Chapter 45 3. On Writers’ Works (1) On Tao Yuanming

According to Tao Gong's poem, it goes: "The teacher has a legacy, worry about Taoism and not poverty"; it also says: "The court is born with benevolence and righteousness, and what is there to ask for after death in the evening"; The mourning of the Tao has been going on for thousands of years, and I hear it again today. I love someone, and I want to be a neighbor with you." Gai Jiaoran is different from Fenghui at that time. "Shi Shuo? Political Affairs" notes and quotes "Jin Yang Qiu", which records that Tao Kan denounced Lao Zhuang's vanity, and Yuan Ming almost inherited his family education.Lang Renbao of the Ming Dynasty discusses Tao's poems in Volume 17 of "Qi Xiu Lei Manuscripts", to the extent that he wants to speak and seek it based on nature.Shen Zipei's "Mei Sou Inscriptions and Postscripts", the first volume, discusses three poems supported by Xie ②, which is not Liu Xie's second phrase "Zhuang Lao resigns, Shanshui Fangzi", and believes that "Six Dynasties poetry integrates Shanshui, Zhuang, and Lao into one. Xie Kangle, chief Shanshui Zhuang The great achievement, branch road forest opened its first, model mountains and rivers, gorgeous and wonderful. Tao Gong and Ji Ruan are in the same class, and do not join this society" and so on.Shen Zhizhi's poems "take Zhuang Lao as his mind and mountains and rivers as his color", which is quite in line with the theory of "reasonable interest". The words of Qu'a, Yinzhu, Hualin Garden, Shanyin, etc. in the book "Shi Shuo" are all spoken by people in the customs of Laozhuang; Lianxi and Mingdao love to play with step grass ④.Ran Zhidao Lin Cun's poems are full of reasoning, such as "Baguanzhai", "Shuhuai", "Yonghuai", "Licheng Mountain Dwelling", etc., occasionally embellished with one or two words to describe the scenery, dull filling, no child Cultivate the so-called "excellent model".Zipei is good at Buddhism, so he made a lot of fabrications on poetry, and introduced a commentary, which is above the happiness of the king, and he is a hero and deceiving.Using mountains and rivers to understand reasoning and Taoism, and also the heart of Confucianism, Zipei must seek Lao Zhuang, so he doesn't even talk about reading, but reading Huang Kanshu, how can it be a poor source of exploration.Tao Gong did not join this society, so he is not in the same class as Ji Ruan.Tao Zun Confucius, and "Nimu Gu" is willing to call Zhuang Zhou "this scholar is hard to get again"; Ruan learns from Lao Zhuang, and "Da Zhuang Lun" speaks loudly that Zhuang Zhou is insignificant.Zipei's words are sincerely confusing.

Yan Lugong's "Ode to Tao Yuanming" compared Yuanming with Zhang Liang and Gong Sheng.The poem "Huaiyuanming" of the valley goes like this: "When the year is late, the words are written, and the name of the beginning is Yuanliang. I look at Zhuge sadly, and I am as stupid as the prime minister of the Han Dynasty. When there is no Yizhou shepherd, I will use the generals in command." Zhenxishan's Postscript Huang Yingfu and Tao" said that he "has the heart of Changsha Duke but is unable to catch it" ⑤.Lu Zhi's "Ti Yuanming Returning Picture" is compared with Liuhou and Wuhou6.

Wang Shuan's "Shu Yuanming Zhuan Hou" said that he had the ambition to use the world in a short time.In Gong Dingan's "Jihai Miscellaneous Poems", he read three of Tao's poems, saying that he has "chivalrous bones" and "magnificence"⑧.Gai Jie Han Changli's "Preface to Sending off Wang Xiucai" said: "Ruan Ji and Tao Qian fled because of feelings about the right and wrong of things."Yu Fu pointed out that his Confucianism is like the left, to see that people are not one-sided. (Pages 239-240) ① Lang Renbao: Ming Langying characters, there are fifty-one volumes of "Seven Revised Class Drafts".

②Shen Zipei: Shen Zengzhi's character, nickname Yixi, also named Meisou.Thanks: Zhidun, named Daolin, Xie Lingyun, Xifeng Kanglegong. ③ Sun Xinggong: Jin Sun Chuo characters. ④ Lianxi: Song Zhou Dunyi lived in Lianxi, known as Mr. Lianxi in the world.Ming Dao: Song Chenghao called Mr. Ming Dao. ⑤ Zhenxishan: Zhendexiu, scholars call Mr. Xishan.There are fifty-five volumes of "Xishan Anthology". 6 Lu Zhi: A poet in the Yuan Dynasty, there is "Shu Zhai Ji". ⑦Wang Shu'an: Wang Chang, born in the Qing Dynasty, has twelve volumes of "Shu'an Poems".

⑧ Gong Ding'an: Gong Zizhen's name in Qing Dynasty, there is "Complete Works of Gong Ding'an". This one is about Tao Yuanming's poems.Mr. Qian believes that Tao's poems have Confucianism, and quoted "the teacher has a legacy, worry about Taoism and not poverty." The first teacher pointed to Confucius, "The Analects of Confucius? Wei Linggong": "A gentleman worries about the Tao and does not worry about poverty." It also quotes "the dynasty and benevolence and righteousness live, what can you ask for when you die in the evening." It’s okay.” He also quoted “Zhou Sheng’s speech on Confucius’ career, and his ancestor’s thanks are resounding.”

Referring to Zhou Xuzhi's teaching of Confucius' way, Zuqi and Xie Jingyi responded.Tao Yuanming also responded.It shows that Tao Yuanming is different from the atmosphere of advocating Laozhuang at that time. "Shi Shuo Xin Yu? Political Affairs" article "Tao Gong's strict inspection" quoted "Jin Yang Qiu", saying that Tao Kan believed that "the old man's vanity is not what the king said, so he dared not do it. A gentleman should correct his clothes and take photos with Prestige, why bother to raise your head, you call yourself Hongda!" Therefore, Mr. Qian said: "Yuanming has inherited his family education?" Family education refers to the family education passed down by his great-grandfather Tao Kan.Confucius' Confucianism developed into Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty.It is inappropriate for Ming Lang Ying to study Tao poetry with Song people's Neo-Confucianism.Shen Zengzhi at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China believed that Tao Yuanming, Ji Kang, and Ruan Ji were first-class people and did not join the Bailian Club at that time.Bailian Society is a society formed by Shi Huiyuan of Jin Dynasty, Huiyong, Liu Yimin, Lei Cizong and other 18 people in Lushan Mountain Temple to practice the Pure Land sect of Buddhism.Tao Yuanming believed in the teachings of Confucius and did not join the society.Ji Kang and Ruan Ji were dissatisfied with Sima's dictatorship, and Ji Kang was killed by Sima Zhao.Ruan Ji indulged in drinking and talking about mystery in order to be self-sufficient.Tao Yuanming disliked his official career and was unwilling to be an official. He resigned from Peng Zeling and returned to his hometown to participate in agricultural labor in person. He lived a poor life, which was different from Ji Kang and Ruan Ji.Tao's "Bigu" called Zhuangzi "this scholar is hard to get again" and praised Zhuangzi.Ruan Ji's "Da Zhuang Lun" said that Zhuang Zhou was insignificant and underestimated Zhuang Zhou.

It shows that Tao is different from Ruan.So it is wrong for Shen Zengzhi to say that he is in the same class as Ji Ruan.Liu Xie said in "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons? Ming Poetry": "Old Zhuang retired, and the mountains and rivers flourished." The Xuanyan poems at that time used the thoughts of Zhuangzi and Laozi to compose poems.Xuanyan poetry declined, while landscape poetry rose.This is true.Shen Zengzhi strongly opposed this statement. He believed that at that time, Shanshui Zhuang and Lao were integrated together, and that Xie Lingyun was the master of Shanshui Zhuang and Zhi Daolin, who described landscapes and wrote excellently.Mr. Qian believes that Shen Zengzhi's proposal to write landscapes with Zhuang Lao's ideas is quite "reasonable and interesting".

"Rationality and interest" means to reveal a kind of reason in writing landscapes and scenery.It is mentioned in the book that when people traveled and watched many places of interest, such as Qu'a, Yinzhu, Hualin Garden, Shanyin, etc., what they said was influenced by the atmosphere of Laozhuang.Like "Shi Shuo Xin Yu? Words": "Wang Zijing (Xian Zhi) said: 'From the mountain vagina, the mountains and rivers reflect each other, making people overwhelmed.'" This contains the reason that it is too complicated to cope with.Also: "Jianwen entered Hualin Garden, Gu Wei said to the left and right: "The place where you know your heart doesn't have to be far away. If you are surrounded by forests and waters, you can have your own thoughts between Hao and Pu. When you feel birds, beasts, birds and fish, you come to your relatives." Here "Thinking among Haopu", there is a story about Zhuangzi and Huizi watching fish in Haopu water and telling the story of fish happiness.Zhuangzi was fishing on the Pu River, and the king of Chu sent an envoy to invite him to be an official, but Zhuangzi refused to thank him.Reflect what Zhuang Lao said in the atmosphere.Also: "Sun Chuozhai planted a pine tree in front of him, and he used his hands to heal it. Gao Shiyuan was also a neighbor at that time, and he said to Sun: 'The pine tree is very beautiful and pitiful (love), but it will never be a pillar to use ears.'" Mr. Qian thinks Sun Chuo's love for small pine is similar to that of Zhou Dunyi and Cheng Hao in the Song Dynasty who loved grass. The meaning of observing the business of grass is to understand the truth from the scenery, which has the meaning of reason and interest.Mr. Qian also pointed out that Zhi Daolin's poems are not brilliant.Such as "Shu Huai": "Zongjiao Dun Avenue, weak crowns and double mysteries. He wanders around and explains Changluo, and walks high to find the emperor's ancestors. Wonderful loss of rank Xuan Lao, forgetting the waves and rivers. There is nothing impossible to be philosophical, and it is natural to be tired. Poor reason increases Spiritual salary, Zhaozhao God's fire. Xi Yian rushes to the desert, enjoys leisure and leisure. It is fat and tasteless, and it is not elegant. Restore the mind and form, and move with change."

It is written as "dull and filled", without seeing Huamiao.This is wrong to criticize Shen Zengzhi.Mr. Qian also pointed out that "using mountains and rivers to communicate with reason and Taoism is also the heart of Confucianism." For example, "The Analects of Confucius? Yong Ye": "The Master said: 'The knower enjoys the water, the benevolent enjoys the mountains. The knower moves, the benevolent is quiet; the knower enjoys , the benevolent live long." Therefore, Shen Zengzhi must attribute the Tao of mountains and rivers to the Tao of reason, and attribute it to Lao Zhuang, but it is not true.

Mr. Qian brought up another aspect of Tao Yuanming's poems.For example, Yan Lugong, that is, Yan Zhenqing's "Ode to Tao Yuanming": "Zhang Liang thought of repaying Han, Gong Sheng was ashamed of something new, the sniper refused, and he gave up his life to mourn the gentry. Call Tao Yuanming and change the leaves into Jin officials." Use Zhang Liang's powerful man to snipe Qin Shihuang , to avenge Han.Gong Sheng ignored Wang Mang and died of a hunger strike.Use them to compare Tao Yuanming's loyalty to the Jin Dynasty.He also quoted Huang Tingjian's "Huai Yuanming", saying that his real name was Qian, and his courtesy name was Yuanming.Zhen Dexiu said that Tao Yuanming had the intention of Changsha Gong Tao Kan to make contributions, but he was unable to do so.

Lu Zhi compared Tao Yuanming with Zhang Liang and Zhuge Liang.Wang Chang said that Tao Yuanming had the ambition to make contributions to the Jin Dynasty.In Gong Zizhen's "Miscellaneous Poems of Jihai", there are three poems read by Tao: "Tao Qian is like a crouching dragon, and the pine and chrysanthemum are tall in Xunyang through the ages. If you don't believe that the poet is plain, he is divided into Liang Fu and coquettish." "Tao Qian's poems like to talk about Jing Ke, I want to see Stop the cloud and send out a great song. Sing to the heart of grievances and hatred, there are not many heroes in the world." Of these two poems, one compares Tao Yuanming to Zhuge Liang, and Zhuge Liang wrote "Liang Fu Yin". "Li Sao".A poem about Tao's "Ode to Jingke".He is called "hao" and "chivalrous".It comes down to Han Yu's "Preface to Sending Wang Xiucai" saying that Ruan Ji and Tao Qian "contradict each other for the right and wrong of things", that is, Ruan Ji was dissatisfied with Sima's generation of Wei, and Tao Qian was dissatisfied with Liu Yu's generation of Jin, and they both relied on drinking to escape disaster.Mr. Qian mainly puts forward two points here: one is Tao Yuanming's Confucianism, and the other is that many people respect his integrity.It is pointed out that people should be observed comprehensively.