Chapter 8 Hachishi

When Chen Yinke was teaching at Tsinghua University, many scholars went to Japan to study Chinese culture. Chen said angrily: "The country can be destroyed, but history cannot be destroyed." Die. Tian Balu Zhong failed to achieve both, and he will be shamed by the kings." Through research and interpretation of oracle bone inscriptions, Wang Guowei obtained physical evidence of the kings of the Shang Dynasty passed down in "Historical Records·Yin Benji", which proved that Sima Qian was a serious historian.Guo Moruo said: "The discovery of Yin Ruins is the beginning of new historiography; Wang Guowei's achievements are the beginning of new historiography."

Kang Youwei wrote in his poem "Cao Tang Shows His Sons": "Liu Xiu has usurped the orthodoxy, politicians have also suffered from Li Si, the Datong Dao has hidden ritual scriptures, and it is easy to say that it will perish before the economic success. A good history is like two Sima, and there is only one scripture passed down." Gongyang, if a group of dragons don’t have a leader, who knows what’s auspicious, and they have their own leader Qianyuan.” Zhang Zhidong said: "The old ones choke and waste food, and the new ones are overwhelmed and sheep perish. The old ones don't know how to understand, and the new ones don't know the basics. If you don't know the basics, you won't have the skills to deal with the enemy and change; if you don't know the basics, you will be wrong." The heart of famous teaching."

Gu Hongming said: The spirit of Chinese culture lies in a kind of good people's religion, in which every woman is selflessly and absolutely loyal to her husband. The meaning of loyalty includes helping him to take concubines; every man is selflessly and absolutely loyal to his monarch, king or Emperor, the meaning of selflessness includes giving one's ass. When Zhang Taiyan was young, he was inspired by his grandfather Zhu Youqian. When he was eleven or twelve years old, Zhu taught "Donghualu", saying that the defense against Yi and Xia must be strict.Zhang asked: "Has anyone talked about this kind of thing before?" Zhu said: "Wang Chuanshan and Gu Tinglin have already talked about it, especially the words of Wang's, which are really thorough. If the Ming dynasty dies, the clothes and cultural relics will also die with it." Zhang said: "Ming died in the Qing, it is better to die in Li Chuang." Zhu replied: "There is no need to say that now. If Li Chuang conquered the world of Ming, Chuang Although he is not a good person, his descendants may not all be bad people, but there is no need to say this now."

Liang Qichao wrote in the preface: "I haven't seen a coffin that has been built for decades and hundreds of years, and the theory is still undecided! Each is what it is, and it is not what it is not. Those who talk about people will draw lessons from it. Said: Someone Here, there are tens of millions who praise, and tens of millions who destroy; those who praise reach their extremes, and those who destroy also reach their extremes; Reputation is enough to compensate for the destruction; if this is the case, how human is it? It can be said that it is very human. It does not matter whether it is an extraordinary hero or an extraordinary hero, but it must be possible to act in its position. Ordinary mediocre people's eyes and tongues are illuminated by candles, and those who are yellowish. Those who know this can read my "Li Hongzhang." He also said: "I respect Li Hongzhang's talent, I cherish Li Hongzhang's knowledge, and I feel sorry for Li Hongzhang's encounter. "

Hu Shi said: "Every time I read history, until the battle of Opium, the battle of Britain and France, etc., I always call it the straight of China; when it comes to the battle of Gengzi, I will never call it the straight of boxers." Li Dazhao commented on Marxism: "In all fairness, Ma's theory is really a product of an era. In Ma's era, it is really the biggest discovery. Of course, we should not use the theory of this era to explain all history. , or just take it as a whole and apply it to the society we live in, but the value of his era and that special discovery must not be erased."

On May 9, 1915, Lu Zhengxiang, Cao Rulin, and Shi Luben personally sent the "Twenty-One" to the Japanese Legation.Cao recalled this experience, "I feel desolate in my heart, if I have the feeling of handing down the form." Lu Zhengxiang told him that when the "Russian Pavilion with the Festival" was in the past, the Russian Finance Minister Ved was negotiating with Yang Ru on the lease of Luda. Negotiations failed, and the treaty was placed on the public case for Yang to sign.Yang replied that he could not sign without the order of our emperor.Vader yelled at the desk, uttered rude words, and was arrogant and rude.Yang was full of anger and was very old. When he went out, he slipped and fell on the stone steps, so he couldn't get up.Cao Youshi lamented: "The diplomacy of a weak country is deplorable."

Chen Duxiu concluded in 1904: If the wisdom of the people of a country is not widely opened, and if the people do not have the power to participate in the management of the country, the foundation of the country will always not be solid.If you only pin your hopes on the good ministers, then when the good ministers are around, the country can still be peaceful. Once the good ministers die, the people will die, and the country will still decline. Chen Duxiu said: "The 'May 4th' Movement was an inevitable product of the development of modern Chinese society. No matter whether it is a merit or a crime, it should not be attributed to those few people. However, Mr. Cai, Shizhi and I were the ones who were in the ideological and public opinion at that time. As for the person who bears the main responsibility, there are doubts about major issues, and I am not in the country, and I, who died later, have to say it in this short article by the way, so as to inform the world and future generations, and remember Mr. Cai!"

Regarding the young Mao Zedong, Li Huang wrote in his memoirs: "At that time (1918) he was already 25 years old. Due to the limitation of the environment, he did not study much, and the foundation of Chinese and Western knowledge was very poor at that time. But other He was less calm-minded, but more practical, which left a deep impression on me.” In his later years, Chen Duxiu recalled: “Mao and I had no personal animosity before, and I thought he was an actual worker in the peasant movement, with a political level. is very low.” Chen Duxiu commented on Lu Xun in the 1930s: "Lu Xun is to the Communist Party what Wu Zhihui is to the Kuomintang. Apart from being praised, he is grateful and repays his gratitude. He must no longer have a sense of right and wrong regardless of interests."

Chen Duxiu's later life was bleak. Wang Senran, who wrote his biographer, said: "Husband Chinese people take conservatism as their nature, and obeying their actions as a great religion. In addition, Chen's anti-religious warlords and Confucianism also led the proletarian revolution impressively. Cursed in horror, it is not surprising that it is not good enough! Gu Zheng sees his own political views, and his personality is his own personality, but how can he win because of differences in political views, the same party and different parties, but secretly reporting privately to frame him? This village woman punishes each other Poor technology, but it is not intended that it comes from the revolutionary leadership class. It has caused the current situation in China that is neither black nor white, neither pain nor itching, neither war nor peace, nor defending nor going away, making bright and magnificent people unable to survive In society, those who are hurt can’t get rich from themselves. Woohoo, it’s the country’s great sorrow to be so robbing and stealing power.”

Hu Shi always supported the traitor Wang Jingwei.Until the death of Wang Jingwei in 1944, Hu Shi not only condemned Wang as a traitor for treason without a single word in the 13th November, on the contrary, he wrote with great compassion: "Wang Jingwei died in a Japanese hospital. Poor. Jingwei lived his whole life." The disadvantage is that he is famous as a 'martyr', and he will inevitably have a 'martyr' complex throughout his life. He always feels, 'I don't care about my life, can you still believe me?'” Hu Shi said: "History is a little girl who can be dressed up by others."

Luo Ergang wrote "The Outline of the History of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom", praising the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom everywhere.After seeing it, his mentor Hu Shi said very angrily: "Since the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom rebelled in modern China, it has not recovered its vitality for decades, but you have not written it! You even said that the New Literature Movement was influenced by the popular literature promoted by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom." , but I have never read the vernacular of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.” Luo Ergang continued to write his "History of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom", which was praised. Chen Duxiu wanted to see him in prison, so he went to ask Hu Shi, who was still very unhappy: "Chen Duxiu has always been politically biased, how can he study the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom? It is better not to see him." .” What is little known is that the "May 4th" Movement received the understanding and support of many "villains".Royalist Kang Youwei publicly praised the student movement: "Since the Song Dynasty university students Chen Dong and Ouyang Che, this is a rare grand event. May I ask the 400 million people who are not happy with the students' move?" He also said: "Since the Republic of China, In the past eight years, there has been no real public opinion or real civil rights, and this started from the students' actions." He also advocated the immediate release of the arrested students and the execution of the traitors Cao and Zhang.Lin Shu, the number one enemy of the New Literature Movement, expressed support for the boycott of Japanese goods.The frontline general of the Beiyang faction, Wu Peifu, sent a telegram to support the students, denounced the government, and soon sang anti-Japanese songs and "disarmed" to the north.Zhang Jingyao, governor of Hunan, and Chen Guangyuan, governor of Jiangxi, also asked the government to dismiss Cao, Zhang and Lu, and strive to take back Qingdao.The Minister of Education, Fu Zengxiang, submitted his resignation three times. Using this as a shield, the government withdrew the order to punish the students who caused the accident; he also resolutely refused to sign the order to dissolve the relevant schools.Even Zhang Zongxiang, who was beaten up by the students, entrusted his wife to write a petition to the State Council to release the students. Sun Fuyuan sighed and said: The historical significance of the "May 4th" Movement has become more and more obvious year by year; the specific impression of the "May 4th" Movement has become more and more forgotten year by year. Feng Youlan said: China lacks clear thinking, and the compensation they get is more rational happiness. They are rational hedonists who give up strength for enjoyment, so they don't need science. They only hope to conquer themselves. Therefore, the power of science is not needed. In their view, the content of wisdom is not rational knowledge, and the function of wisdom is not to increase material wealth. Taoists believe that material wealth can only bring chaos to the mind. Feng Youlan said: In Chinese philosophy, Mencius School of Confucianism and Zhuang School of Taoism both take the mystical realm as the highest state, and mystical experience as the highest achievement of personal cultivation, but the two methods are different. Taoism uses pure experience to forget oneself, Confucianism uses love Career is selfless, selfless and selfless, and the individual is one with the universe. Feng Youlan said again: The reason why people from Britain, America and Western Europe are "wise", "rich" and "strong" is not because they are from Britain, America and other countries, but because they are city dwellers; the reason why Chinese people are "stupid" ", "poor" and "weak" people are not because they are Chinese, but because the Chinese are country people. Chen Yinke said: "Observing the current general situation silently, there is no doubt that our country will follow the track of the Han and Tang Dynasties in the future and devote all our efforts to the management of the Northwest." Yu Rizhang went to the Washington Conference as a representative of the people, and the Sino-Japanese debate was raging. A foreigner asked Yu: "Do the Chinese have the ability to govern themselves?" Yu asked, "Have you read world history?" He replied "Yes."Yu went on to ask: "Among the countries in the world, which country has a national autonomous government that is not dominated by foreign races and has a long history like China? Please tell me if there is one!" The other party retreated at a loss for words. Wu Yue went to a private school to study when he was young. From the age of 12, he took part in the boy's test every year and failed. After the age of 19, he stopped studying stereotyped essays and loved to read ancient Chinese diction, especially history. "Every time I read the history of the Ming Dynasty, I recite a long chant, and I can't put my sighs and sighs." Feng Zhi listened to Lu Xun's lecture and felt that Lu Xun's evaluation of historical figures was very different from the traditional one.For example, when talking about Qin Shihuang, Lu Xun said: "Many historical books have unreliable evaluations of characters. In the past dynasties, those who ruled for a long time were commented by people from their own dynasty, and most of them praised their emperors; those who ruled for a short time , the emperor of that dynasty could easily be dismissed as a 'tyrant', because the reviewer was from another dynasty. Qin Shihuang made contributions in history, but he suffered from the fact that the Qin Dynasty was too short." When talking about Cao Cao, He said: "Cao Cao has been ruined. Not to mention that he has made many achievements in political reform, even his character is not distorted in novels and dramas. If someone as arrogant as Mi Heng, I Cao Cao killed him a long time ago." Gu Jiegang believed that the ancient history of China is a muddled account, fabricated casually for more than two thousand years.As time went by, the central figure in the legend became bigger and bigger.For example, Shun was just a sage who "governed by doing nothing" when he was Confucius, but he became a sage who "govern the country after the family is in order" in "Yao Dian", and he became a model of filial son when he was Mencius.Gu called this phenomenon "ancient Chinese history created layer by layer." Gu Weijun thought that China's affairs were difficult to handle, especially diplomacy.He believes that the object of internal affairs is the people, and the object of foreign affairs is the country.In domestic affairs, sometimes you can charge a lot of money and write a bad promise. Anyway, the people are ignorant and powerless, and they can't do anything to you.As for diplomacy, it must be genuine, not fake, and not demand a high price, otherwise it will be boring and reap the consequences.He once said: "Since the Paris Peace Conference, I have dealt with a lot of China's diplomacy. The problem I have made is that everyone asks for prices randomly. Suffering." Among the foreigners who mediated or interfered in China's internal affairs in modern times, Marshall was the one with the most prominent status and prestige.Ma Yinchu once said: "The eyes of the people of the whole country are fixed on him, with endless hopes, as if the fate of China is already in his hands. The position of supreme leader seems to have been transferred to him." "Ta Kung Pao" in an editorial Said: "General Labor Marshall came to China to promote the democratic unity of China. The matter itself completely shames the Chinese people who know the shame." Xu Yongchang said: "This time Marshall came to China, I wrote a letter to accuse the government. There are more than 3,000 losers, all of whom belong to various parties and factions. They can submit letters to the government or appeal to public opinion. In extreme cases, they can also start a revolution, but they have the audacity to think that this can be used to flatter outsiders. The people of a country If many people have no character, their country will also have no national character.” Lei Haizong believed that Chinese intellectuals could rely on the invisible organization between the emperor and groups to maintain their power in peaceful and prosperous times. When the world was in chaos, they would lose their ability to stand on their own, and the power would be transferred to the hands of hooligans.Scholar-bureaucrats are mostly conservative and have no ability to cope with the situation.The actions of scholar-bureaucrats in troubled times are almost all actions that harm the country and harm the country.From the party disaster at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the old and new party struggles in the Song Dynasty to the Donglin Party at the end of the Ming Dynasty, "they were all acts of forming a party for personal gain under serious internal or external troubles. No matter whether the initial motivation was pure or not, it later became a competition for sentiment and power. "Everyone would rather harm the country than sacrifice their own opinions and face, and of course they would not give up their own self-interest. What all parties and factions are talking about are subjectively insincere and objectively unrealistic high-profile." At the Cairo Conference, Chiang Kai-shek and his wife saw through the fact that Britain did not aid China.Chiang said in his diary: "From the experience of the Cairo Conference, Britain is absolutely unwilling to sacrifice the slightest benefit to benefit others...Britain's selfishness and harm are worthy of being a model of imperialism." Jiang Baili said: The concept of the country has never been strong enough in the Chinese people, and the central government of a country is often not strong unless it was founded a generation ago.On the other hand, defending the locality can exert greater strength, so sometimes a new vital force often arises from the locality (people). Zhang Yinlin said, "Writing a general history of China is always an adventure." He believes that "all historical goals and plans that are beyond the personal mind are false"; "The exploration of history is based on the remains of past human activities in the present. , in order to reconstruct the truth of past human activities. The view of history without evidence is just delirium.” During the Anti-Japanese War, Qian Mu wrote the "Outline of National History" at the Southwest Associated University. He specifically proposed that "the truth about the evolution of our country, nation, and past culture should be clearly shown to others, which is the necessary wisdom for those who are willing to understand the evolution of China's past political, social, cultural, and ideological Knowledge" as a necessary condition for compiling a new general history; and to show the people of the country to establish a belief that citizens of any country "who have a little knowledge of their country's past history must be accompanied by a kind of warmth for their country's past history." and respect." In 1941, the National Institute of Compilation and Translation asked Wu Han to write a "History of the Ming Dynasty". Shortly after Wu Han submitted the manuscript, the manuscript was returned with a note saying: "The rise of the Red Army is planned to be changed to the rise of the civilian army, and all the following changes will be made accordingly." Wu Han Furiously said: "I would rather not publish this book, this word must not be changed!" In 1941, Chiang Kai-shek commented on the New Culture Movement of that year: "Let's try to see what the so-called New Culture Movement was referring to at that time. Looking at the general actual situation at that time, we really can't see its specific content. Is it advocating vernacular Chinese? Cultural movement? Is the sporadic introduction of Western literature and art the New Culture Movement? Is the overthrow of Confucianism and denial of the country’s history the New Culture Movement? Is breaking all discipline and expanding individual freedom the New Culture Movement? Is it blindly worshiping foreign countries without making any choices? The introduction and acceptance of foreign cultures is the New Culture Movement? If so, then the new culture we want is too childish, too cheap, and too dangerous!" Chiang Kai-shek was closing his doors in the mountainous area of ​​Fujian during the "May 4th" Movement Reading, I have dabbled in the economic and political theories of the West, Russia and Japan, and it cannot be said that I have no feeling for the New Culture Movement.His five parallel questions in the above article really seem to be full of halberds and beards, and the flesh is visible at every root. Huang Renyu is famous at home and abroad for his "big view of history". He believes that China's backwardness is because it cannot "manage digitally." "Numerical management can also be called business management. The relationship between each other cannot be described by digital concepts such as money and funds. This is a society that cannot be managed by numbers, such as the agricultural society in the late Ming Dynasty in China. The same is true for rural Indian society, which is not based on money transaction relationships, but by caste The system is managed by the division of labor by caste. In many areas of the world today, social customs and religion are integrated into one, and religious management is implemented, such as Indian society where Hinduism is popular, and Muslim Middle East and North African societies. A digitally governed society. To be digitally governed, privilege and social isolation must be abolished.” Yu Yingshi said: "'May 4th' was a precocious cultural movement, congenitally deficient and acquired disorder." Lei Zhen did not bow his head or kneel in prison.His spine is always straight.His bones have always been hard.In a letter to his children, he said: "I am the one who created Chinese history. I am confident that I am in the right direction and work hard. History will prove it to me." Jin Yong ran "Ming Pao" in Hong Kong back then, wrote editorials, and predicted the political situation in mainland China (especially during the "Cultural Revolution"). Whenever he was hit, someone asked him what the secret was. Look, while researching, "It made me understand the laws of China's history, and almost all Chinese people follow this law." When summing up the way to live a long life, Shi Zhecun said: "I have been watching all my life, only watching but not participating. So I didn't die at all." He advocated that intellectuals only write "Historical Records" to record history, which is very good, and there is no need to directly Participate in social change. Yang Hui was once one of the leaders who set fire to Zhaojialou during the May 4th Movement, but he has always been silent about this "glorious history".One of his students, Huang Xiuji, said: "Just because he was the leader who jumped into Zhaojialou during the May 4th Movement, and he never mentioned his bravery in the past, is enough for us to admire him for a lifetime." From 1950 until the "Cultural Revolution" , as the longest-serving dean of the Chinese Department in the history of Peking University, Yang Hui left the Chinese Department with a widely circulated and influential "famous saying": "The Chinese Department does not train writers!" On Zhang Xueliang's 90th birthday, many reporters flocked to him, but he only accepted a separate interview from the NHK.He said: "My life was ruined by Japan, and I don't want Japanese young people to make the mistakes of the past"; he wanted Japanese youth to understand, "Don't use force, use force can't solve any problems, this has been taught by history us". Wu Han once said: The development of culture is often due to accumulation.The culture of one place and one place rarely comes suddenly and disappears suddenly.Therefore, in Chinese history, the rise and fall of culture rarely coincides with the rise and fall of dynasties... It must be known that the task of cultural historians is to explore the laws of historical evolution and precisely point out the traces of the transition from old to new. Jia Zhifang said in the preface of "Inside and Out of Prison": My pursuits, loves and hates, beliefs, and various personal experiences in this world can all be used as historical witnesses, providing young people and future generations with something richer than official history and official books. and something real. Chen Yinke said: "Looking at the history books, the transfer and decline of the class of ordinary scholars and bureaucrats is often related to the changes in moral standards and social customs. When the transition between the old and the new, there is often a complex state of affairs, that is, the new moral standards and social customs. The old moral standards, the new social customs and the old social customs coexist and miscellaneous. Each has its own right, but each other is not right. Sicheng is also the one who has nothing to do with the facts. Although, at this moment, the moral standards and social customs are chaotic and changing At that time, there is a difference between the virtuous and the unworthy and the clumsy among the people of the scholar-bureaucrat class who are transferred and ascended. The virtuous and the clumsy often feel pain, and finally disappear. It is well-known and well-known. What is the reason? It is due to the good use or poor use of these two or more different standards and customs to cope with this environment. For example, in a store, old and new weights and measures coexist for miscellaneous purposes. The disciple buys with a weight that is big and heavy, and sells with a weight that is short and light. The actions of the wise and the clumsy are the opposite. Therefore, the success or failure of the two is determined."