Chapter 14 Chapter 11: External Affairs of the Unified Government: Qin and Han National Strength and External Situation

Since the unification of China in the Qin and Han Dynasties, the territory has been generally determined and the nation has been formed, so Chinese history began to have its external problems. With the excellence of the nation and the transcendence of the territory, China's national strength is always superior to that of the surrounding nations.Therefore, the victory and defeat, strength and weakness of foreign countries in China's history are almost completely dependent on domestic politics. When talking about foreign troubles in the history of China, we should pay more attention to the domestic itself.

The Han Dynasty was the first period in Chinese history when national power reached its peak due to unification. However, due to various relations, the national power of the Eastern Han Dynasty was not as good as that of the Western Han Dynasty. Let's talk about building the capital first. The scenes of Chinese ancient history activities are generally mainly in the Yellow River Basin.The upper reaches of the west have better armed forces, while the lower reaches of the east have better culture and economy.This kind of situation is the same from Yu, Xia, Yin, Zhou to Qin and the six countries.

The Western Han Dynasty succeeded the Qin Dynasty and became the capital of Guanzhong. Chang'an was the leader of the country. The culture and economy of the East were continuously transferred to the west, so that they could be combined with the military force of the West, and then extended from Chang'an to the northwest.The state-building posture of the Western Han Dynasty was often coordinated, active, and aggressive. Guangwu was rejuvenated, Guanzhong was broken, and the capital was changed to Luoyang. From then on, the economy and culture in the East inevitably stagnated and no longer moved westward.And the West is unable to lose its camp and defense, and it will inevitably become weaker.The population density of the east and the west is not adjusted, and the social economy is prone to fluctuations. Just like a big whirlwind is stirred up under the discordant air of extreme heat at one end and extreme cold at the other end. Forces rushed under the ruin.The state-building posture of the Eastern Han Dynasty can be said to be often dry, quiet, and retreating.

This is the key to the rise and fall of the national power of the Han Dynasty. Since the Qin Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty, there have been large-scale westward migrations. Qin moved 120,000 households of the eastern clan to Xianyang.Han Gaozu moved to Chu Zhao, Qu, Jing, Qi Tianjiu and Yan, Zhao, Han, and Wei Zhuqiang clans in Guanzhong.Emperor Wen heard that Chao Cuo was plotting to immigrate to the real side.Emperor Wu moved more than 700,000 poor people from Guandong to Longxi, Beidi, Xihe, and Shangjun at a time. The emperors of the Han Dynasty also had a system of emigrating people in mausoleums.

Emperor Jing built the Yangling Mausoleum in five years, recruited people to move to the mausoleum, and gave 200,000 yuan to each household.Emperor Wu first set up Maoling, and gave the migrants 200,000 household money and two hectares of land.Emperor Zhao set up Yunling for his mother, and the migrants were given money, fields, and houses.This is only for migrants, not all rich people.The emperor moved to Pingling, a wealthy man in Sanfu, and began to emigrate to the rich.Emperor Xuan recruited officials and people worth more than one million yuan to move to Pingling Mausoleum of Emperor Zhaodi, and used water to balance money as the house; .The Yuan Emperor built the Shouling Mausoleum, but he did not move it, saying: "What is now the mausoleum, do not set up a county." Emperor Cheng made the Changling Mausoleum, and he moved to the prefecture and country with more than five million heroes.Emperor Ai built Yiling, and ordered not to move.The burial of the emperor is not a good thing, but Chang'an, the capital of the Han Dynasty, has repeatedly moved the household registration in the East. The master's father said: "Maoling was first established, and the families of the world's heroes can move to Maoling. The capital is inside, and the treachery is eliminated outside." The intention is exactly the same as that of the Qin Dynasty's migration to the East.However, after Chang'an was enriched and Northwest martial arts continued to develop, it was not as good as in the Eastern Han Dynasty when the frontier police were preserved, that is, they proposed to abandon Merger and Liang, and abandon the three assistants.Therefore, the former Han seized Shuofang and opened the West River, and the Xiongnu and the Western Regions were all subject to it; the Eastern Han regarded Guan and Shanxi as beyond the Great Wall, and the Qiang disaster spread day by day.This is the key to the rise and fall of the Han Dynasty.

This was not the case in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The Confucians of the Eastern Han Dynasty also frequently discussed the emptiness of frontier defense.Yu Yi asked the three counties to clarify: "Yugong Yongzhou's domain, Juetian, fertile fields thousands of miles, abundant grain and crops. There is also a salt pond in Kucha for the benefit of the people. The water and grass are abundant, and the soil is suitable for production and grazing. Cows and horses bit their tails, and flocks of sheep blocked the road. Because the canals were used to irrigate the canals, the water was used to pump the river canals, and the labor force was small, but the army food was sufficient. Therefore, Emperor Xiaowu and Guangwu built Shuofang, opened the Xihe River, and set up Shangjun. This is all for this reason. , The three prefectures have not been restored, and the garden mausoleum is outside the single place. The minister chose cowardly, turned his head around, and Zhang Jie set up difficulties, but he did not plan for his safety, but he considered the cost."

It was the fourth year of Emperor Shun Yongjian's reign.Before the Qiang invaders moved to the four counties of Longxi, Anding, Beidi, and Shangjun, the "last three counties" should be considered as Longxi is still far away, so they did not reach them.Shuzou, the Han court began to restore the three counties. And Cui Shizheng said: "In ancient times, there was a transfer of people to make money. Today, Qing, Xu, Yan, and Ji people are densely populated and the land is narrow, which is not enough to provide for each other. However, the surrounding counties of Sanfu and Liang and Youzhou are all sparsely populated. Jue fields are suitable for crops, but they are not reclaimed. Human beings settle down and relocate, and they would rather be hungry and starved, just like a flock of sheep and livestock, and the owner must feed them. If you put lush grass, it will be fertile and prosperous; if you put it in brine, it will be consumed alone. reduce."

And Zhong Changtong Changyan's article on profit and loss: "There are ten acres of mulberry trees in Zhuxia, and there are fields in the wilderness in Yuanzhou. The world is settled, and there is no death. If the emperor does not let him go, who can go by himself?" Cai Yongshang Chen Zhengyao said: "Youzhou has a sudden cavalry, and Jizhou has a strong crossbow. They are elite soldiers in the world. If there are affairs in the four directions, it is not impossible to take care of them in the two prefectures. The famine has been famine for many years, and the price of grains ranges from one dendrobium to six or seven hundred. Therefore, Wuhuan is protected. The school captain Xia Yu went to Xianbei, but he returned without success. The soldiers and horses were killed and injured, and the archers were scattered." According to Cai Wen, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yeyou and the two prefectures of Ji were deserted; Ji Shang is thick.The border area of ​​the Eastern Han Dynasty was withered and barren, and it gradually invaded from the northwest to the northeast.

Here is a brief list of the significant changes in household registration in the Northwest Frontier Region of the Han Dynasty as follows: Cai Yong Jingzhao Yin Fan Ling's stele: "In front of Changling, there were 50,000 Han households, with a population of 170,000. After Wang Mang, there were no more than ten households, and there were no more than four thousand households in Zhiguanghe. In the table on the right, only Yuyang increased slightly, while Yujun decreased sharply.There are only about 700 households in one county and six cities in Dunhuang, which is especially desolate. The desolation and remnants of the border counties of the Eastern Han Dynasty is so far, which is one of the main reasons why the national power of the Eastern Han Dynasty is not as good as that of the Western Han Dynasty.

Let's talk about talent. After the destruction of the ancient aristocratic class in the Western Han Dynasty, people of all colors competed on the same level, without seniority or rank.It is probably a mixed situation.The Eastern Han Dynasty gradually changed from variegated to all-colored, and the talents returned to the same path, which was another reason for the decline of the national power of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The Western Han Dynasty employs people regardless of product, However, at the beginning of his official career, he also had his own character.Most of those who advance through the Ming scriptures will get rid of doctors, doctors, and servants, such as Yan Zhu, Zhu Maichen, Shu Guang, and Ping Dang.Those who advance bravely with their talents and martial arts will get rid of the servants or generals of Zhonglang and Cheng Cheng, such as Xia Houying, Gongsun He, and Wei Wan.Zhang Tang advanced with the law, and then he began as an internal history, and later as a court officer, all of whom were judges.Huang Ba used millet to make up for officials, which is the history of death at the beginning, and then the loss of senior officials, all of whom are in charge of wealth.However, although there are differences in the beginning, there is nothing to do with accumulating meritorious service.This kind of ethos gradually disappeared after the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Due to the relationship between terrain and climate, the main foreign invasions in Chinese history were often in the north. The north is a large grassland, and its residents are mainly nomadic and easy to unite.In addition, the land is high, cold and barren, and the residents are tough, and they often think about southward invasion.The mountains in the southwest are rugged, and the residents are scattered and difficult to unite; the climate is warm, making life easier for self-sufficiency and reducing their aggressive ambitions. The enemy of Qin and Han was the Huns in the north. According to the Biography of the Huns in the Historical Records: "The Xiongnu, the descendants of the Xiahou clan", it is impossible to discuss in detail whether the statement is true or not.It is also said: "There are Shan Rong, Yi Yun, and Hun porridge above Tang and Yu, who live in the Northern Man and move with livestock."Repeatedly, until the late period of the Warring States Period, there were armies surrounding Qin, Zhao, and Yan.According to the Biography of the Huns in the Historical Records: "From the west of Long, there are the Rongs of Guizhu, Yirong, Zhai, and Huan. To the north of Qi, Liangshan, Jing, and Qi, there are the Rongs of Yiqu, Dali, Wushi, and Quyan. And In the north of Shanxi there are Linhu and Loufan. In the north of Yan there are Donghu and Shanrong. Each is scattered in the valley, has its own ruler, and often gathers. There are more than a hundred Rong, and none of them can be the same." Yes. After the unification of China in the Qin Dynasty, the northern tribes were gradually unified under the Xiongnu. Qin Shihuang adopted a policy of expulsion against the Huns. In the thirty-second year of Qin Shihuang, the general Meng Tian attacked the Huns in the north, repelled the Xiongnu, and took over Henan.Because the river is a fortress, forty-four county towns were built near the river, and they were relocated and garrisoned to fill it.It also leads straight to Jiuyuan.To Yunyang, cross the river and occupy the northern false center of Yangshan Mountain. Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty was defeated by underestimating the enemy for a while, so he listened to Lou Jingce to slow down the enemy by making peace with him. The Xiongnu had no ambition to rule China at the time, and their focus was on plundering economic property.After the kinship policy, there are bribery and trade.In the name of intermarriage between Hu and Han, the upper-class nobles of the Xiongnu received the bequest from the Han court every year, and the lower-class people also got to trade regularly.Its material needs are satisfied, and its desire for military aggression can also be temporarily relieved. But the kinship policy will not last long. During the time of Emperor Wen, the eunuch Zhong Xing said to bring down the Xiongnu, and taught him: "The Xiongnu cannot be a large county in Han Dynasty. However, the strong ones have different clothes and food, and they have nothing to look up to the Han. Today, Shan Yu changes the customs, and the good things of the Han Dynasty. The Xiongnu all belonged to the Han. The Han fluff they got was ridden among the grass thorns, and the hakamas were all torn, and they thought it was not as good as the fur. All the food they got from the Han was gone, and they thought it was not as good as the cheese. It’s beautiful.” However, food and clothing are good and evil, and human feelings are the same, Zhongxing said that if you want to force yourself to return to the grass and drink blood, it is impossible.The defeat of Xiong knows the failure of trade, and the border defense of Gou and Han is a little loose, and it must still be out of plunder.However, the power of the Han Dynasty was full, and Xiao Gan came up with such a humiliating and incomplete peace policy. Once the Han and the Xiongnu are broken up, the situation of the Han will be good for attack but not good for defense. The border between the Han and the Xiongnu is vast, and the Xiongnu are erratic and do not settle down. When my autumn and winter crops are finished, the other is also a horse with a fat bow and a strong bow. They invade and plunder, and China is exhausted.As far as the strong men of the Xiongnu are concerned, there are no more than 300,000.Its social organization is not as strong as China's, so it can be broken by its main force.This so-called once and for all is more beneficial than passive defense.Most of the foreign issues in Chinese history, there is no other way. So first there was the policy of luring the enemy by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It happened in the second year of Yuanguang, using Wang Huizhe to make Mayi man Nie Weng Yijian trade with the Xiongnu. Yang lured Shan Yu to sell the city of Mayi. It was a loss of harmony.It is known as "Ma Yi's conspiracy" in history. The policy of luring the enemy failed, so they had to make a big attack and attack. Since the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu lost peace, there have been sixteen or seven of the big bandits on the frontier, and fifteen or six in this big army. It is likely that the other attacked first and responded here; the Huns are still strong and cannot be gathered together. The Han attacked the Xiongnu, using two steps: One is to go far away from the east and west wings to form a large encirclement situation, so as to deny their economic supply and assistance. The left kings of the Xiongnu will live in the east, go straight to the east of Shanggu, and connect with Lirao and North Korea.Mao Dunzi, the old Shanyu, defeated the Western Regions, set up a boy servant as a captain, taxed the countries, and took the wealth and gave it to Yan.Canghai County was set up in the Han Dynasty in the first year of Yuan Shuo; Zhang Qian made the first year of Yuanshou in the Western Regions. One is to hit its main force head-on. In the second year of Yuanshuo, Wei Qingzhi took Henan to build Shuofang County, and then restored the fortress that Meng Tian had made in Qin Dynasty, because the river was solid.In the next six years, King Hunxie of the Xiongnu killed King Xiutu and descended to Han, and the Han took his land as Wuwei and Jiuquan counties. The further step of the Kaisai attack is the desert expedition. In dealing with the Xiongnu, China must not have known the advantage of attacking the Xiongnu. However, if they were unable to attack resolutely, the lack of cavalry was one of the main reasons.It is said in history that in the early Han Dynasty, "the emperor could not have a Jun Si, a general or a ox cart, and a horse would cost a hundred gold".It has been 70 years since Hanwu recuperated. At that time, "there were horses in the streets and alleys, and there were groups among the rice paddies, and those who rode the characters could not get together."Wu of the Han Dynasty was in charge of cutting down the barbarians, and also raised horses, with 400,000 horses in the stables.Since horses and livestock are abundant, the training of cavalry is easy.After the defeat of the Xiongnu, they used Zhao Xin, the descendant of the Han Dynasty, to go north to Juemo and lure the Han. The Han sent 100,000 troops to order Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to attack the Xiongnu separately.Wei Qingjun went out of Dingxiang, met Shanyu, and chased north to Zhao Xincheng in Zhiyan Mountain.Qubing traveled two thousand miles from generation to generation, sealed off wolves to live in Xu, meditated in Guyan, and returned facing the vast sea. Since the Xiongnu fled far away, there was no royal court in Monan. From the west of Shuofang to Lingju, the Handu River often passes through the canal to set up field officials. There are 50,000 to 60,000 officials and soldiers.The Han used the cavalry as the vanguard to mop up, and then used the infantry to garrison the fields as the stamina, advancing step by step, and the Xiongnu could not turn around. By the time of Emperor Xuan, the Xiongnu finally succumbed, and the Han court's once-and-for-all strategy finally paid off. It will also be known that there are many talents in Han Dynasty at that time, and the most famous general is Huo Qubing.Qubing took the queen's sister, Shaogui, who was eighteen years old, as her attendant.At the beginning, he left the fortress from the great general Wei Qing, and he was the captain of Piao Yao. Thirteen.Afterwards, he repeatedly dared to go deep and make extraordinary achievements.King Hunxie of the Huns conspired to surrender to Han, and Emperor Wu ordered Qubing to meet him.Qubing crossed the river and met the Hunxie crowd.Seeing the Han army, Hunxie didn't want to surrender, so he ran away.To get sick, he galloped into the Xiongnu army, had to meet King Hunxie, beheaded 8,000 people who were about to die, and sent King Hunxie alone to take advantage of the legend to go to the place, and sent all of them across the river, with 40,000 of them descended.It was the second year of Yuanshou, the twenty-fifth year of Qubing.It is said in history that Qubing is a man who speaks little and dares to go when he is angry.Emperor Wu tried to teach his grandson, Wu's art of war, and said to him: "Gu Fanglue is so good, you can't learn the ancient art of war." In the sixth year of Yuanshou, he was twenty-nine years old. With its superior human and financial resources, China adopts the offensive of the main force to defeat the ethnic groups with lower education and looser political organization, and wins by self-defense.It was not wrong for Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to attack the Xiongnu, but it was a pity that Emperor Wu had all kinds of unnecessary waste in internal affairs. Therefore, although the Huns were defeated, China was also tired, so it was dissatisfied by future generations. After Zhao and Xuan, warriors practiced, reprimanded for careful examination, Hu's power had declined, and if he entered, he would perish. Therefore, wisdom, inspiring favors and accepting insults, exhausted the treasures of the government, and gave the northwest 200 million and 700,000 years old without worry.The fee for the reward and the labor of transmission are not included.It is especially wrong.Viewing Yang Xiong's admonition not to allow Shanyu Chaoshu, it can be seen that the Western Han Dynasty was weak and ambitious in the later years of the Western Han Dynasty.However, it was also caused by Emperor Wu who wasted too much national power.Most of China's foreign affairs, the problem is not determined to fight, but the great success, the military, and all kinds of waste caused by it.This is still an internal affairs issue, and those who are ignorant only take it as a great precept to open borders and make troubles. Since the main force of the Xiongnu was completely defeated by Emperor Wu, until the Eastern Han Dynasty, China actually had no serious foreign aggression. However, the Eastern Han Dynasty was unexpectedly invaded by the Western Qiang.This is the exposure of the weakness of the entire state-building situation in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the failure to deal with it, and it does not lie in the formidable enemy of the Western Qiang. The Qiang people rebelled against the Han Dynasty, and their power was not comparable to that of the Xiongnu in the early Western Han Dynasty, and the Han court had long discussed abandoning Liangzhou.The Qiang rebelled against the common people for more than ten years, and the Han soldiers stationed more than 200,000 soldiers, and they did nothing for a long time. The military expenditure was more than 240 billion yuan, which was wasted in Bing and Liangzhou. Yu Xu taught Ren Shang: "Stop the counties and garrison troops, each order will pay thousands of dollars, twenty people will share a horse, drive thousands of captives with ten thousand riders, chase after the tail and intercept them, the way is poor." meritorious service.It can be seen that Xiqiang is not a strong bandit, but it is not appropriate for the Han court to deal with it. After the second Qiang Revolution, after Emperor Shun Yonghe, the Qiang bandits spread across the four prefectures of Bing, Liang, You, and Ji, costing more than 8 billion yuan. During the third Qiang change in Huan and Ling, Duan Ying fought 180 times before and after, and defeated the Eastern Qiang at a cost of 4.4 billion.Although the Qiang misfortune ceased, the Han forces were also exhausted, and then came the inevitable bad luck. At that time, the literati and bureaucrats saw that there was nothing to do in the affairs of the court, but they could only support soldiers to fight side by side, which was enough for fame and fame, such as Zhang Huan, Huangfugui, and Duan Ying, all rose up here.The northern captives and Western Qiang beheaded or reached a million levels, and used the rest of their strength to drive away the yellow scarves. It was created at the end of the Han Dynasty, but it was turned to military strength.At that time, the scholar-bureaucrats enjoyed learning it, and the scholars and the people also admired it. This is another fashion besides the Qingchao in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.This created the situation of the Three Kingdoms. The military force in the west of the Yellow River combined with the economy and culture in the east, resulting in the heyday of Qin and Han. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Eastern people gradually forgot about the West, and the West declined without the nourishment of the Eastern economy and culture.The cultural economy of the East was also destroyed by the force of the West. Mrs. Zheng said Dong Zhuo: "Shandong has been in peace for a long time, and the people are not used to war; Kansai has been attacked by Qiang invaders, and women can fight with their bows. The world fears, and there is no one who is like a united and cool person." A country has its own internal existence. The two extremely contradictory social moods will lead to great chaos. Dong Zhuo led troops from Liangzhou east to Luoyang, and Chinese history has since embarked on a path of decline.