928. (2) Rousseau (J.J.Rousseau, 1712-1778) French Enlightenment thinker. His main work, "On the Civil Contract" (published in 1762), put forward the theory of "natural rights" and attacked the feudal autocratic system, which had a great influence on the European bourgeois democratic revolution in the eighteenth century.He was so persecuted by monks and nobles that he had to take refuge in Switzerland and England.

(3) "Emile", a general translation of "Emile", an educational novel written by Rousseau, published in 1762.In the first four descriptions about the main character Emile, the author believes that human beings are equal in the "state of nature" and that the natural development of human beings should be respected.However, when describing the education of Shafia in the fifth chapter, the author also believes that "as people are different, so is their personality, and women have women's personality." The Paris Assembly decided to burn it.The Chinese version was translated by Wei Zhaoji and published by the Commercial Press in June 1923, with the preface written by the translator.

(4) Liang Shiqiu, a native of Hangzhou County (now Yuhang), Zhejiang, is an important member of the Crescent Society and a member of the National Socialist Party.He once studied in the United States and was a follower of Babbitt, an American new humanist.His article "Rousseau's On Women's Education" was originally published in the "Morning News Supplement" on December 15, 1926, and was later slightly revised and republished in the inaugural issue of "Fudan Xunkan" in November 1927. .He believes that Rousseau's views on women's education "completely correct the theory of equality between men and women in recent years".

(5) Liang Shiqiu said in "Rousseau's On Girls' Education": "The results of modern biological and psychological research prove that not only are there differences between men and women, but there are also differences between men and men, and between women and women. In short In short, there are no two people in the world who are indistinguishable. What kind of education should be given to what kind of people." (6) "Natural Inequality" Rousseau said in (published in 1762): "There are two kinds of inequality in human beings: one, which I call natural or biological inequality, because it is Based on nature, arising from differences in age, health, physical strength, and quality of mind or heart; the other may be called spiritual or political inequality, because it arises from an agreement, due to the assent of men. It is set, or at least its existence is recognized by everyone.” (According to Li Changshan’s translation, published by the Commercial Press in 1926.) (7) The two sentences "I will accommodate those who suit my taste" are the words in Liang Shiqiu's "Rousseau on Girls' Education". (8) Arnold (M. Arnold, 1822-1888) a general translator of Arnold, a British poet and literary critic.Liang Shiqiu often quotes his opinions in his works such as "Literary Criticism and Debate" and "Literary Discipline". (9) Babbitt (I. Babbitt, 1865-1933), one of the leaders of the so-called "New Humanism" movement in modern America, and a professor at Harvard University.In his book "Rousseau and Romanticism", he lashed out at Rousseau.Liang Shiqiu said that Rousseau "has no merits" based on his opinion. (10) Upton Sinclair A Tong Sinclair (1878-1968), American novelist.The following "Mammonart", that is, "The Art of Worshiping Money", is a monograph by Sinclair that explains literature and art in various historical eras from an economic point of view, published in 1925. Pasadena in California, the city of Pasadena in California.According to the quotation, Ayi is the name of an artist from the original era in the book.The quotations here are retranslated from the Japanese translation of "The Art of Worshiping Money" by Kimura Life and Death (published by Jinxingdo, Tokyo in 1927). (11) The word Mammon comes from the Aramaic language of ancient West Asia, and was transplanted into modern Western European languages ​​through Greek.The god of wealth in ancient Greek mythology is Plutos.