Chapter 13 1. The prosperity of the Yu family.Yu Liang Consolidates Family Politics

The Yu family of Yingchuan flourished between the Wei and Jin Dynasties.According to the "Book of the Later Han" Volume 98 "Guo Tai Biography", when Emperor Huan Yingchuan Yucheng "seldom gave the county court to be a disciple", Guo Tai pulled him out when he saw it, persuaded him to travel to Taixue, and then became a servant for all the students.After being able to preach the scriptures, I still think that my family is humble, and I sit down everywhere.Yu Cheng was at the end of the Han Dynasty, and the conquest did not start. When he entered the Wei Dynasty, he was the order of Xiangcheng. See "Yuan He Surname Compilation" Volume 6.Yu Chengziwei, Wei Zhengshi, and Jiaping were both imperial servants and Dahonghe, known as the commanders of the world. In the third year of Jiaping, Sima Yi was ordered to be the Minister of State. He is a hero of the Sima clan.His deeds can be found in "Three Kingdoms·Wei Zhi·Qi Wangfang Ji" Jiaping Sixth Year, the same book "Guan Ning Zhuan" and its annotations, "Jin Shu" Volume 1 "Xuandi Ji" and Volume 50 "Yu Jun Biography".The beginning of the Shou family's gate, should start from Yi, Yi Ziyi, Shangshu of Jin Dynasty, and the subsequent branch veins are not obvious.

Yu Yi had a younger brother Dun, and Dun's two sons Jun and Chun, both of which are biography in "Book of Jin". "Biography of Yu Jun" said that Jun was a doctor at the end of Wei Dynasty. As a servant, Yu Jun said that "the customs are interesting, and the mausoleum is delayed by courtesy", and he advocated "listening to the court officials from the mountains and forests at all times."Yu Chun was not attached to the powerful minister Jia Chong in the Jin Dynasty. He once asked Jia Chong, "Where is the noble township?"According to the actions of Yu Jun, Yu Chun and others, the historian in "Book of Jin" praised "Yu's virtues are recorded in the world, and he is famous in the world", which is a typical form of Han and Wei Confucian families.According to the fashion of the Jin Dynasty, if the big Confucianists in the old days did not turn to Xuanfeng, it would generally be difficult to continue to be valued by the world.If the Yu family wants to make their family prosperous, they must complete the transformation process from Confucianism to Xuan.

The transition of the Yu family from Confucianism to Xuan began with Yu Jun, the son of Yu Jun.Yu Yi read Zhuang Shu, which coincided with his own ideas, "proclaiming himself a follower of Lao Zhuang". "Shi Shuo Xin Yu · Appreciation": "The people of the time Yu Zhonglang (敳) 'good at entrusting the big, good at self-collection'".The note quotes "Biography of Famous Scholars" saying: "Although he is in a position, he has never been self-inflected, calm and smooth, and sent it through. It is a time when there are so many things in the world, and accidents happen frequently. Blessings follow. I am always silent, so there are no sorrows and joys." Yu Yi wrote "Yi Fu" to express his thoughts, expressing the theory that honor and disgrace are consistent, life and death are equal.Yu Yu participated in the military affairs of Wang Yue in the Eastern Sea, and became friends with Wang Yan and Wang Dun.He not only lives in a place of power and among celebrities, to show his status as a family, but also has misfortunes and blessings for no reason, and he is eager to contemplate and bide his time.This is a way of dealing with oneself of the high-level metaphysics at that time.Yu Xi's brothers are Yu Gun and Yu Chen.Yu Gun's deeds are recorded in "Book of Jin" Volume 88 "Biography of Filial Friends".Yu Gong's younger brother Chen, whose deeds are recorded in the "Biography of Foreign Relatives" Volume 93 of "Book of Jin", Yongjia was the prefect of Kuaiji at the beginning.The father of Dagon and Chen lost his name in history.Yu Chen's son Yu Liang, in "Shi Shuo Xin Yu · Virtue", "Yu Gong Riding a Horse You De Lu" commented on "Jinyang Autumn", it is said that Liang "served his father Chen and avoided Kuaiji."

The Yu family in Yingchuan, from the perspective of Yu Yi's "self-possession", Yu Gun's "protection" and Yu Chen's "avoidance", the brothers and sisters of the Zongzhi were scattered, passive in the world, and unable to survive on their own.Compared with the brothers of the Langya Wang family who "uncovered strangeness and spit out strangeness" and took advantage of the time to manage, they are not in the same breath.This is a concrete manifestation of the situation of the Yu family in Yingchuan.Yu Chen, Yu Liang and his son were all created by Langya King Sima Rui.Liang Bi was in the front, and he served as the west of the Zhendong Mansion; Chen Pi was in the back, and offered wine for the prime minister's army counselor.Yu Chen, Yu Liang and his son did not follow Sima Rui's footsteps to seek an official in the south, but lived in Kuaiji, where they were first called.This is very different from the brothers and nephews of the Langya Wang family who gathered in Jiankang in the early Eastern Jin Dynasty to seek profits.Families like the Yu family were able to skyrocket in the Jiangzuo court in the future, and they were included in the Jia family. They held the handle inside, and the towns outside were famous for decades. To a large extent, it was the result of fate.

Yu Yu was in the north, and once set up the Yue Mansion of the King of the East China Sea. At that time, Yu Liang was also set up in the Yue Mansion but failed.This is the only historical relationship Yingchuan Zhishi had with the Jiangzuo regime politically.The prosperity of the Yu family in Jiangzuo is not mainly due to this, but because of the family relationship of the Yu family's marriage to the imperial family and Yu Liang's personal quality of going out of Confucianism and Xuan. During the period of the Jin Dynasty, the world was chaotic and difficult, and fortune and fortune were unpredictable. The nobles and celebrities generally did not stick to etiquette and did not care about world affairs.Among them, there are many people who are qualified in terms of family background, historical origin, and academic style, and can serve as government officials.However, these people either lack the political talent or have no interest in politics.It is not easy to find talents who can entrust state affairs.For example, Chenliu Ruan Fu, according to "The Biography of Ruan Fu" Volume 49 of "Book of Jin", first established the Yue Mansion of the King of the East China Sea.In the Yuan and Ming dynasties, he moved to serve as a servant and minister of the Ministry of Officials because of his talents. "And [Emperor Ming] Dajian, Wen Qiao was ordered by Gu to pass Fu, and he wanted to go with him. Ascended the car, and told him: 'The Lord is then Dajian, the left of the river is dangerous and weak, and the real capital and sages will work together to promote the affairs of the world. When Qing looked forward to returning, now he wants Qu Qing to be entrusted with the same care.'Fu didn't answer, but insisted on getting off the car, but Qiao refused. He hung down to the Taimen, told Qiao that he was under internal pressure, and asked to leave temporarily, and returned home on foot. "Emperor Cheng When he came to the throne, Ruan Fu avoided the Yu family and begged to become Guangzhou.People like Ruan Fu, who came from the noble family, had talents and were favored by the times, but they were unrestrained and wild, and they didn't want to be entrusted with care.

Yu Liang is not.He not only respects the gentry and celebrities entering Xuanfeng, but also does not abolish etiquette and has no place in the world. "Sun Qiyou and Qi Zhuang met Yu Gongtiao when they were young" in "Shishuoxinyu · Yuyu" and the annotation "Sun Fang's Farewell Biography", Yu Liang asked Sun Fang (Qi Zhuang) why he did not admire Zhongni but Zhuangzhou, Fang Conversation: "Zhongni knew it from birth, which is beyond the reach of hope; as for Zhuang Zhou, he is the second one, so I admire my ears." Yu Liang appreciated Sun Fang's answer very much, showing that although Yu Liang himself is good at talking about metaphysics, he is not a master of metaphysics. Confucianism, do not abolish Confucian etiquette and merit.Therefore, the biography says that he "has a stern style, his actions are based on etiquette, and he is not strict in the boudoir", and "everyone at the time is afraid of his strictness".Yu Liang entered and exited Xuan Confucianism, with metaphysical expression and Confucian connotation. This kind of personal quality made him different from most celebrities at that time, and quite similar to Wang Dao.This is probably an important reason why Yu Liangmei was hired as the princess, and Yu Liang was reused by Emperor Ming to balance Wang Dao's power.

But at that time, Yu Liang was inexperienced, and he needed a longer period of training to show his political ability, so that he was widely recognized by the aristocrats.Yu Liang's performance in the Yuan and Ming dynasties roughly has the following aspects. First, oppose advocating Shen and Han.After Sima Rui, king of Langya, crossed the river, he had the thoughts of Shang Shen and Han Yizhang.Later, when the Langya Wang clan took over, Shang Shen and Han became an important means of balancing and restraining the Wang brothers.In the Yuan and Ming dynasties, Yu Liang always opposed Shang Shen and Han, which shows that Yu Liang advocated maintaining the political structure of the clan and opposed restricting it to the law.

Second, do not support the imperial court using Liu Kui and Diao Xie to control the Langya Wang family.Liu Kui was in the position of criminal constitution, and there were many people who violated the law and etiquette of various clans and gentry.Diao Xie also respects the upper and lower, and aims to change the times.Both Liu and Diao were ill by the Langya Wang brothers.In the third year of Taixing (320), Liu Wei planned for the Yuan Emperor, and the town was out of his heart. Qiao Wang Cheng assassinated Linxiang (now Changsha) in Xiangzhou Town, Liu Wei assassinated Huaiyin in Xuzhou Town, and Dai Yuan assassinated Hefei in Yuzhou Town The deployment became an excuse for Wang Dun to raise troops.Wang Dun's soldiers entered the stone, Liu Kai fled, Diao, Dai, Qiao and Wang Cheng were killed one after another. The struggle between the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty was very fierce.However, during this period, Yu Liang was not heard to support Liu and Diao, nor was there any major estrangement between Yu and Wang.According to the "Biography of Yu Liang", in the first year of Taining (324), Wang Dun went to the capital again and settled in the lake. 'Yu Yuangui Xian is far away from Pei '".Wang Dun stated that Yu Liang was the leader of the Central Committee, and then added the Central Book Supervisor, which at least shows that Wang Dun has no objection to Yu Liang, just like he did to Dai Yuan and Zhou Wei.Yu Liang lives close to his relatives and has "Rang Zhong Shu Biao" to show his contentment and keep his points. In "Rang Zhongshu Biao", there are such words as "Your Majesty practices Zuo, the holy government is only new, the ministers are wise, and the officials are salty." They still praise the Wang brothers.This is a concrete manifestation of Yu Liang's attempt to maintain the political structure of aristocrats, but not the same as Liu and Diao.When the shape of Wang Dun's usurpation was determined, Yu and Wang began to show signs of turning against each other. "The Biography of Yu Liang" says that "Wang Dun has different ambitions, he is deeply jealous of the bright and respectful outside, and the bright is worried, so he resigns from the official. The king of the restoration is the supervisor of Zhongshu." Professor, in order to discuss Shen Chong, but at that time the victory or defeat was decided, he was just the bugle number of the Air Force Department, and had no activities.

Third, fight against the Eastern Jin clan and other foreign relatives to maintain the political status of the Yu and Wang clans.In this case, Emperor Ming was relative to King Yushu between Yu and Wang, a family of nobles, which has been discussed above.In addition to the gentry, Emperor Ming also paid attention to some people who were closer to him, such as the clan Nandun Wang Zong, and Yu Yin, the younger brother of the Yuan Emperor Yu Concubine. "Book of Jin" Volume 93 "Wai Qi Yu Yin Biography": "Both Yin and Nandun King Zong were loved by Emperor Ming, and they were banned from soldiers." Befriended by the emperor, entrusted to ban travel. Zong and Dao and Liang have different aspirations, and they connect with Qingxia as their heart, and Dao and Liang together as their words. It is chaos. Liang pushes the door in, ascends to the imperial bed and speaks it, and the emperor realizes it." Volume 73 of the same book "Yu Liang Biography": "As far as the emperor is sick, he does not want to see people, and the officials have no way to enter. General Fujun King Zong of Nandun and General of the Right Guard Yu Yin, etc. were always loved, and they would conspire with Wang Yi of Xiyang (the case is the brother of Wang Zong of Nandun). Liang went straight into the bed, and saw that the emperor was crying. Yi and Zong and others conspired to abolish the ministers, to co-operate and assist the government, and whether the country will be safe or not will be today. The purpose of the speech is cut. The emperor deeply understands it. He led Liang to the throne, and then he and Situ Wang Dao accepted the bequest to care for the young master."

According to the comprehensive examination of the above-quoted materials, in addition to the famous scholars of the gentry, the Emperor Ming also used the clan kings to take charge of the guards and ban travel.Yu Yin's sister, Concubine Yu, had the kindness of her mother's support in Emperor Ming, so Yu Yin had the same affection as her uncle's family, and she was the same as Yi and Zong in the Ming Emperor's house.Yin, Yi, Zong, etc. have different interests from those of Wang Dao and Yu Liang, the famous scholars of the gentry.At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the sons and young ministers were suspicious, and they seemed to have the intention of entrusting Yin, Yi, Zong, etc. to take advantage of their conflicts with the nobles and celebrities to conspire to depose the ruling Wang Dao, Yu Liang and others.They used the power of forbidden soldiers to blockade the palace province and isolate the officials. With the intention of strengthening the emperor, they planned to dethrone him.It is conceivable that Wang Dao, not Yu Liang, bears the brunt of this struggle.At that time, it had only been a year since the rebellion in Wang Dun subsided, and Wang Dao was too busy protecting his family's interests, so he had no strength to participate in this competition.Whether it can break through this situation and maintain the clan politics that has just formed and yet to be consolidated depends on Yu Liang.At this time, Yu Liang resolutely used his special status as the emperor's uncle to reject the door, and only then was he able to turn the situation around, so that the nobles and nobles won a complete victory over the clan kings.It can be seen from this that the family politics of the Eastern Jin Dynasty originated from the Langya Wang family and was consolidated in the Yingchuan Yu family.At the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the imperial power staged two major resistances against clan politics.One time, Emperor Jin and Yuan made false hands on power ministers Liu Kui, Diao Xie and others, and Wang Dun's rebellion broke the rebellion; Gong broke the resistance.The interests and interests between Yu and Wang are not the same, and the contradictions tend to become more and more clear during the reign of Emperor Ming.Nevertheless, their stance on maintaining elite politics has always been the same.

Fourth, take a consistent stand with Wang Dao to resist the challenge of the old family of etiquette and law represented by Bian Hu, so as to maintain the politics of the clan and the common interests of King Yu.Bian Hu was one of the ministers of Ming Emperor Gu Ming. At the beginning of Emperor Cheng Xianhe, Yu Liang and him lived separately in Zhongshujian and Ling.Bian Hu was diligent in official affairs, worked hard as an official, and always thought about his ups and downs. In fact, he was the new Diao Xie and Liu Kui.Wang Dao once said that "the rock of Bian Wangzhi (pot), the chacha of Diao Xuanliang (Xie), and the peak of Dai Ruosi (Yuan)", also put Bian Hu in the same category as Diao Xie and Dai Yuan. "Book of Jin" Volume 70 "Bianhu Biography": "The pot is not rich in nature, so it is not good in taste, so it is rare among famous scholars and has no outstanding reputation. ...... Shi Guiyou's children admire Wang Cheng and Xie Kun became a master, and Hu sternly said to the court: "It is a serious crime to disobey etiquette and hurt teaching. The overthrow of China and the court is due to this." He wanted to push it, but Wang Dao and Yu Liang refused to follow, so he stopped." Bian Hu wanted Zou pushed Guiyou's children but Wang Dao and Yu Liang refused to follow. This is a manifestation of the contradiction between the old and the new.Although Bian Hu played Wang Dao many times, favoring Yu Liang between Wang and Yu and being used by Yu Liang, but on this issue involving the common interests of gentry and celebrities, Yu and Wang remained consistent in order to resist Bian Hu's rivalry. discuss. Fifth, try to further solve the problem of the clan kings and solve the sequelae of the incident of diverting Min Shuai to Ping Wang Dun.From the perspective of Zu Yue and Su Jun, the rebellion between Zu Yue and Su Jun was due to the arrogance of the exiles who demanded compensation for their achievements; Suspicious.The so-called "fleeing for the sake of the bull" mainly refers to the clan kings who were forced by Yu Liang to see Zang Na.When he became emperor, Yu Liang turned away from the past view of "Shen and Han being harsh and hurtful", and turned to "let the law carry things" in order to eliminate dissidents, especially to persecute the clan kings.The kings were forced to change one after another.King Zong of Nandun was impeached and rebelled and died; King Yi of Xiyang sat here to demote and fled to Su Jun, who was bestowed with death by Jun Ping.According to "Book of Jin", Volume 7 "Chengdi Ji" and Volume 59 "Runan Wang You Biography", You were the nephew of Zong and Yi, and the ancestor died on three days; Waste".These were all events of the year before the Su Jun Rebellion.When Su Jun was in chaos, Wang Xiong of Pengcheng ran to Su Jun to punish him, and King Xiu of Zhangwu also ran to Su Jun.These things of suppressing the clan are mainly due to Yu Liang, but Director Wang cannot escape the suspicion of being an accomplice.As for Wang Dao and other gentry opposing Yu Liang's recruitment of Su Jun at the same time, this was mainly due to the fear of causing turmoil, and it was Yu and Wang's strategic differences rather than political differences.Therefore, when Su Jun was in turmoil, Yu Liang reported to Wen Qiao and said: "I am more worried about Xizhen (the case refers to Tao Kan) than Liyang (the case refers to Su Jun)", and he is not worried about the power of the central king. The above-mentioned events all show that Yu Liang tried his best to maintain the special status of the aristocratic family in the Eastern Jin court and maintain the aristocratic politics after he took office.Since the Yuan Emperor and the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there have been repeated and alternate struggles for ruling power between the emperor and the nobles, between the clan kings and the nobles, between the old rituals and the nobles, and between the exiles and the nobles.These struggles are all on the one hand, and generally speaking, they all end in the victory of the nobles.This is the special emblem of the politics of the elite and the aristocracy, and it is the characteristic of the times.Yu and Wang, as the representatives of the powerful and noble families, faced almost the same contradictions, so they were closely related and shared interests, often with more similarities and less differences.It is not that there is no conflict of interest between Yu and Wang, but the conflict can be controlled in a subordinate position.Yu and Wang worked together to subdue the imperial power, make the clan kings become ineffective forces, and those old-fashioned figures of etiquette and law who frequently played and promoted the famous scholars of the gentry no longer made a difference, and the aftermath of the diversion of the people's commanders to counter the rebellion appeared. Also finally fully resolved.Clan politics has removed all kinds of obstacles and can operate normally on its own track.These are the founders and consolidaters of clan politics, the roles played by Wang Dao and Yu Liang. However, it can also be seen that since the pattern of clan politics has been consolidated, the inherent contradictions of clan politics, that is, the contradiction between one gentry clan and another gentry clan, that is, the contradiction between clans, have become the theme of the history of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and reappeared repeatedly. .The contradiction between Yu and Wang was an important stage in the development of this contradiction between the gentry sects. Since Yu Liang blamed the outer town for Su Jun's rebellion, and left the eight-year-old emperor in Jiankang under Wang Dao's care, until the death of Wang Dao and Yu Liang, during the twelve or three years, Yu and Wang directly or indirectly opposed each other. The problem has been detailed in the part of "Xi Jian and Wang Dao" in the topic "On Xi Jian".In addition, the struggle for Jiangzhou between the Yu and Wang clans, represented by Yu Yi and Wang Yunzhi, is very obscure in historical records, and historians seldom pay attention to it, so we will explore it below.