Chapter 3 Three preachers

Ma Heng lectured on "Jinshi Xue" at Peking University, and took students to the Forbidden City to see Shang and Zhou bronzes.The student asked him: "How do you know it is true?" Ma Heng said: "If you want to know what is true, you must first know what is false." The student asked again: "Then, how do you know what is false? Ma Heng said: "If you want to know what is false, you must first know what is true!" Liang Qichao said: "I love Confucius, and I love the truth more." In 1929, Liang Qichao's health gradually deteriorated. His students Xie Guozhen and Xiao Longyou advised him to stop working and take more rest.Liang said: "Soldiers die on the battlefield, and scholars die on the forum." He died soon after. In 1982, Xie Guozhen was hospitalized due to illness, and he still insisted on reading books. Xiao Longyou's son Xiao Zhang went to visit him and advised him not to read books and pay attention to rest during his recuperation period.Xie said: "Soldiers die on the battlefield, scholars die on the forum, and the teacher's training must not be violated!"

Zhang Taiyan, Liu Shipei, and Huang Kan often discuss learning together. Once, Liu Shipei lamented that he had no disciples with outstanding qualifications to be his heirs. Huang Kan asked loudly, "How about I be your closed disciple?" Liu Shipei thought Huang Kan Just joking, he said: "You have a famous teacher yourself, how can you be wronged?" Huang Kan said honestly: "As long as you don't think I have insulted the family wall, I will hold the disciple ceremony." Sealed ten oceans with red paper, and went to Liu's house to kowtow to apprentice.Some people think that Huang's knowledge is better than Liu's, so there is no need to underestimate his status. Huang said: "The "Three Rites" is Liu's family study, otherwise it cannot inherit the unique learning.

Huang Kan is only two years younger than Liu Shipei. On the first day when Wang Kaiyun took office in the Zunjing Academy, he taught the students the method of studying the classics, saying: "To govern the classics in the "Yi", one must know the meaning of the Yi word with numbers, and not use the name of the hexagram in vain; in order to read the scriptures, one must first break the sentence; In "Poetry", it is necessary to foretell the speeches given by men and women, which are not enough to be awarded to academic officials, and passed on to future generations. It can be said that "Li", "Li" is clear and then governs "Spring and Autumn." He also said: "Say The scriptures regard writing as the most valuable, not knowing the characters of "Shuowen Jiezi", "If the writing is not taken from the ancients, the law will perish, and if the writing is completely imitated, the meaning of the ancients will be lost."

Gu Hongming once taught the method of memory, saying that the first step is impression, the second step is retention, and the last step is recollection.When a foreigner asked him why he had such a memory, he said: "You foreigners remember by brain, we Chinese remember by heart." When Chen Yinke was teaching at Sun Yat-Sen University, there were often more professors on campus than students during his lectures. Chen Yinke had the title of "professor's professor". On the morning of December 1, 1953, at Chen Yinke's home, Wang Qian had a long talk with his teacher Chen Yinke.According to the teacher's request, Wang Qian recorded a long dictated essay by Chen Yinke.In this "Reply to the Academy of Sciences", Chen said: "My thoughts and opinions are completely found in the "Monument to Mr. Wang Guantang" I wrote... I will never oppose the current regime. I read the original text of "Das Kapital" in Switzerland. But I don't think it is possible to keep Marxist-Leninist views first, and then study academics. The people I want to invite and the apprentices I want to lead must have free thinking and independent spirit. No, that is not me. students. So whether it is Zhou Yiliang or Wang Yongxing, they are my students from my point of view, otherwise they are not.”

Chen Yinke said: "Although I am engaged in learning, I must not rely on learning to make a living, and morality is especially not good for hunger and cold. It is best to find another place to live besides learning and morality. Business is the best." When Xia Chengtao commented on Chen Yinke, he said: "There are three kinds of books: first, to benefit readers; second, to make the study itself discoverable; third, to make readers admire the author's erudition and meticulousness. Chen Jun's book is between two and three." Chen Yinke said: Without free thought and independent spirit, that is to say, it is impossible to carry forward the truth, that is, it is impossible to study academics. Everything is a trivial matter, but this is a major event; When it is also equivalent to Xuanzang's knowledge-only learning, it can neither occupy the highest position in our country's ideology, and it will eventually die out.Chinese culture, after thousands of years of evolution, will gradually decline and will eventually revive.

Shi Quan's "China's Political Situation Before and After the Sino-Japanese War of Sino-Japanese War" was opened under the guidance of his tutor Chen Yinke. This was the only time Chen Yinke guided students to write a dissertation on modern Chinese history, and he was able to enlighten Shi Quan on many details.But at the same time, Chen said to Shi Quan: "I can guide you. In fact, I am familiar with the history of the late Qing Dynasty, but I can't do research in this area. If you do it seriously, you will inevitably be emotional. In this way, you will not look at the problem objectively." gone."

Chen Yuan often said to people: "Don't rush to publish a paper or a monograph after finishing it. It should be read by three types of people: first, people whose level is higher than yours; people.” He thought that this could be reflected from different angles for revision. According to Feng Zikai's recollection of his teacher Uncle Li, he wrote at the same time: Once he came to my house.I asked him to sit in the rattan chair.He shook the rattan chair slightly, and then sat down slowly.At first I was afraid to ask.Later, seeing that he was like this every time, I asked him.The mage replied, "In this chair, between the two vines, there may be insects. If you sit down suddenly, you will crush them to death, so shake it first, and sit down slowly so that they can escape."

Feng Zikai adored Li Shutong, and the relationship between the two of them as a teacher and apprentice was as high as heaven and earth.Li Shutong is gentle and elegant, with a stunning appearance in his gestures, which is why Feng Zikai worships him.So Xia Mianzun said: "Zi Kai is fascinated by Li Shutong!" Zhao Yuanren told his daughter that he studied linguistics for "fun".There is a lot of deep meaning hidden behind the simple sentence "fun". Zhou Zuoren said: "Science is actually very moral!" An assignment, cited by students.Gu Jiegang said: "When quoting ancient books and materials, the original books must be used. They are second-hand goods, which are not enough to win people's trust."

Once again, he was careless and wrote a wrong word. The teacher scolded him: "Be careful, don't let a word go lightly." Once again, he had to write on a big topic, and this time the teacher scolded him even more severely: "Your problem is to create a big problem. You must know that it takes a lot of effort to write a big topic, and it is not easy to do it fully; small topics can be done fully and powerfully, impeccably. Some things, you can make a big deal out of a molehill, but in terms of learning, you have to make a lot of trouble out of a molehill.” Gu Zhi set up a tent at Lushan Mountain Temple to accept disciples. Du Xuan and others went to attend the class. Gu Zhi asked him what books he had brought, and Du said he had only brought a copy of Ci Yuan. "Ciyuan"?" Du said: "If I don't know the characters, why don't I check "Ciyuan"?" Gu became even more angry, and said loudly: "Why, my students look up "Ciyuan"?" Later Gu Zhi calmed down. , just said: "In learning, you can't rely on second-hand goods. For words you don't understand, you have to look up "Shuowen", "Erya", and "Shui Jing"", "You have to look up the place where the word first appeared. , so that they are reliable. Books like "Ciyuan" are second-hand and unreliable. We must have the spirit of getting to the bottom of our studies."

Cai Dongfan has a saying: "For my writing, I don't have to learn from the ancients, and I don't have to force myself to learn from the ancients; I don't have to learn from the present, and I don't have to blindly follow the present." Mongolian Tongyu and students: "You don't have to do learning, but you have to be an upright person." "Smart people use stupid kung fu".This is what Mr. Hu Xiaoshi warned his disciple Wang Jisi.Wang Jisi was taught by Mr. Hu at Southeast University in his early years.Once he sent one of his papers to Mr. Hu for review.The thesis analyzes Yuan Haowen's "On Thirty Poems", and Wang Jisi uses Zhang Hua's words of "the battle of Pingguan, the benefit lies in winning two talents" to interpret "if the theory of merit is accurate to Pingguan, co-authoring gold casts Ziang" sentence.Hu Xiaoshi believed that this allusion only explained the first sentence, but the latter sentence was not found, so he suggested that he look up the book "Guoyu".Mr. Ji Si looked it up as instructed, and found out that the last sentence used the allusion in "Yueyu" that Gou Jian used gold to cast Fan Li's statue.

Chen Zhongfan studied the ancient book "Nine Matters of Judgment": distinguishing the truth from the false, knowing the way, understanding the interpretation, distinguishing the sentences, examining the facts, understanding the rules, knowing the family law, observing the historical facts, and knowing the flow. Chen Wangdao said: "If a person wants to achieve success in his career, he needs seven points of scholarly spirit and three points of witty spirit. When the scholarly spirit reaches ten points, he will stay still, and when the witty spirit grows to ten points, he will float." Every time Gu Sui steps up to the podium, he often picks up a topic that he felt at the time, and then expands on it, sometimes in depth, and can lecture for hours or even weeks.For example, once the teacher came to class, stepped on the podium, turned around and wrote three lines on the blackboard: "Consciousness, awareness of others; self-interest, altruism; self-passing, crossing others." At first glance, these three sentences seem to have nothing to do with learning poetry, but only about being a human being and learning the Tao. However, Mr. Wang has inspired a lot of wonderful ideas about poetry.What Mr. Wang first clarified is that the main function of poetry is to move people, so the person who writes poetry must first have the heart of putting himself in touch with others and putting himself in touch with things.The husband thinks that one must first have the same heart with the people, and then one can have the poetic heart of sentimentality and sharpness.So Mr. said that a great poet must have the spirit of turning the ego into the big ego, and there are two ways or methods for self-expansion: one is to care about the vast world, and the other is to care for the vast world. The integration of nature. When Ye Jiaying finished her studies, she became a teacher. When she went south, Gu Sui said to her: "The person who does not want to be a sycophant is that he is not a sycophant. Zeng Shen also." Ye Jiaying will never forget this trust in her life, she said: The reason why I have always carried the notes I took when I listened to Mr.'s lectures with me in half my life, lest I lose them, is because I know very well that the essence and meaning of Mr. A priceless treasure that is absolutely unobtainable.There is a saying in the ancients that "the teacher of classics is easy to get, but the teacher is hard to find." What the teacher gives to people is the enlightenment of the soul and the improvement of personality. —— "The Complete Works of Gu Sui Preface" Mr. Xia Chengtao also recorded such a dream in his diary, saying that his predecessor was Song Huizong Yunyun.But the husband pays more attention to the hard work of the day after tomorrow.He said: "I once told a friend jokingly that the word 'stupid' comes from 'ben', and 'stupid' is the capital of my studies." obtained through effort. Zhou Zumo followed the "sequential reading method" in reading and learning.He said: "To specialize in a certain subject, you must first read the relevant basic books, and then cover others. If you are engaged in language research, you must first learn linguistics well. If you want to be able to pronounce, you must be able to use phonetic marks. This is necessary One step; if you are engaged in literary research, the summary of literary history is a necessary step; as for language and characters, you must first read "Shuowen Jiezi" before you can study ancient characters; when studying history, you should start with the general history first, and then conduct the study of dynastic history .” Feng Zhi's thinking on nature, life, and life are very meaningful.He raised several main questions: 1. Endure loneliness, endure, and silently take on a big universe.silent as nature; 2. The greatness in the ordinary, living in the dark and trying to "live up to a name" like the noble white grass in nature, doing useful careers like the old man who digs the road on the mountain, or the person who builds a lighthouse on an isolated island, embodies the ordinary greatness in 3. Take nature as a model and maintain an upward mood. Qian Mu has been a primary school teacher for 10 years, a middle school teacher for 8 years, and a university teacher for even longer.But he has a soft spot for the life of primary school teachers.He said that when he was teaching in elementary school, there were about a hundred students in each school. Teachers and students gathered together, colleagues were like brothers, and teachers and students were like family members.Live in school every day, eat in school, work in school, group is like family, career is life.School is like a main house, so teaching in elementary school always feels at ease.However, middle schools and universities are larger than primary schools, have more staff than primary schools, and the communication between teachers, students and colleagues is more cumbersome.From this we know that middle school teachers and university teachers are even more professions. In his later years, Qian Mu told people many times that it is better to teach middle schools than universities, and it is better to teach elementary schools than middle schools. ——Ma Jianqiang: "How Qian Mu Became a Primary School Teacher" Mr. Wu Shichang said: "Teaching without teaching is more effective than any teaching. You must develop the habit of asking, answering, and studying yourself." Mr. Wu Shichang said: The word itself is clear and understandable.There is a rule of thumb: read source books, read less or no anthologies and annotations, and think independently, so as not to be deceived. Liang Shuming didn't read much when he was young, but he was energetic. His famous work "Chinese and Western Cultures and Their Philosophy" divides human culture into three types: Chinese, Western, and Indian for discussion, which is absolutely original.Jiang Baili called it "a work that shakes the past and shines today", while Hu Qiuyuan believed that the work "has original significance and astonishingly profound thinking power". Liang Shuming believes that the greatness of Chinese culture is none other than the greatness of human reason.The lack of Chinese culture is not a lack of reason, but a lack of rationality and culture. In 1966, the Red Guards raided Liang Shuming's home and confiscated the unfinished manuscript of "Human Heart and Life". Liang wrote to Mao Zedong and said: "If this manuscript is destroyed, what good will it be for me to be born in this world." Under Mao Zedong's arrangement, The manuscript was returned. In 1975, Liang Shuming finally completed the book "Human Heart and Life", which said: "The only true religion exists in the precocious Buddhism in ancient India, and it will prevail in the end of communism." In the early 1930s, when Wu Jianxiong was studying in the Physics Department of Central University, his teacher, Professor Shi Shiyuan, was a doctoral student of Marie Curie.Shi Shiyuan often told students various anecdotes about Madame Curie. From then on, Wu Jianxiong took Madame Curie as his idol. Decades later, Wu Jianxiong was called "China's Madame Curie". Xiong Shili admonished Zhang Zhongxing's words: "In the midst of busy schedules every day, you must read ancient and modern works. At least a few pages, without interruption. When looking for meaning, you must study from multiple perspectives, and you must delve into the depths. Don't use superficial understanding as an excuse. Real enlightenment also." Zhang Jiluan taught Wang Yunsheng the twenty-character secret before his death: "Write honest essays with a sharp pen; write sharp essays with a blunt pen." Wu Qingyuan said: Go itself is not a martial art, but a cultural one.Go has nothing to do with politics. Zhang Zhongxiao said: "In the darkness, the only way to make yourself beneficial to the darkness is to make yourself shine." The eminent monk Dade Jingkong recalled when he was studying with Fang Dongmei: I studied philosophy with Mr. Fang Dongmei when I was twenty-six. When Mr. Fang gave me a lecture, the last unit was the philosophy of Buddhist scriptures.He told me that the philosophy of Buddhist scriptures is the highest peak of philosophy in the world, and no philosophy in ancient or modern China or abroad can compare with it.Mr. Fang said: "Learning Buddhism is the highest enjoyment in life!" In the 1920s, Lu Xun said at the inauguration meeting of Xiamen Minmin School: "No one has such great power: can teach you to be enslaved forever. There is no fate that is destined to make you poor all your life. Don't underestimate yourselves. Own……" Qigong said in an article that after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, because someone recommended him to work in the Beiping authorities, he could not make up his mind, so he went to consult his teacher Chen Yuan. Mr. Yuanan said: "The school gave you a letter of appointment. You are a teacher. You are a guest; the yamen issued you a letter of appointment, and you are a subordinate, an official." In November 1980, Lin Tongji gave a speech "The Pursuit of the Chinese Soul" at the University of Berkeley.He greets the audience so much—let me put it this way, the Chinese believe that once you connect yourself to the universe, you become something sacred.You make a commitment of ultimate loyalty to the universe, you are united with God and not with a priest, this is the Chinese way.